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Grammar book final

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SeanFlynn94

This document provides an overview of key Spanish 3 grammar concepts across 18 sections. It covers topics such as the preterite and imperfect tenses, irregular verbs, commands, comparisons, por vs para, and the subjunctive mood. The table of contents outlines the grammar points discussed in each section along with examples and explanations of forms, uses, and irregularities.

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Spanish 3 Grammar ConceptsSancho Flynn
Table of Contents1. El Pretérito2. PreteriteTriggers3. Car, Gar, Zars4. SpockVerbs5. Snake Verbs6. SnakeyVerbs7. CucharachaIrregulars and Triggers8. El Imperfecto9. ImperfectTriggers10. ImperfectIrregulars11. Preterite vs. Imperfect12. Ser vs. Estar13. Verbs Like Gustar14. Comparatives/Superlatives15. Transition Words16. El Futuro17. Future Irregulars18. Future Trigger Words19. Por20. Para
El PretéritoHas a fixed point and timeHas a beginning and endEvents that happen a specific number of timesEvents that were part of a chain of eventsUsed for sudden changes in mood, feelings, or emotions-ar verbs-er /-ir verbs-é-amos-í-imos-aste-asteis-iste-isteis-ió-ieron-ó-aron
Preterite Trigger WordsThere are many triggers words that make it a little easier to distinguish when the preterite is being used including:Ayer, después, el mespasado, entonces, anoche, and el otrodía
Car, Gar, Zars-car verbs-gar verbs-qué-camos-gué-gamos-gaste-gasteis-caste-casteis-gó-garon-có-caron-zar verbs-cé-zamos-zaste-zasteis-zó-zaron
Spock Verbsdar and ver-imos-íser and ir-iste-isteisfuifuimos-ió-ieronfuistefuisteisirdarfuefueronserverhacerhicehicimoshicistehicisteishacerhizohicieron
Snake VerbsIrregular preterites that change only in 3rd person (he, she, it)Verbs change from e-i or o-uAn example for e-i would be decir which changes to dij-An example for o-u would be dormir which changes durm-
Snakey VerbsLike Snake Verbs, Snakey Verbs also change only in 3rd personVerbs change from i-y or e-yAn example for i-y would be oír which changes to oy-An example for e-y would be leer which changes to ley-
Cucaracha IrregularsExamples of thesewouldbe:Andar- anduv
Estar- estuv
Poder- pud
Poner- pus
Querer- quis
Saber- sup
Tener- tuv
Venir- vin-e-imos-iste-isteisAll end in:-o-ieron
El ImperfectoActions that were repeated habituallyFor telling timeFor stating one’s ageFor mental states (usually)For physical sensations (usually)To describe the characteristics of people, things or conditionsFor actions that “set the stage” for another past action-er/-ir verbs-ar verbs-íamos-aba-ábamos-ía-ías-íais-abas-abais-ía-ían-aba-aban
Imperfect Trigger WordsThere are a variety of imperfect trigger words including:a veces, a menudo, mientras, muchasveces, todos los días, and cadadía
Imperfect IrregularsAs shown below, ser, ir, and ver are all examples of irregular imperfect verbsserireraéramosibaíbamoseraseraisibasibaiseraeranibaibanverveíaveíamosveíasveíaisveíaveían
Preterite vs. Imperfect
Ser vs. EstarSer is associated with the acronym DOCTOR PED which stands for:D: descriptionO: originC: characteristicsT: timeO: occupationR: relationshipP: possessionE: eventsD: datesEstar is associated with the acronym HELPING which stands for:H: healthE: emotionsL: locationP: present conditionING
Verbs Like GustarSome verbs like gustar are:Encantar: to loveMolestar: to botherFaltar: to lackFascinar: to fascinateApetecer: to wish forDisgustar: to disgustInteresar: to interest
Comparatives/SuperlativesThe formula for comparatives and superlatives are:más + adjective + que (más meaning more and que meaning than)Same thing for less than which is menos + adjective + queOther words for comparatives/superlatives are:Tan como (as…as), tantocomo (as much as), and el másThere are four irregulars in bueno, viejo, malo, and jovenbueno mejorviejo  mayormalo  peorjoven  menor
Transition Words
El FuturoInfinitive + endingI, You, He/She, We, You All, They WILLThe endings are the same for -ar, -ir, and –erSer, ir, and estar are actually regular-é-emos-ás-éis-á-án
Future IrregularsDecir dirHacer  harSalir  saldrTener  tendrValer  valdrVenir  vendrThe future of “Hay eshabrá” = There will bePoder podrQuerer  querrSaber  sabrCaber  cabrHaber  habr
Future Trigger WordsEn ___días, horas, semanas, añosEl proximodía, hora, semana, añoMañana, or any day of the to come
PorPassing through… PORtalGeneral rather than specific location… PORtugalHow long something lasts… POReverThe cause of somethingAn exchange… imPORt/exPORtDoing something in place of or instead of someone else… I’m POR, pay for meA means of transportation… transPORtation
ParaFor whom something is done… surprise PARAtyDestination… PARAguayThe purpose for which something is done… PARAsitesTo express an opinion… PARAdon me, butTo contrast or comPARATo express idea of deadline… PARAmedic
Grammar Book Part 2Sancho Flynn
Conditional & IrregularsConditional TenseIrregularsThe conditional is often used to express probability, possibility, and wonder and is usually understood to be would, could, must have or probably. Here is the suffix you would add onto –ar, -er, and –ir verbs:There are 12 irregular verbs in theconditional tense.They are: caber (cabr-), poner (pondr-), decir (dira-) haber (habr-), salir (saldr-), hacer (har-), poder (podr-), tener (tendr-), querer (querr-), valer (valdr-), saber (sabr-), and venir (vendr-).íaíamosíasíaisíaían
The perfect tense is compound, formed with the verb haber and the past participle of another verb.-ar verbs go to –ado; -er/-ir verbs go to –idoThe action was completed recently.The perfect tense is true in both the past and the present.Perfect Tensehehemoshashabeishahan
Poner puestoAbrir abiertoHacer  hechoCubrir  cubiertoMorir  muertoEscribir  escritoVolver  vueltoDecir  dichoIr  idoRomper  rotoVer  vistoResolver  resueltoPerfect Tense Irregulars
The past perfect tense is formed by using the imperfect tense of the verb haber with the past participle.The past perfect tense is used when you had or have done something.Like the perfect tense, you drop the –ar and -er/-ir and add –ado and –ido.Past Perfect Tensehabíahabíamoshabíashabíaishabíahabían
The subjunctive perfect tense is usually used to indicate that an action was completed with verbs in the present or perfect tense.Used in the same types of clauses as the present subjunctive.Present subjunctive + past participleSubjunctive Perfect TensehayahayamoshayashayáisPast participlehayahayan
We use ‘se’ to avoid specifying who is doing the action.The verb is always in the 3rd person when using ‘se.’For example:Se vende pan en el supermercado. Impersonal Se
SaberUsed to express factual information.Yo no sé tu número de teléfono.ConocerAssociatedwithbeingunfamiliarwith a person, place, orobject.Yo no conozco a Sancho.Saber vs. Conocer
Tan is used with adjectives and adverbs.tan + adjective (adverb) + comoWe are familiar with the phrase: tan…como (as…as)Example: El libro es tan bueno como la película.Tanto is associated with nouns and adverbs.tanto(-a,-os,-as) + noun + comoWe are familiar withthephrase: tanto…como (as many/much…as)Example: Juan tiene tanto dinero como María.Tan & Tanto

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Grammar book final

  • 1. Spanish 3 Grammar ConceptsSancho Flynn
  • 2. Table of Contents1. El Pretérito2. PreteriteTriggers3. Car, Gar, Zars4. SpockVerbs5. Snake Verbs6. SnakeyVerbs7. CucharachaIrregulars and Triggers8. El Imperfecto9. ImperfectTriggers10. ImperfectIrregulars11. Preterite vs. Imperfect12. Ser vs. Estar13. Verbs Like Gustar14. Comparatives/Superlatives15. Transition Words16. El Futuro17. Future Irregulars18. Future Trigger Words19. Por20. Para
  • 3. El PretéritoHas a fixed point and timeHas a beginning and endEvents that happen a specific number of timesEvents that were part of a chain of eventsUsed for sudden changes in mood, feelings, or emotions-ar verbs-er /-ir verbs-é-amos-í-imos-aste-asteis-iste-isteis-ió-ieron-ó-aron
  • 4. Preterite Trigger WordsThere are many triggers words that make it a little easier to distinguish when the preterite is being used including:Ayer, después, el mespasado, entonces, anoche, and el otrodía
  • 5. Car, Gar, Zars-car verbs-gar verbs-qué-camos-gué-gamos-gaste-gasteis-caste-casteis-gó-garon-có-caron-zar verbs-cé-zamos-zaste-zasteis-zó-zaron
  • 6. Spock Verbsdar and ver-imos-íser and ir-iste-isteisfuifuimos-ió-ieronfuistefuisteisirdarfuefueronserverhacerhicehicimoshicistehicisteishacerhizohicieron
  • 7. Snake VerbsIrregular preterites that change only in 3rd person (he, she, it)Verbs change from e-i or o-uAn example for e-i would be decir which changes to dij-An example for o-u would be dormir which changes durm-
  • 8. Snakey VerbsLike Snake Verbs, Snakey Verbs also change only in 3rd personVerbs change from i-y or e-yAn example for i-y would be oír which changes to oy-An example for e-y would be leer which changes to ley-
  • 9. Cucaracha IrregularsExamples of thesewouldbe:Andar- anduv
  • 17. El ImperfectoActions that were repeated habituallyFor telling timeFor stating one’s ageFor mental states (usually)For physical sensations (usually)To describe the characteristics of people, things or conditionsFor actions that “set the stage” for another past action-er/-ir verbs-ar verbs-íamos-aba-ábamos-ía-ías-íais-abas-abais-ía-ían-aba-aban
  • 18. Imperfect Trigger WordsThere are a variety of imperfect trigger words including:a veces, a menudo, mientras, muchasveces, todos los días, and cadadía
  • 19. Imperfect IrregularsAs shown below, ser, ir, and ver are all examples of irregular imperfect verbsserireraéramosibaíbamoseraseraisibasibaiseraeranibaibanverveíaveíamosveíasveíaisveíaveían
  • 21. Ser vs. EstarSer is associated with the acronym DOCTOR PED which stands for:D: descriptionO: originC: characteristicsT: timeO: occupationR: relationshipP: possessionE: eventsD: datesEstar is associated with the acronym HELPING which stands for:H: healthE: emotionsL: locationP: present conditionING
  • 22. Verbs Like GustarSome verbs like gustar are:Encantar: to loveMolestar: to botherFaltar: to lackFascinar: to fascinateApetecer: to wish forDisgustar: to disgustInteresar: to interest
  • 23. Comparatives/SuperlativesThe formula for comparatives and superlatives are:más + adjective + que (más meaning more and que meaning than)Same thing for less than which is menos + adjective + queOther words for comparatives/superlatives are:Tan como (as…as), tantocomo (as much as), and el másThere are four irregulars in bueno, viejo, malo, and jovenbueno mejorviejo  mayormalo  peorjoven  menor
  • 25. El FuturoInfinitive + endingI, You, He/She, We, You All, They WILLThe endings are the same for -ar, -ir, and –erSer, ir, and estar are actually regular-é-emos-ás-éis-á-án
  • 26. Future IrregularsDecir dirHacer  harSalir  saldrTener  tendrValer  valdrVenir  vendrThe future of “Hay eshabrá” = There will bePoder podrQuerer  querrSaber  sabrCaber  cabrHaber  habr
  • 27. Future Trigger WordsEn ___días, horas, semanas, añosEl proximodía, hora, semana, añoMañana, or any day of the to come
  • 28. PorPassing through… PORtalGeneral rather than specific location… PORtugalHow long something lasts… POReverThe cause of somethingAn exchange… imPORt/exPORtDoing something in place of or instead of someone else… I’m POR, pay for meA means of transportation… transPORtation
  • 29. ParaFor whom something is done… surprise PARAtyDestination… PARAguayThe purpose for which something is done… PARAsitesTo express an opinion… PARAdon me, butTo contrast or comPARATo express idea of deadline… PARAmedic
  • 30. Grammar Book Part 2Sancho Flynn
  • 31. Conditional & IrregularsConditional TenseIrregularsThe conditional is often used to express probability, possibility, and wonder and is usually understood to be would, could, must have or probably. Here is the suffix you would add onto –ar, -er, and –ir verbs:There are 12 irregular verbs in theconditional tense.They are: caber (cabr-), poner (pondr-), decir (dira-) haber (habr-), salir (saldr-), hacer (har-), poder (podr-), tener (tendr-), querer (querr-), valer (valdr-), saber (sabr-), and venir (vendr-).íaíamosíasíaisíaían
  • 32. The perfect tense is compound, formed with the verb haber and the past participle of another verb.-ar verbs go to –ado; -er/-ir verbs go to –idoThe action was completed recently.The perfect tense is true in both the past and the present.Perfect Tensehehemoshashabeishahan
  • 33. Poner puestoAbrir abiertoHacer  hechoCubrir  cubiertoMorir  muertoEscribir  escritoVolver  vueltoDecir  dichoIr  idoRomper  rotoVer  vistoResolver  resueltoPerfect Tense Irregulars
  • 34. The past perfect tense is formed by using the imperfect tense of the verb haber with the past participle.The past perfect tense is used when you had or have done something.Like the perfect tense, you drop the –ar and -er/-ir and add –ado and –ido.Past Perfect Tensehabíahabíamoshabíashabíaishabíahabían
  • 35. The subjunctive perfect tense is usually used to indicate that an action was completed with verbs in the present or perfect tense.Used in the same types of clauses as the present subjunctive.Present subjunctive + past participleSubjunctive Perfect TensehayahayamoshayashayáisPast participlehayahayan
  • 36. We use ‘se’ to avoid specifying who is doing the action.The verb is always in the 3rd person when using ‘se.’For example:Se vende pan en el supermercado. Impersonal Se
  • 37. SaberUsed to express factual information.Yo no sé tu número de teléfono.ConocerAssociatedwithbeingunfamiliarwith a person, place, orobject.Yo no conozco a Sancho.Saber vs. Conocer
  • 38. Tan is used with adjectives and adverbs.tan + adjective (adverb) + comoWe are familiar with the phrase: tan…como (as…as)Example: El libro es tan bueno como la película.Tanto is associated with nouns and adverbs.tanto(-a,-os,-as) + noun + comoWe are familiar withthephrase: tanto…como (as many/much…as)Example: Juan tiene tanto dinero como María.Tan & Tanto
  • 39. Affirmative:Conjugate to the 3rd person endings: ar (a), er/ir (e)Hablar habla Comer  come escribir  escribeNegative:Conjugate to the tú form: ar (es), er/ir (as)Hablar  no hables Comer  no comas Escribir  no escribasIrregulars: di, haz, ve, pon, sal, sé, ten, venDOP/IOP: DOPs must be attached to the end of the affrimative command, and they must be placed in front of the command if it’s a negative command. Example: Cómpralas, No lascompresIOPs must be placed in front of DOPs when attached to the affirmative command and when it’s a negative command.Example: Compramelo, No me lo compresInformal Commands
  • 40. Formal CommandsUsted:Conjugate to the yo form, drop the O, and add the opposite ending: ar (e), er/ir (a)Ex: hablar hable comer  coma escribir  escribaUstedes:Conjugate to the yo form, drop the O, and add the opposite ending of the third plural form: ar (en), er/ir (an)Ex: hablar  hablen comer  comanescribir  escriban
  • 41. Go to the yo form of the verb, drop the O and add the opposite nosotros form ending:Comemos comamosMono Verbs:When you are making the verb reflexsive for nos, you drop the sComemosnos  ComemonosNosotros Commands
  • 42. Indicative- facts, real, definiteMood- attitudes, uncertainty, hypotheticalPut it in the yo form and change it to the opposite ending: hablar hable, hables, hable, hablemos, hableís, hablenQueconnects clausesWhen there is no change in subject from clause to clause, use infinitives.Subjunctive
  • 43. Car, gar, zar are the same they always are:Conducir conduzcaDecir  digaJugar  juegueAlmorzar  almuerceOther irregulars are dar, estar, and saber.Hay  hayaSubjunctive Irregularsdardédemosdesdeísdenden
  • 44. Impersonal Expressions:Es buenoque, esmaloque, esmejorque, esimportanteque, esnecesarioque, esurgentequeAll express a need, an order, or a desireExpressions of Emotion:Sentirque, alegrarseque, temerque, esperarqueAll express fear, joy, anger, regret, happiness, surprise, and pitySubjunctive Trigger Phrases
  • 45. Serve the same function as they do in English (obviously)They are:Este(a) (this), estos(as) (these)Ese(a) (that), esos(as) (those)Aquel(la) (that _ over there), aquellos(as) (those _ over there)Demonstrative Adjectives & Pronouns