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Gupta empire 320 550 ad

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The Gupta Empire flourished in northern India between 320-550 AD. It was founded by Sri Gupta and reached its peak under Samudra Gupta and Chandra Gupta II. The empire was administered through a bureaucracy including provincial governors and district officers. Agriculture, trade, and handicrafts flourished during this period of economic prosperity. However, the empire began to decline in the 5th century due to Huna invasions and a decentralized administrative system brought about by extensive land grants.

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Gupta Empire 320-550 AD

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• Sungas : 185-73AD • Kanvas: 73 BC-26 AD • Kushans: 30 AD-375 AD • Satavahana : 230 BC-220 AD

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Gupta empire 320 550 ad

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Gupta empire 320 550 ad

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• Kamanduka: Nitisara: administration • Koumudimhostavam: Vajjika: political • Sudraka: Mruchchakatika: social and political • Kavya-nataka: History • Visakhadatta: Devichandraguptam: political • Kalidas: political, social and religion :Abhignana sakuntalam :Meghadhutam :Raghuvasam :Kumarasambhavam :Ritisamhara

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Religious sources: Dharma sutras: Narada Smriti and Brihaspati smriti, Vayu and mastya puranas etc Inscriptions: 23 Private : 19 official Allahabad Iron Pillar Inscription The Econ stone inscription of Samudragupta Foreign sources: Fahien: fu-kuo-ki or record of Buddhists kingdoms, Hiuen Tsang and I-sting

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Gupta empire 320 550 ad

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Gupta empire 320 550 ad

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• Founder of the dynasty: Sri Gupta • Ghatotkacha : Second ruler • Chandra Gupta :319-335 AD • Samudra Gupta :335-380 AD • Chandra Gupta II: 380-412 AD • Kumara Gupta I : 412-454 AD • Skanda Gupta : 454-467 AD Early kings they were feudatories of the kushanas in U.P

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King ship • King had titles like parameswara, maharajadhiraja, paramabhattraka etc. • Samudra Gupta declared him self a god dwelling on the earth. • Kingship was hereditary, but royal power were limited. • Guptas continued the traditional machinery of bureaucratic administration but it was not as elaborate as that of the Mauryas.

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• The Guptas did not possess a big army. The feudatories supplied the troops. • The kings were not despots. They ruled according to Rajadharma and with the advises of ministers.

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Empire King Bhukti Uparika Vishyas Ayuktas or vishapati Town Vithis Vithi (purapala) Grama Gramapati

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Central Administration Maha Mantri (Chief minister): stood at the head of civil administration. Among other imperial officers were included the Maha-baladhikrta : commander-in-chief Sandhivgrahika: the foreign minister Maha-dandanayaka : Chief justice Maha-asvapati : Commander of the Cavalry Maha-pilupati: commander of elephant Maha-ranabhandagarika: Master general of military stores

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Provincial administration Uparikas were the heads of provincial administration. Uparikas were the high officers and the personal staff of the emperor and were appointed by the king.

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District administration District or Vishya was under the control of Ayukta or vishayapati or Kumaramatyas Their appointment was made by the provincial governors Ayuktas also acted as officials at central level. District level Ayukta assisted by two officials Ngara Srethin (Chief merchant) Prathama Kulika ( chief artisan)

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Social conditions Caste system: the traditional caste system continued in the period. The foreign elements in Indian society were absorbed in the traditional social order. The sakas, Yavanas etc. were regarded as Kshtriyas. The Hunas and Gurjaras later became the Rajputs and were considered as part the society. The connection between the caste and occupation was not rigid.

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Position of women Women were given a subordinate position Early marriages were encouraged and practiced. Sati system was also encouraged as per the inscription of Eran. No widow marriages Only upper-class women entitled to receive education Devadasi system was prevailed in the society  (devadasi  is a girl “married” to a deity and dedicated to worship and service of the deity or a temple for the rest of her life)

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Economic Conditions The Gupta age was an age of economic prosperity. agricultural handicrafts trade and commerce. Agriculture: The state encouraged agriculture. State was the exclusive owner of the land. Two harvests were found in the method of irrigation The Persian water-wheel was use for irrigation Water wheels were used to draw water from the tanks, wells and channels.

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Gupta empire 320 550 ad

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Gupta empire 320 550 ad

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• Rice, wheat and barley were produced. • Sugar-cane, fruits, vegetables and other crops were grown. • Scientific methods were followed for better and more agriculture production.

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Land grants • There was a tradition of giving land grants to the priests and temples, free of taxes, and villages were granted to officials with administration rights. • Increase in land grants was responsible for bringing large areas under cultivation. • Agrahara grants: Religious Devagrahara: secular • The landed gentry and officials exploited village resources to a great extent. land grants paved the way for feudalism development in India.

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Trade and trade (guilds) There were several native professions such as garlanders, washer men, carpenters, blacksmiths, jewelers, goldsmiths, potters, weavers, architects etc. Indian craftsmen produced fine quality cotton, silk and woolen clothes. Trade was carried on by land and sea. Important cities and ports were connected by roads. Foreign trade took place with South East Asian countries through Tamralipti, the sea-port in Bengal.

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Guilds • Guilds were organized for traders, bankers and manual workers like weavers and stone cutter. • Mining and metallurgy occupied the top position • Ship building was another big industry which was well developed in the period that facilitated trade and communication activities.

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Science and technology Aryabhata: • Calculated ∏ to 3.1416 • Length of the solar year to 358. 6805 days • Aryahbattiyam : deals with algebra, arithmetics and geometry Varahamihira: Astronomy and horoscopy Hastayurveda: veterinary science Navaneitakam: medical science Amarakosam: study of metallurgy and plants

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Decline of empire • Huna invasions from Chandra Gupta II • Decentralized administration • Land grants

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Gupta empire 320 550 ad

  • 2. • Sungas : 185-73AD • Kanvas: 73 BC-26 AD • Kushans: 30 AD-375 AD • Satavahana : 230 BC-220 AD
  • 5. • Kamanduka: Nitisara: administration • Koumudimhostavam: Vajjika: political • Sudraka: Mruchchakatika: social and political • Kavya-nataka: History • Visakhadatta: Devichandraguptam: political • Kalidas: political, social and religion :Abhignana sakuntalam :Meghadhutam :Raghuvasam :Kumarasambhavam :Ritisamhara
  • 6. Religious sources: Dharma sutras: Narada Smriti and Brihaspati smriti, Vayu and mastya puranas etc Inscriptions: 23 Private : 19 official Allahabad Iron Pillar Inscription The Econ stone inscription of Samudragupta Foreign sources: Fahien: fu-kuo-ki or record of Buddhists kingdoms, Hiuen Tsang and I-sting
  • 9. • Founder of the dynasty: Sri Gupta • Ghatotkacha : Second ruler • Chandra Gupta :319-335 AD • Samudra Gupta :335-380 AD • Chandra Gupta II: 380-412 AD • Kumara Gupta I : 412-454 AD • Skanda Gupta : 454-467 AD Early kings they were feudatories of the kushanas in U.P
  • 10. King ship • King had titles like parameswara, maharajadhiraja, paramabhattraka etc. • Samudra Gupta declared him self a god dwelling on the earth. • Kingship was hereditary, but royal power were limited. • Guptas continued the traditional machinery of bureaucratic administration but it was not as elaborate as that of the Mauryas.
  • 11. • The Guptas did not possess a big army. The feudatories supplied the troops. • The kings were not despots. They ruled according to Rajadharma and with the advises of ministers.
  • 12. Empire King Bhukti Uparika Vishyas Ayuktas or vishapati Town Vithis Vithi (purapala) Grama Gramapati
  • 13. Central Administration Maha Mantri (Chief minister): stood at the head of civil administration. Among other imperial officers were included the Maha-baladhikrta : commander-in-chief Sandhivgrahika: the foreign minister Maha-dandanayaka : Chief justice Maha-asvapati : Commander of the Cavalry Maha-pilupati: commander of elephant Maha-ranabhandagarika: Master general of military stores
  • 14. Provincial administration Uparikas were the heads of provincial administration. Uparikas were the high officers and the personal staff of the emperor and were appointed by the king.
  • 15. District administration District or Vishya was under the control of Ayukta or vishayapati or Kumaramatyas Their appointment was made by the provincial governors Ayuktas also acted as officials at central level. District level Ayukta assisted by two officials Ngara Srethin (Chief merchant) Prathama Kulika ( chief artisan)
  • 16. Social conditions Caste system: the traditional caste system continued in the period. The foreign elements in Indian society were absorbed in the traditional social order. The sakas, Yavanas etc. were regarded as Kshtriyas. The Hunas and Gurjaras later became the Rajputs and were considered as part the society. The connection between the caste and occupation was not rigid.
  • 17. Position of women Women were given a subordinate position Early marriages were encouraged and practiced. Sati system was also encouraged as per the inscription of Eran. No widow marriages Only upper-class women entitled to receive education Devadasi system was prevailed in the society  (devadasi  is a girl “married” to a deity and dedicated to worship and service of the deity or a temple for the rest of her life)
  • 18. Economic Conditions The Gupta age was an age of economic prosperity. agricultural handicrafts trade and commerce. Agriculture: The state encouraged agriculture. State was the exclusive owner of the land. Two harvests were found in the method of irrigation The Persian water-wheel was use for irrigation Water wheels were used to draw water from the tanks, wells and channels.
  • 21. • Rice, wheat and barley were produced. • Sugar-cane, fruits, vegetables and other crops were grown. • Scientific methods were followed for better and more agriculture production.
  • 22. Land grants • There was a tradition of giving land grants to the priests and temples, free of taxes, and villages were granted to officials with administration rights. • Increase in land grants was responsible for bringing large areas under cultivation. • Agrahara grants: Religious Devagrahara: secular • The landed gentry and officials exploited village resources to a great extent. land grants paved the way for feudalism development in India.
  • 23. Trade and trade (guilds) There were several native professions such as garlanders, washer men, carpenters, blacksmiths, jewelers, goldsmiths, potters, weavers, architects etc. Indian craftsmen produced fine quality cotton, silk and woolen clothes. Trade was carried on by land and sea. Important cities and ports were connected by roads. Foreign trade took place with South East Asian countries through Tamralipti, the sea-port in Bengal.
  • 24. Guilds • Guilds were organized for traders, bankers and manual workers like weavers and stone cutter. • Mining and metallurgy occupied the top position • Ship building was another big industry which was well developed in the period that facilitated trade and communication activities.
  • 25. Science and technology Aryabhata: • Calculated ∏ to 3.1416 • Length of the solar year to 358. 6805 days • Aryahbattiyam : deals with algebra, arithmetics and geometry Varahamihira: Astronomy and horoscopy Hastayurveda: veterinary science Navaneitakam: medical science Amarakosam: study of metallurgy and plants
  • 26. Decline of empire • Huna invasions from Chandra Gupta II • Decentralized administration • Land grants