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Grammar book semester 2!

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sarahpollack

This document provides a summary of topics covered in a 2nd semester Spanish grammar book, including: 1. Perfect tenses (present, past, present perfect irregular verbs) 2. Comparisons using "tan" and "tanto" 3. The impersonal "se" 4. The difference between "saber" and "conocer" 5. Formal and informal commands

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2nd Semester Grammar BookSelena Pollack Period 5
Table of Contents:Conditional + IrregularsPerfect Tenses -Present -Past -Present Perfect Irregulars -Subjunctive Perfect3. Tan y Tanto4. Impersonal “se”5. Saber vs. Conocer Los MandatosLos Mandatos -Informal vs. Formal: *Affirmative, *Negative, -Irregulars 8. DOP and IOP placement9. Nosotros Commands y Mono Verbs10. Subjunctive y Irregulares11. Trigger Phrases: -Impersonal Expressions -Expressions of Emotions -Conjunctions of time12. Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns
Grammar book semester 2!
Perfect Tenses:Formed by combining an auxiliary or helping verb, “has” or “have”, with a past participle. The Perfect Tense is mostly used with the verb “haber”. It is used to express a past event with a present consequence, and it shows a completed action.
PresentIn Spanish, the present perfect tense is formed by using the present tense of the auxiliary verb "haber" with the past participle.Haber: -he-has-ha-hemos-hanExample: I have eaten: He comido.You have eaten: Has comido.He has eaten: Ha comido.We have eaten: Hemoscomido.They have eaten: Han comido.
Past The past perfect is formed by combining the auxiliary verb "had" with the past participle. Because the past perfect is a compound tense, two verbs are required: the main verb and the auxiliary verb.(yo) Habíavivido.I had lived.(tú) Habíasvivido.You had lived.(él) Habíavivido.He had lived.(nosotros) Habíamosvivido.We had lived.(vosotros) Habíaisvivido.You-all had lived.(ellos) Habíanvivido.They had lived.Past Haber: había habías había habíamos habíanPast
Present Perfect Irregulars: Some Present Perfect Irregulars include: Decir -> DechoHacer -> HechoVer -> VistoEscribir -> EscritoPoner -> PuestoRomper -> RotoVolver -> VueltoDevolver -> DevueltoMorir -> MuertoAbrir -> AbiertoCubrir -> Cubierto
Subjunctive PerfectSubjunctive Perfect is a compound verb formed with the subjunctive of the auxillary verb haber plus the past participle of the main verb. The present perfect subjunctive is used in the same types of clauses as the present subjunctive, and normally is used: to indicate the action as completed with governing verbs in the present or future tense or command forms.Yo -HayaTu -HayasEl/Ella/Usted -HayaNosotros -HayamosEllos/Ellas/Ustedes -Hayan
Tan y TantoTo form the comparisons of equality using adjectives or adverbs, use..tan + adjective (adverb) + comoTo form comparisons of equality with nouns, use..tanto(-a,-os,-as) + noun + comoExamples: -El chicoes tan alto como la chica. - Tienetantoslibroscomoella.
Impersonal “Se”When using “se”, you avoid being specific about a topic. It can be used in all tenses and is always used in the third person singular, followed by a direct object. Ex: Senecesitaque la genteproteja la Tierra.Sedicequeva a llovermañana.Sehablaespañolaquí.SE + THIRD PERSON SINGULAR
To express knowledge or ignorance of a fact or informationabout something, use "saber." EX: Juan sabedondeestáMaría. Juan knows where Maria is.-To express knowledge or ignorance of a skill, or how to do something, use saber + infinitive.SABER:VS. To express knowledge or ignorance of a subject or learning discipline, use saber or conocer, depending upon the context..To say that one is or is not acquainted with a person, a place, or an object, use conocer. EX: Yo no conozco a María.br /> I don't know (am not acquainted with) Maria.CONOCER:
Informal Commands: For Affirmative “tu” Commands, - Start in tu form of verb - Drop the “s” -Irregulars include: di, haz, ve, pon, sal, se, ten, ven
For Negative “tu” Commands, - Start in YO form of the verb - Change to opposite vowel ending - add an “s” - Irregulars include: TVDISHESFormal CommandsFor Formal Affirmative commands: - Start in YO form of verb -Change to opposite vowel ending -For ustedes, and an “n” to the end of the verb. - Irregulars include: TVDISHES, dar-de, estar-este, ir-vaya, ser-sea, saber-sepa.
For Formal Negative Commands: - Start in YO form of verb - Change to opposite vowel ending and add a “no” in front. - Same irregulars as affirmative and same rule for Ustedes. Irregulars: Decir: di
Hacer: haz
Ir: ve
Poner: pon
Salir: sal
Ser: Se
Tener: ten
Venir: ven`
DOP and IOP Placement: Affirmative Commands and DOP: Attached to end of verb and needs an accent over first syllable. Example: Compralas.
Negative Commands and DOP: DOP is placed in front of the verb and there is no accent. Use: me, te, lo/la, nos, los/las‘
IOP Placement: Affirmative IOP Placement: IOP goes after the verb. Example: Comprelo me.
Negative IOP’s go before the verb. Example: Me no lo compre.Nosotros CommandsNosotros commands are used when the speaker is included, and are used to express the idea "let's + verb." To form these commands, use the nosotros form of the present subjunctive. EX: Comamosallí. Let's eat there.
To form the negative command, place the word no before the same verb form (present subjunctive). EX: No comamosallí. Lets not eat there.

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Grammar book semester 2!

  • 1. 2nd Semester Grammar BookSelena Pollack Period 5
  • 2. Table of Contents:Conditional + IrregularsPerfect Tenses -Present -Past -Present Perfect Irregulars -Subjunctive Perfect3. Tan y Tanto4. Impersonal “se”5. Saber vs. Conocer Los MandatosLos Mandatos -Informal vs. Formal: *Affirmative, *Negative, -Irregulars 8. DOP and IOP placement9. Nosotros Commands y Mono Verbs10. Subjunctive y Irregulares11. Trigger Phrases: -Impersonal Expressions -Expressions of Emotions -Conjunctions of time12. Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns
  • 4. Perfect Tenses:Formed by combining an auxiliary or helping verb, “has” or “have”, with a past participle. The Perfect Tense is mostly used with the verb “haber”. It is used to express a past event with a present consequence, and it shows a completed action.
  • 5. PresentIn Spanish, the present perfect tense is formed by using the present tense of the auxiliary verb "haber" with the past participle.Haber: -he-has-ha-hemos-hanExample: I have eaten: He comido.You have eaten: Has comido.He has eaten: Ha comido.We have eaten: Hemoscomido.They have eaten: Han comido.
  • 6. Past The past perfect is formed by combining the auxiliary verb "had" with the past participle. Because the past perfect is a compound tense, two verbs are required: the main verb and the auxiliary verb.(yo) Habíavivido.I had lived.(tú) Habíasvivido.You had lived.(él) Habíavivido.He had lived.(nosotros) Habíamosvivido.We had lived.(vosotros) Habíaisvivido.You-all had lived.(ellos) Habíanvivido.They had lived.Past Haber: había habías había habíamos habíanPast
  • 7. Present Perfect Irregulars: Some Present Perfect Irregulars include: Decir -> DechoHacer -> HechoVer -> VistoEscribir -> EscritoPoner -> PuestoRomper -> RotoVolver -> VueltoDevolver -> DevueltoMorir -> MuertoAbrir -> AbiertoCubrir -> Cubierto
  • 8. Subjunctive PerfectSubjunctive Perfect is a compound verb formed with the subjunctive of the auxillary verb haber plus the past participle of the main verb. The present perfect subjunctive is used in the same types of clauses as the present subjunctive, and normally is used: to indicate the action as completed with governing verbs in the present or future tense or command forms.Yo -HayaTu -HayasEl/Ella/Usted -HayaNosotros -HayamosEllos/Ellas/Ustedes -Hayan
  • 9. Tan y TantoTo form the comparisons of equality using adjectives or adverbs, use..tan + adjective (adverb) + comoTo form comparisons of equality with nouns, use..tanto(-a,-os,-as) + noun + comoExamples: -El chicoes tan alto como la chica. - Tienetantoslibroscomoella.
  • 10. Impersonal “Se”When using “se”, you avoid being specific about a topic. It can be used in all tenses and is always used in the third person singular, followed by a direct object. Ex: Senecesitaque la genteproteja la Tierra.Sedicequeva a llovermañana.Sehablaespañolaquí.SE + THIRD PERSON SINGULAR
  • 11. To express knowledge or ignorance of a fact or informationabout something, use "saber." EX: Juan sabedondeestáMaría. Juan knows where Maria is.-To express knowledge or ignorance of a skill, or how to do something, use saber + infinitive.SABER:VS. To express knowledge or ignorance of a subject or learning discipline, use saber or conocer, depending upon the context..To say that one is or is not acquainted with a person, a place, or an object, use conocer. EX: Yo no conozco a María.br /> I don't know (am not acquainted with) Maria.CONOCER:
  • 12. Informal Commands: For Affirmative “tu” Commands, - Start in tu form of verb - Drop the “s” -Irregulars include: di, haz, ve, pon, sal, se, ten, ven
  • 13. For Negative “tu” Commands, - Start in YO form of the verb - Change to opposite vowel ending - add an “s” - Irregulars include: TVDISHESFormal CommandsFor Formal Affirmative commands: - Start in YO form of verb -Change to opposite vowel ending -For ustedes, and an “n” to the end of the verb. - Irregulars include: TVDISHES, dar-de, estar-este, ir-vaya, ser-sea, saber-sepa.
  • 14. For Formal Negative Commands: - Start in YO form of verb - Change to opposite vowel ending and add a “no” in front. - Same irregulars as affirmative and same rule for Ustedes. Irregulars: Decir: di
  • 22. DOP and IOP Placement: Affirmative Commands and DOP: Attached to end of verb and needs an accent over first syllable. Example: Compralas.
  • 23. Negative Commands and DOP: DOP is placed in front of the verb and there is no accent. Use: me, te, lo/la, nos, los/las‘
  • 24. IOP Placement: Affirmative IOP Placement: IOP goes after the verb. Example: Comprelo me.
  • 25. Negative IOP’s go before the verb. Example: Me no lo compre.Nosotros CommandsNosotros commands are used when the speaker is included, and are used to express the idea "let's + verb." To form these commands, use the nosotros form of the present subjunctive. EX: Comamosallí. Let's eat there.
  • 26. To form the negative command, place the word no before the same verb form (present subjunctive). EX: No comamosallí. Lets not eat there.
  • 27. Start with the nosotros ending, then the opposite nosotros ending is used.
  • 28. Irregulars are TVDISHESMono VerbsWith affirmative commands in nosotros form, the final "s" of the verb form is dropped before adding the pronouns "nos" or "se”. Example: Sentemos + nos = Sentémonos.Let's sit down.
  • 29. SubjunctiveStart with the present “yo” form of the verb. Take off the “o” at the endAdd the opposite ending, similar to a formal command. - The Subjunctive is a mood, rather than a tense. The subjunctive mood is used to express everything except certainty and objectivity: things like doubt, uncertainty, subjectivity, etc. Example: Dudo que usted vaya al Perú en diciembre.
  • 32. TriggersA menosqueCuantoEn el futuroProximoEl proximoanoManana~
  • 33. Subjuntive with Emotional ExpressionsAlegrarsedeSorprenderEsperarSentirTemerEs tristeOjala que
  • 35. Conjunctions of TimeExamples: a poco de queantes de quecadavezdespués de en tantoquehastaquemientrasquesiemprequeThese are examples of conjunctions most often used in the subjunctive tense. Also are used in the indicitive mood and past tense.
  • 36. Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns Demonstrative adjectives describe the noun and the pronouns take the place of the noun. *the words "this" and "that" can function as both adjectives and pronouns.Demonstartives Adjectives: estelibro (this book)estoslibros (these books)estapluma (this pen)estasplumas (these pens)eselibro (that book)esoslibros (those books)esapluma (that pen)esasplumas (those pens)aquellibro (that book over there)aquelloslibros (those books over there)aquellapluma (that pen over there)aquellasplumas (those pens over there)Demonstrative Pronouns: este (this one - masculine)estos (these ones - masculine)esta (this one - feminine)estas (these ones - feminine)ese (that one - masculine)esos (those ones - masculine)esa (that one - feminine)esas (those ones - feminine)aquel (that one over there - masc.)aquellos (those ones over there - masc.)aquella (that one over there - fem.)aquellas (those ones over there - fem.)