Governments of world

• Government
• Forms of Government
• Governments of World

• Government:
Government is a system of social control under
which the right to make laws, and the right to
enforce them, is given to a particular group in
society. Government power can be held by one
individual, a few, or a majority.

Governments come in different forms. The
basic law determining the form of government
is called the constitution and may be
written, as in the United States, or largely
unwritten, as in Great Britain.

Modern governments have many jobs including:
• providing for the security of their country
• keeping order
• providing welfare services to those in need
• regulating the economy
• establishing educational systems
• Establishing a system of justice so that people
are treated fairly

We distinguish between forms of government
on the basis of its organizational structure
and the degree of control exercised over the
society.

Forms of Government
• Democracy
• Autocracy

Democracy
The word democracy is derived from the Greek word
Demos- People
Kratos- Power or rule
• Democracy is a political form of government in which
governing power is derived from the people.
• Democracy means to elect the leader by the people
through votes.

• Abraham Linkon- Democracy is a government of the
people, by the people and for the people.
Examples of Democratic countries today:
• Pakistan
• United States of America
• Philippines

Forms of Democracy
• Parliamentary - the party with the greatest representation
in the parliament forms the government, its leader
becoming prime minister or chancellor.
• Presidential - a system where the public elects the
president through free and fair elections.
• Semi-presidential - the government includes both a
prime minister and a president.

History of Democracy in Pakistan
• First Democratic Rule (1988-1990): Pakistan Peoples Party
won
• Second Democratic Rule (1990-1993): PML(N) Won
• Third Democratic Rule (1993-1996): Pakistan Peoples
Party
• Fourth Democratic Rule (1997-1999): PML(N) Won

• (2008-2013): Pakistan Peoples Party Won
• (2013-2018): PML(N) Won
• (2018): PTI Won
Why Democracy flops in Pakistan?
• Army interference
• Corruption
• Royal style of politicians
• Abuse of powers
• Lack of accountability

Autocracy
Is a system of government in which one person or group
of person has unlimited power.
Examples:
• North Korea
• Saudi Arabia
• UAE
• Iran
• Vietnam

Characteristics
• Little or no input from other group members
• Leaders make all the decisions
• Group leaders dictate all the processes and the
methods
• No interference of group members in decision
• Work tends to be highly rigid and structured
• Rules are important and clearly outlined

Types of autocratic government
1. Absolute autocracy
2. Constitutional autocracy
1. Absolute autocracy:
Power over the country lies in the hands of the king.
King has the absolute power.
Examples
• Qatar
• Vatican city

2. Constitutional autocracy:
A form of government in which monarch acts as the head
of the state within the parameters of a written (confined)
or unwritten (unconfined).
Examples
• Belgium
• Bhutan
• Netherland
• Jordan

Governments of the World
 French Government
• A form of government used by the France Republic
Semi-Presidential Republic – it has both a President
and a Prime Minister.
• “France” comes from the Latin word Francia, meaning
“country of the Franks.” The “Franks” might refer to
Germanic words for “javelin” or “free.”

• France’s government is divided into an executive,
legislative, and judicial branch, much like the U.S.
and the Philippines.
• The President appoints the Prime Minister, who must
be approved by the lower house of parliament, the
National Assembly.

 Executive:
• Consequently the Presidency is easily the most
powerful position in the French political system. Duties
include heading the armed forces, appointment of the
Prime Minister.
• In the French political system, the relationship between
the President and the Prime Minister - the first- and
second highest authorities respectively - is critical.

President
• The president is directly elected by the French people every
five years. The French Constitution declares him head of
state and gives him control over foreign policy and defense.
• The president names the prime minister
• The president can dissolve the national assembly (low
chamber of the parliament) and the assembly can remove
the prime minister through a vote of no confidence.

Prime Minister
• The prime minister serves as head of government and is in charge
of domestic policy and day-to-day governing. He also recommends
for presidential approval the other members of his Cabinet.
• The Prime Minister may propose legislation for Parliament’s
approval, or he may issue decrees (i.e. executive orders) within
certain constraints.
• He/she is usually the first person to go when there is any serious
trouble between the president and the assembly, or when the
president explicitly wants to show he is changing his policy.

 Legislative:
• Divided between the National
Assembly and the Senate,
much like Congress in the U.S.
and the Philippines.
• The Senate’s powers are
limited; National Assembly has
the last word in the event of a
disagreement.

 Judicial:
• France uses a civil legal system; that is, law arises primarily from
written statutes; judges are not to make law, but merely to
interpret it. The basic principles of the rule of law were laid down
in the Napoleonic Code.
• The highest appellate court in France is called the Cour de
Cassation and the six chief judges are appointed by the
Unlike the supreme courts in other countries (such as the USA,
and Philippines), it does not have the power of judicial review.

 Mexican Government
• The political system of Mexico is that of a federal
presidential representative democratic republic.
• Government is congressional, and the President of
Mexico acts as head of state and presides over a multi-
party government.
• Mexico has three levels of government: federal, state,
municipal government.

• Mexico City is the country’s federal district and
thus the center of the federal powers of the
Mexican Union.
• Mexico City does not belong to any of the other
thirty-one Mexican states as it instead is part of
the federation.
• Mexico’s political system is based on the 1917
constitution, written during the Mexican
Revolution.

• The constitution has been modified numerous
times, including the 2005 amendment that
abolished capital punishment.
Major Political Parties:
• Mexico’s three largest political parties are the Institutional
Revolutionary Party (Partido Revolucionario Institutional, PRI), the
National Action Party (Partido Accion Nacional, PAN), and the Party
of the Democratic Revolution (Partido de la Revolucion Democratica,
PRD).
• The PRI dominated Mexican politics for seventy-one consecutive
years before it lost ruling power status to PAN in 2000.

Government of Mexico
• Mexico, also known as the United Mexican States
(Estados Unidos Mexicanos), is made up of thirty-one
states and one federal district.
• Mexico is governed by a federal republic under the
jurisdiction of a central government.
• Mexico City is the capital and biggest city of Mexico.
• In 1810, Mexico became independent from Spain.
• The Constitution was drafted on February 5, 1917.

• Mexico’s independence day is September 16.
• The Government of Mexico is made up of three branches:
Executive, Legislative, and Judicial.
Executive Branch:
• The executive branch is governed by the president and has
to rule in accordance with law.
• Every six years, an election is held to elect a new president.
• However, the government opposes re-election, so a
President is only allowed one term.

• The President, in addition to governing the executive branch and
acting as head of state, serves as the Supreme Commander of the
Army, Navy, and Air Force; he can declare war on other nations
with permission from Congress, but Congress does not believe
violence is the answer to their problems (they prefer peace
treaties).
• One of the President’s responsibilities is to assign the Secretaries
of State with tasks such as health care, tourism, the environment,
education, commerce, social development, energy, peace within
Mexico, the countryside, tax collection, labor, relations with other
nations, and so on.

 Legislative Branch:
• The Legislative Branch is responsible for the
making of laws and addressing the nation’s
problems with other nations.
• The Legislative Branch additionally supervises
Executive Branch’s activities.

• The Legislative Branch for the whole nation is called
the Congress of the Union, which is comprised of
the Chamber of Representatives and the Chamber
of the Senate, whose responsibility it is to consider
and pass laws; they consist of 500 Representatives
and 128 Senators.
• The Representatives and Senators come from all of
Mexico’s thirty one states, and are members of
numerous political parties.

 Judicial Branch:
• The judicial branch of the
Mexican government is
divided into federal and state
systems.

• Mexico's highest court is the Supreme Court of
Justice, located in Mexico City.
• It consists of twenty-one magistrates and five
auxiliary judges, all appointed by the president and
confirmed by the Senate or the Permanent
Committee.

 Nigerian Government
Overview:
•Nigeria is a Federal Republic whose model is based on
that of the United States, with the president exercising
executive power.
•The political system of Nigeria is additionally influenced
by the Westminster System model with respect to the
structure and supervision of the upper and lower
of a bicameral legislature.

•The President of Nigeria nevertheless serves as head
of state and head of government, and he additionally
leads a multi-party system.
•Nigeria’s politics function within a structure of a
federal presidential representative democratic
republic where the government exercises executive
power.
•The government and the legislature’s two chambers,
the House of Representatives and the Senate, hold
legislative power.

•The two chambers together comprise Nigeria’s law-
making body, called the National Assembly, which acts
as a check on government’s executive arm.
•The Supreme Court of Nigeria is Nigeria’s highest
judiciary arm of government.

 Legal system:
• The law of Nigeria is modeled on the rule of law, the
judiciary’s independence, and British common law (as
result of the long history of British control of Nigeria).
• The legal system bears similarity to common law
systems used in England and Wales and other
Commonwealth nations.
• The Constitution of Nigeria provides the constitutional
structure for the legal system.

• Nonetheless, Nigeria uses four different systems of law:
o English Law, which originates from its colonial past with
Britain
o Common Law, case law improvement since independence
from Britain
o Customary Law, which originates from native traditional
standards and practices
o Sharia Law, used in the north of Nigeria
• As is the case of the United States, Nigeria has a judicial
branch, with the Supreme Court as its highest court.

Executive Branch:
• The president is elected by universal suffrage.
• He or she acts as both the chief of state and head of government,
and leads the Federal Executive Council, or cabinet.
• The executive branch is divided into Federal Ministries, with each
led by a minister appointed by the president.
• The president’s appointments have to include no less than one
member from all thirty-six states in his cabinet; the Senate of
Nigeria confirms the president’s appointments.

• A federal minister, in some cases, is liable for more than one ministry
(Environment and Housing, for instance, are combined), or a minister may be
helped by one or more ministers of State.
• Each ministry additionally has a Permanent Secretary, who is a senior civil
servant.
• The responsibilities of the ministries are numerous parastatals (government-
owned companies), including universities, the National Broadcasting
Commission, and the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation.
• Conversely, some parastatals are the liability of the Office of the Presidency,
like the Independent National Electoral Commission, the Economic and
Financial Crimes Commission, and the Federal Civil Service Commission.

Legislative Branch:
• The House of Representatives and the Senate are the two
chambers of the National Assembly of Nigeria.
• The Speaker of the House of Representatives oversees the
House of Representatives, which has 360 members who are
elected to four-year terms in single-seat constituencies.

• The President of the Senate leads the Senate, which
has 109 members.
• 108 members are elected to four-year terms in
thirty-six three-seat constituencies, which correlate
with the nation’s thirty-six states; one member is
elected in the single-seat constituency of the federal
capital.

Judicial Branch:
• The judicial branch is made up of the Supreme Court
of Nigeria, the Court of Appeals, the High Courts, and
other trial courts like the Magistrates’, Customary,
Sharia, and other specialized courts.
• The National Judicial Council acts as an independent
executive body, and separates the judiciary from the
government’s executive arm.

• The Chief Justice of Nigeria and thirteen associate
justices, who are nominated by the President of
Nigeria on the suggestion of the National Judicial
Council, supervise the Supreme Court.
• The associate justices are subject to approval by the
Senate.

The British Influence
• The British came to Africa to trade
• They started trading companies that became very
powerful
• These trading companies were controlled by
protectorates in the North and in the South
• Lord Frederick Lugard was put in charge of those
protectorates and in 1914, he amalgamated (joined)
them to become one.

• His wife, Lady Flora Shaw named the newly amalgamated
country Nigeria (Niger Area, after the River Niger)
• Nigeria then became a colony, ruled and controlled
completely by the British.

• Nigerian men and women who spoke out against
colonial rule of the British and led the struggle for
Nigeria’s independence. They were patriotic and
showed courage.
• Some formed political parties and others criticized the
British government through newspapers and seminars
• On the 1st of October, 1960, Nigeria became an
independent country.

Modern Nigeria's Government: The Fourth Republic
• Succeeded by General Sani Abacha
• Died in 1998 (heart attack) and replaced by
Abdulsalami Abubakar
• Abubakar held democratic elections in 1999
• Olusegun Obasanjo returned to power by winning
the presidential election
• Won reelection in contested elections in 2003 and
has been in power ever since

Institutions of Government today?
Executive
• President is popularly elected, serving a maximum of two four-year
terms.
• President is head of government, head of state, and commander-
chief.
• President appoints government ministers, who are confirmed by
Senate
• Ministers must come from all 36 states
• President and ministers comprise the Federal Executive
which assures that enacted laws are properly implemented.

 Legislative Branch
• Bicameral legislature
―Senate: 109 members (three from each state
and one from capital Abuja)
―House of Representatives: 360 members
―Members from both houses popularly
elected
―Both houses serve four-year terms
• All laws must pass both houses and be signed
the President

Judiciary
• Court’s ensure actions and legislation passed by
other branches is in accordance with the
constitution
• Supreme Court is highest court in land; there is
also a Court of Appeal and a Federal High Court.
• For each of the 36 states and Abuja there is a
Court, a Sharia Court of Appeal, and a Customary
Court of Appeal.

 Russian Government
The Russian political system is one of
the more recent to embrace
democracy but remains deeply
flawed in terms of its democratic
credentials, overwhelmingly tainted
by corruption, and massively
influenced by the power and
personality of one man, Vladimir
Putin.

The Russian Federation was the largest nation to
emerge from the break up of the Soviet Union in
December 1991. Following the constitutional crisis of
1993, Russia adopted a new constitution in a
referendum of December 1993. Essentially the
country is described as a federal presidential republic.

Russia in the old time
Transition in politics
• Monarchy system in the past
• Revolution by Valadimer Lenin , Balshevic
• Changed the name of their country from Russia Empire to
Soviet Federative Socialist Republican
• In the meantime, the military was using the coup d’etat to pursue
the states from the old Russia Empire
• Became the ‘ Union of Soviet Socialist Republic : USSR) or the
Soviet Union
―Lead by Federal of Russia (1949)

 Separation of the USSR
• was divided into 15 countries
• 11 countries included the Feral of Russia (excepted
the 3 countries: Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia)
formed their unity by created the
“Commonwealth of Independent States:CIS)

 Current system in Politic
• Federalism
• President and Prime minister at the executive
• Latest constitution was signed on 12 December
1993

 Administration
• Divisions
• The President hold the super power
―was elected from the election and can be
possessed only 4 years and not over 2 period of
time connectedly.
• Prime Minister is the executive
• 27 cabinets
• All appointment by the President

 Legislation
Composed of 2 councils
• Federation Council : 166 cabinets ,from 83
Districts includes Moscow and St.Petersburg
• Duma councils : 450 Representatives

 Political Parties
United Russia : 393 seats in the council
Communist Party
Liberal Democratic Party (LDPR)
Just Russia

The Judiciary of Russia
• Justice is administered in the Russian Federation only by
courts. The judicial power is self-dependent and acts
independently from the legislative and the executive
powers. Justice is administered in the forms of
constitutional, civil, administrative and criminal
proceedings.

• In order to strengthen public trust in the judiciary,
modernize the judicial system and ensure a unified
approach to the resolution of disputes between legal
as well as private persons, a Law on the amendment
to the Constitution of the Russian Federation
• “On the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation
and the State Prosecutor’s Office of the Russian
Federation” was adopted.

• As a result, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation,
heading the system of courts of general jurisdiction, was
merged with the Supreme Commercial Court of the
Russian Federation, heading the system of commercial
courts, to form a new Supreme Court of the Russian
Federation, which is now the highest court for civil,
administrative, criminal cases, cases on the resolution of
economic disputes and other cases.

• Currently, Russia’s judicial system is
composed of the Constitutional Court of the
Russian Federation, the Supreme Court of the
Russian Federation, federal courts,
constitutional (charter) courts and justices of
the peace of constituent entities of the
Russian Federation.

Saudi Arabian Government
• KSA is a monarchy, based on Islam. The
is supported by the Crown Prince (2nd in
line to the throne) and:
― Council of Ministers
― Consultative Council
― Provincial Councils
• Political change is gradual, reflecting the
primary concern of the king maintain unity
of senior family members and satisfying
concerns of influential clerics.

• Council of Ministers (Cabinet)- usually chosen from
the royal family. Responsible for drafting and
overseeing policies and general affairs of state.
• Consultative Council- provides the king with advice
• Provincial Councils- headed by regional governors
• Municipal Councils- responsible forlocal services

Basic Law
• The Basic Law of Government was introduced in 1992 and
that the Quran, and the hadith (sayings) and sunna (tradition)
the Prophet Mohammed are the constitution of Saudi Arabia.
no time should the law clash with these three, which are
to as Shari’ah.
• Basic Law also codified the process of royal succession, under
which the king would choose his heir from the “most upright”
the sons of the founding king, Abdul-Aziz, or their

Some Lessons about Governments:
• Government reflect their history
• Governments are changing
• Autocracies can change quickly
• Autocracy often change from within

Governments of world

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