Global Hunger And Gender Inequality

Nov 19, 20095 likes1,008 views

The document discusses the links between gender inequality and global hunger. It analyzes data from the Gender Gap Index and Global Hunger Index and finds that countries with greater gender inequality tend to have higher levels of hunger. Gender disparities in education and health are most strongly correlated with hunger levels in different world regions. Reducing gender gaps in areas like education, economic participation, and health can help lower hunger globally.

Global Hunger and Gender Inequality November 19, 2009 Agnes Quisumbing IFPRI

What’s new about this year’s GHI? Focus on the financial crisis Examine more closely the links between gender inequality and the global hunger index Builds on IFPRI’s work showing the gains to eliminating gender disparities Page

The Gender Gap Index Gender Gap Index (Hausman, Tyson, and Zahidi 2007) was introduced by the World Economic Forum in 2006 to increase awareness of challenges that result from gender disparities and to contribute to effective measures to reduce this gap Like the GHI, it is generated annually Examines the gap between men and women in 115 countries in four categories: economic participation and opportunity educational attainment health and survival political empowerment Page

Components of the Gender Gap Index Economic participation and opportunity Differences in labor force participation rates Ratio of estimated female to male earned income Female to male wage ratio for equal work Ratio of women to men among legislators, senior officials, managers, Ratio of women to men among technical and professional workers Educational attainment : ratios of women to men in primary, secondary, tertiary education Health and survival : differences between women and men’s healthy life expectancy and sex ratio at birth Political empowerment : ratio of women to men in minister-level, parliamentary positions, and terms of years in executive office in last 50 years Page

Correlating the GHI with the gender gap index Because richer countries have more resources, gender gap index is based on outcomes rather than inputs Highest possible score is one (perfect equality) Lowest possible score is zero (perfect inequality) For the GHI, higher numbers are bad (more hunger), lower numbers are good We compute pairwise correlation coefficients for 90 countries for which data on both are available Negative correlation implies that greater gender inequality is correlated with more hunger Page

Page 2009 GHI and the Education Subindex of the 2008 Gender Gap Index, 90 Countries

The relationship between GHI and gender inequality varies across regions Page

In South Asia… The strongest correlation with the GHI is with the health and survival subindex Four out of 5 countries (except Sri Lanka) rank between 80 th and 88 th of 90 countries in the health and survival subindex Linked with the low status of women: Maternal malnutrition linked with low birthweight Micronutrient malnutrition linked with poor prenatal and postnatal health of mothers Page

In Sub-Saharan Africa… Highest correlation of the GHI with gender inequality is in education Less than a quarter of countries in region met MDG goal of gender parity in primary and secondary enrollment rates in 2005 Page

In Middle East and North Africa Despite lower levels of hunger compared to South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, the negative relationship between hunger and gender equality still holds Main driver is education inequality Page

Reducing hunger by reducing gender inequality

Closing the gap in education and health Continue reducing gender inequalities in education Reduce costs to parents, for example, conditional cash transfer programs Improve quality, gender balance, attitudes of teachers Make school safe for girls Reduce time costs for girls Invest in women’s health and nutrition Invest in women’s and girls’ nutrition over the life cycle Build support for women’s empowerment in communities Page

Closing the gap in economic and political participation Reduce gender gaps in economic participation and opportunity Remove barriers to labor market participation Strengthen women’s property rights to land and other assets Reform legal systems to eliminate gender discrimination and increase political participation Reform of statutory laws and constitutions to disallow discrimination Improve women’s voice and participation at local levels Improve legal awareness Page

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This document discusses measuring women's empowerment in agriculture through the Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI). It provides an overview of the WEAI and its evolution over time. Specifically, it introduces the project-level WEAI (pro-WEAI) which was developed to better measure empowerment at the individual project level. The pro-WEAI uses quantitative surveys and qualitative protocols to assess empowerment across different domains. The document discusses applying the pro-WEAI to measure empowerment among beneficiaries of Malawi's ATVET for Women program, which provides agricultural training to farming couples.

Understanding Empowerment among Retailers in the Informal Milk Sector in Peri...IFPRI Gender

Developing measures of empowerment is critical for monitoring progress toward gender equality and women’s empowerment. We used formative qualitative research to understand empowerment among traders in the informal milk sector in peri-urban Nairobi and adapt the project-level Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (pro-WEAI). We conducted 6 single-sex focus group discussions, 48 in-depth individual interviews, 4 key informant interviews with current and former milk traders. Interviews were translated, transcribed, and thematically coded using deductive and inductive codes. Emic perceptions of empowerment among milk trader emphasized business success and supporting families and communities. Gender-specific markers of empowerment often aligned with traditional gender norms. Only low-value assets are needed to enter the sector, though a lack of large assets limits business growth, especially for women. Obtaining government licenses is sometimes challenging, and licenses help vendors maintain control over assets as authorities may seize them when vendors are found selling without a license. Small-scale credit is common, but access to large-scale credit is difficult to obtain for women, limiting the growth of women’s milk businesses. Business and household incomes are maintained separately, which helps women maintain control of their income. Married women (compared to single women) face more difficulty maintaining control of their income. Participation in savings and credit groups is common and facilitates acquisition of low-value assets. Membership in dairy trader groups, however, is uncommon especially among women, and low involvement in these groups may limit traders’ potential for collective action. We discuss how we use these findings to adapt the pro-WEAI.

IFPRI Gender Breakfast with CARE and WorldFish: Measuring Gender-Transformati...IFPRI Gender

Measuring Gender-Transformative Change in Agriculture: A review of the literature and promising practices February 16, 2017 Presenters: Steven Cole, Cynthia McDougall, & Afrina Choudhury from WorldFish & the FISH CGIAR Research Program; Emily Hilenbrand & Pranati Mohanraj from CARE USA Discussant: Ruth Meinzen-Dick (IFPRI) Gender inequalities are recognized as both a major driver of poverty and an impediment to agricultural development. Understanding complex processes of social change remains a critical challenge for effective agricultural development programming that advances gender equality. Gender transformative approaches represent a move beyond “business as usual” gender integration in programming towards the creation of an enabling social environment and more equitable formal and informal institutions that expand life choices for women and men. At the heart of their work, WorldFish (in particular, through its FISH and Aquatic Agricultural Systems cross-cutting research program) and CARE USA (through its global Pathways to Empowerment agriculture program) strive to apply gender transformative approaches (GTA) in designing, implementing, and learning from agricultural development interventions. However, committing to GTA implementation approaches also requires a transformation of measurements and indicators of change, an area of research that remains relatively under-developed in the agriculture sector. In this webinar, CARE and WorldFish Center jointly present a literature review of promising indicators and tools for measuring gender-transformative change in agriculture, along with some practical case studies and the implications of applying such approaches in practice.

[IFPRI Gender Methods Seminar] Liquid milk: Cash Constraints and the Timing o...IFPRI Gender

Gender Methods Seminar, Dec 13, 2016 Berber Kramer, Research Fellow, Markets, Trade, and Institutions Division (IFPRI) Abstract: This paper analyzes implications of cash constraints for collective marketing, using the case of the Kenyan dairy sector. Collective marketing through for instance cooperatives can improve smallholder farmer income but relies on informal, non-enforceable agreements to sell outputs collectively. Sideselling of output in the local market occurs frequently and is typically attributed to price differences between the market and cooperative. This paper provides an alternative explanation, namely that farmers sell in the local market when they are cash-constrained, since cooperatives defer payments while buyers in local markets pay cash immediately. Building on semi-parametric estimation techniques for panel data, we find robust evidence of this theory. High-frequency high-detail panel data show that farmers sell more in the local market, in particular to buyers who pay cash immediately, in weeks with low cash at hand. Moreover, households cope with health shocks by selling more milk in the local market and less to the cooperative, but only in weeks they are not covered by health insurance. Effects are concentrated among female dairy farmers. For them, increased flexibility in payment and the provision of insurance through agricultural cooperatives can potentially reduce side-selling and improve the performance of collective marketing arrangements. Screencast available here: https://www.dropbox.com/s/d48bte3yzsd5iwz/2016-12-13%2012.03%2012_13%2C%207AB%2C%2012-1pm%2C%20Gender%20Methods%20Seminar%20with%20Berber%20Kramer%20.wmv?dl=0

Gender, Agriculture, and Environment: From "Zombie Facts" to EvidenceIFPRI Gender

Four "zombie myths" continue to haunt us in the field of gender and agriculture. This presentation looks at the evidence on the feminization of poverty, women's contributions to agriculture, land ownership, and role as environmentalists. Presented by Ruth Meinzen-Dick at Penn State University, June 2016. For more information about IFPRI's Gender Research, please see our research topic page: http://www.ifpri.org/topic/gender Stay up to date on happenings in gender and agriculture: http://gender.ifpri.info

[IFPRI Gender Methods Seminar] Gender and Collective Lands: Good practices an...IFPRI Gender

Presentation by Elisa Scalise and Renee Giovarelli Co-founders of Resource Equity Global awareness of two land tenure issues--the importance of recognizing and promoting land rights for women and the problem of insecure collective land and resource tenure rights--is rising. The importance of managing collectively held land, both for those who use it and for the environment, has grown increasingly clear. In fact, studies have estimated that as much as 65 percent of the world’s land is held under collective tenure—customary, community-based tenure systems. Securing that tenure is important for protecting the rights of those communities, and has been shown to improve resource management. However, efforts to secure community land tenure, generally through documenting and registering rights, are still new. In particular, to date, the conversation around securing collective rights to land has paid little attention to women’s rights, and the effects of formalizing the rights of the collective on women are not well studied. Focusing on securing collective land and resource rights without considering gender differences within communities has the potential to severely disadvantage women who are very often socially, economically, and politically excluded. This report on gender issues and best practices in collective land tenure projects seeks to begin filling this gap, by taking a detailed look at how six collective tenure land projects addressed gender differences. The six case studies include projects in China, Ghana, India, Kyrgyzstan, Namibia, and Peru. The case studies are program assessments focusing primarily on how each project approached gender, what the gender-differentiated impacts have been in terms of project participation and benefits, and what lessons can be learned and best practices can be drawn from these projects. https://www.dropbox.com/s/rraj5rz8kip9t70/2016-03-14%2012.01%203_14%2012pm-1pm%20Room%208A%20Gender%20Methods%20Seminar%20with%20Resource%20Equity%20.mp4?dl=0

Building a WEAI for project use: Overview of GAAP2 for pro-WEAIIFPRI Gender

What's measured, matters: Lessons from the WEAI - GAAP2 Inception WorkshopIFPRI Gender

An inception workshop for the Gender, Agriculture & Assets Project Phase 2 (GAAP2) titled Developing Project-Level Indicators to Measure Women’s Empowerment was held in January 2016. In this presentation, Agnes Quisumbing of IFPRI introduces the Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI). The presentation covers the scope of the WEAI, its relevance, the indicators that make up the index, its uses and its criticisms.

The Abbreviated WEAI (A-WEAI) - GAAP2 Inception WorkshopIFPRI Gender

Gender differences in awareness and adoption of climate-smart agricultural pr...IFPRI Gender

How female (and male) farmers are changing their practices in the face of cha...IFPRI Gender

Gender and climate change introduction (Elizabeth Bryan)IFPRI Gender

Empowerment and agricultural production: Evidence from the WEAI in NigerIFPRI Gender

Abstract: This paper reports on the WEAI collected for male and female adults in 500 households in the Tahoua region in Niger. Rural households in Niger remain heavily dependent on agriculture for their livelihoods. Women play a critical and potentially transformative role in agricultural and rural sector growth but face persistent constraints especially when venturing beyond the cultivation of subsistence crops. Our data reveal that men are more empowered compared to women in all but two domains (autonomy and leisure). This discrepancy in empowerment stems primarily from unequal access to assets, including land, and the difficulties women face in speaking in front of a mixed audience. For both men and women, limited group membership strongly contributes to disempowerment. These findings suggest that increased empowerment could contribute to income diversification if access to credit for women could be enhanced. One way to do this – and further increase empowerment – would be to reactivate the existing institutional infrastructure of producer groups or rotating savings schemes (ROSCAS). This work was funded by the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) in the context of a collaborative agreement with IFPRI to conduct a Trade, Gender Equality and Enterprise Growth Analysis to guide MCC investments in Niger. Presenter’s Bio: Fleur joined IFPRI in September 2007. She holds a PhD in Development Economics from Wageningen University, the Netherlands. Her research mainly takes a micro-economic approach and focuses on households in rural West Africa. She has worked extensively on empirically linking migration and agricultural production. As a postdoctoral fellow in IFPRI's West and Central Africa Office she has given analytical support on a per-country basis for the implementation of CAADP (Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Program). As a research fellow, she has worked on analyzing the linkages between agriculture, health and education to identify priorities for public investment in rural areas of Burkina Faso. Fleur is currently based in IFPRI’s Kampala office and mainly working on smallholder value chain integration through rural producer organizations.

Tapping Irrigation’s Potential for Women’s Empowerment: Findings from Ethiopi...IFPRI Gender

This document summarizes the findings of a survey conducted in Ethiopia and Tanzania on the relationship between small-scale irrigation and women's empowerment. Key findings include: 1) The Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index was modified and administered to households in both countries, finding higher average empowerment among irrigating households compared to non-irrigating. 2) Top constraints to women's empowerment varied between countries and irrigation status, but generally included input into productive decisions, autonomy in production, and control over use of income. 3) Irrigating households in both countries had significantly lower food insecurity and higher household dietary diversity compared to non-irrigating households.

Elizabeth Bryan: Linkages between irrigation nutrition health and genderIFPRI Gender

This document discusses potential pathways through which irrigation can influence nutrition, health outcomes, and women's empowerment. It identifies five main pathways: 1) increased food production can lead to greater food availability and diversity; 2) irrigation can generate income which may be spent on food or health; 3) irrigation water can be used for domestic purposes to improve water supply; 4) health risks can increase from factors like waterborne diseases or pollution; and 5) irrigation projects that target women can empower them by increasing assets and income controlled by women. The document provides examples from various studies on how each of these pathways has played out and the gender dimensions, noting that outcomes depend on factors like who adopts irrigation and controls use of water, land,