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Gravitational waves and their detection

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Gravitational waves are ripples in spacetime that travel at the speed of light and are generated by massive accelerating objects like black holes and neutron stars. They have long wavelengths compared to the size of the objects that produce them. LIGO detects gravitational waves by measuring tiny changes in the lengths of its arms caused by passing gravitational waves. The first direct observation of gravitational waves in 2015 confirmed their existence and provided insights into black holes and the universe.

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Gravitational waves and their detection

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Ripples or Oscillations in space time Travel at the speed of light Comes from very massive objects Strength of waves ∝ 1 / distance from the source It can penetrate regions of space that electromagnetic waves cannot

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SUPERNOVAE AND STARS COLLAPSE INTO NEUTRON STAR TWO BLACK HOLES COLLIDING OR ORBITING EACH OTHER NEUTRON STAR ORBITING A BLACK HOLE A ROTATING NEUTRON STAR COLLIDING GALAXIES

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Astronomical event that occurs during the last stellar evolutionary stages of a massive star's life

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Interacting galaxies (colliding galaxies) are galaxies whose gravitational fields result in a disturbance of one another

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BLACK HOLE A region of space-time exhibiting such strong gravitational effects. Sufficiently compact mass can deform space-time to form a black hole.

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Neutron stars are created when giant stars die in supernovas and their cores collapse, with the protons and electrons essentially melting into each other to form neutrons.

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How will we detect gravitational waves?

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Follow the beam: schematic showing a LIGO interferometer

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Gravitational waves and their detection

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• prove the existence of the gravitational waves by direct measurements • Confirm that Gravitational waves travel at the speed of light • Verify that gravitational waves cause disturbances of predicted amounts in the matter they pass through • Learn more about black holes • Expand knowledge about universe

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CHANGE IN LENGTH OF LIGO’S ARM

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Detected on September 14, 2015 at 09:50:45 UTC − B. P. Abbott et al PHYSICALREVIEW LETTERS 116, 061102 (2016)

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WHY STUDY GRAVITATIONAL WAVES Can accurately determine cosmological distances. Instrument made for gravitational wave detection is the most precise measuring system ever. Gravitational-wave astronomy is an emerging branch of observational astronomy which aims to use gravitational waves to collect observational data Such as neutron stars and black holes

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COMPARISON GRAVITATIONAL WAVES • weak force • generated by the bulk motion of large masses, and will have wavelengths much longer than the objects themselves • Gravitational charge is equivalent to inertia. • difficult to detect • they can travel unhindered through intervening matter of any density or composition ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES • Stronger force • typically generated by small movements of charge pairs within objects, and have wavelengths much smaller than the objects themselves. • charge is unrelated to inertia. • easy to detect • readily absorbed or scattered by intervening matter.

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• To prove the existence of the gravitational waves by direct measurements • Confirm that Gravitational waves travel at the speed of light • Verify that gravitational waves cause disturbances of predicted amounts in the matter they pass through • Learn more about black holes • Expand knowledge about universe

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1. Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS B. P. Abbott et al.* (LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration) https://physics.aps.org/featured-article-pdf/10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.061102 2.LIGO lab Caltech MIThttps://www.ligo.caltech.edu/ 3. Gravitational waves-wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_wave 4. J. Abadie et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration, Virgo Collaboration) Phys. Rev. D 85, 082002 – Published 19 April 2012 http://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.85.082002

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GRAVITATIONAL WAVES ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES • Stronger force • typically generated by small movements of charge pairs within objects, and have wavelengths much smaller than the objects themselves. • charge is unrelated to inertia. • easy to detect • readily absorbed or scattered by intervening matter.

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Gravitational waves and their detection

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Gravitational waves and their detection

  • 2. Ripples or Oscillations in space time Travel at the speed of light Comes from very massive objects Strength of waves ∝ 1 / distance from the source It can penetrate regions of space that electromagnetic waves cannot
  • 3. SUPERNOVAE AND STARS COLLAPSE INTO NEUTRON STAR TWO BLACK HOLES COLLIDING OR ORBITING EACH OTHER NEUTRON STAR ORBITING A BLACK HOLE A ROTATING NEUTRON STAR COLLIDING GALAXIES
  • 4. Astronomical event that occurs during the last stellar evolutionary stages of a massive star's life
  • 5. Interacting galaxies (colliding galaxies) are galaxies whose gravitational fields result in a disturbance of one another
  • 6. BLACK HOLE A region of space-time exhibiting such strong gravitational effects. Sufficiently compact mass can deform space-time to form a black hole.
  • 7. Neutron stars are created when giant stars die in supernovas and their cores collapse, with the protons and electrons essentially melting into each other to form neutrons.
  • 8. How will we detect gravitational waves?
  • 9. Follow the beam: schematic showing a LIGO interferometer
  • 11. • prove the existence of the gravitational waves by direct measurements • Confirm that Gravitational waves travel at the speed of light • Verify that gravitational waves cause disturbances of predicted amounts in the matter they pass through • Learn more about black holes • Expand knowledge about universe
  • 12. CHANGE IN LENGTH OF LIGO’S ARM
  • 13. Detected on September 14, 2015 at 09:50:45 UTC − B. P. Abbott et al PHYSICALREVIEW LETTERS 116, 061102 (2016)
  • 14. WHY STUDY GRAVITATIONAL WAVES Can accurately determine cosmological distances. Instrument made for gravitational wave detection is the most precise measuring system ever. Gravitational-wave astronomy is an emerging branch of observational astronomy which aims to use gravitational waves to collect observational data Such as neutron stars and black holes
  • 15. COMPARISON GRAVITATIONAL WAVES • weak force • generated by the bulk motion of large masses, and will have wavelengths much longer than the objects themselves • Gravitational charge is equivalent to inertia. • difficult to detect • they can travel unhindered through intervening matter of any density or composition ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES • Stronger force • typically generated by small movements of charge pairs within objects, and have wavelengths much smaller than the objects themselves. • charge is unrelated to inertia. • easy to detect • readily absorbed or scattered by intervening matter.
  • 16. • To prove the existence of the gravitational waves by direct measurements • Confirm that Gravitational waves travel at the speed of light • Verify that gravitational waves cause disturbances of predicted amounts in the matter they pass through • Learn more about black holes • Expand knowledge about universe
  • 17. 1. Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS B. P. Abbott et al.* (LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration) https://physics.aps.org/featured-article-pdf/10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.061102 2.LIGO lab Caltech MIThttps://www.ligo.caltech.edu/ 3. Gravitational waves-wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_wave 4. J. Abadie et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration, Virgo Collaboration) Phys. Rev. D 85, 082002 – Published 19 April 2012 http://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.85.082002
  • 18. GRAVITATIONAL WAVES ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES • Stronger force • typically generated by small movements of charge pairs within objects, and have wavelengths much smaller than the objects themselves. • charge is unrelated to inertia. • easy to detect • readily absorbed or scattered by intervening matter.