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Gymnema sylvestre

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H
Hajra Matloob (RPH)

This presentation included the general intro of herb, its collection and cultivation, chemical constituents, uses, mechanism of action; dosage form and doses; side effects, toxicity; precautions, interaction with other drugs an herbs

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Gymnema sylvestre (sugar destroyer) as an antidiabetic herb
INTRODUCTION BOTANICAL NAME Gymnema sylvestre FAMILY Asclepiadaceae (milk weed) COMMON NAME Sanskrit: Meshashringi, madhunashini, Hindi: Gur-mar booti, merasingi, ENGLISH NAME Sugar destroyer and periploca of wood PART USED Leaves, root and stem FLOWER (Pale yellow and bell shaped) LEAVES (Narrow tipped elliptic smooth green leaves)
INTRODUCTION GEOGRAPHICAL ORIGN The plant is native to: • Central and Western India, • Tropical Africa and • Australia MACROSCOPIC CHARACTERISTICS • G. sylvestre is a large, more or less pubescent, woody climber. • Leaves are opposite, usually elliptic or ovate (1.25–2.0 inch × 0.5–1.25 inch). • Flowers are small, yellow, in umbellate cymes. • Follicles are terete, lanceolate, upto 3 inches in length. [1]
CULTIVATION & COLLECTION • Best is sandy loam soil. • For preparation : Make soil weed-free • 10-12 tonnes/hectare of FYM and 250 kg of NPK added as a basal dose at the time of preparation • October-December: Seeds are collected and sown in polybags. • Feb-March: Seedling raised are planted in field • 1-1.5 m spacing is recommended • Green gram can be grown as a intercrop • Irrigation require once a week • October-Feb: One year leaves are ready to harvest • Roots are collected in summers • Aphid sp. is observed to attach this plan
CULTIVATION & COLLECTION • Leaves: 30-40 days leaves can be used • One year time is best Post harvesting methods: • Dried in shade. • Packed in polybags. • Moisture content should only 8%. Yield and cost of cultivation: • 1250 kg of dry leaves from one hectare in every three months. • Cost of cultivation is 25000 Rs/hectare. [3]
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS • Contain Triterpene saponins belonging to oleanane and dammaene classes. • Oleanane saponins are: 1.Gymnemic acid 2. Gymnemagasaponin • Dammarene saponins are: 1. Gymnestogenin 2. Gurmarine 3. Gymnemasies • Besides this, other plant constituents are: 1. Flavone 2. Trimethylamine 3. Hentriacontane 4. Pentatriacontane 5. Phytin 6. Tartaric acid 7. Formic acid 8. Anthraquinone derivatives 9. d-quercitol 10. Beta-chlorophylls
USES Gymnema sylvestre is used as: 1. Anti-diabetic. 2. For weight loss. 3. In asthema. 4. In snake bite. 5. As anti-inflammatory. 6. anti-hypercholesterolemic. 7. In constipation. 8. In arthritis. 9. In cardiopathy. 10. In microbial infection. 11. In some respiratory problems like cough. 12. In cancer treatment.
MECHANISM OF ACTION 1-Gymnemic acid destroys the ability to discriminate sweet taste. The atomic arrangement of gymnemic acid is similar with glucose molecule.so they fill the receptor location on the taste buds thereby preventing its activation by sugar molecule. Similarly gymnemic acid fill the receptor location in the absorbtive external layer of the intestine, thereby preventing the sugar molecule absorbtion by the intestine. In the result of this low blood sugar level occur. 2-There are some possible mechanisms by which the gymnemic acid exerts its hypoglycemic activity are:  It increases the secretion of insulin.  It promotes regeneration of islet cells of pancreas.  It increases utilization of glucose. 4. It causes inhibition of glucose absorbtion from intestine
MECHANISM OF ACTION 3- Obesity also the cause of diabetes because fats release resistin hormone which produce resistance against insulin in receptors and receptors can not bind with insulin and in resultant blood sugar level increased. 4- Gymnemic acid curb the binding of triglycerides and cholesterol to their receptors in the intestine and inhibits the absorbtion of them to treat obesity. 5- Gymnemagenol in leaves of gymnema sylvestre is used to inhibit the prolification of the cells and used as anti-cancer. 6- Gymnemic acid increases protection against leucotrienes and free radicals and histamine release from mast cells was inhibited by gymnemic acid to treat inflammation. 7- Ethanolic extract of gymnema sylvestre leaves demonstrated antimicrobial activity against bacillus pumilis,bacillus subtilis,pseudomonas eruginosa and staphylococcus aureus etc.[1][2]
DOSE 1. 200 – 400mg extract daily standardized 25% gymnemic acid. 2. 100mg capsule taken three to four times in a day. 3. The recommended dose for powder gymnema sylvestre leave is 0.5 – 1 spoon(2 – 4 g) per day. DOSAGE FORM • Gymnema sylvester is found in capsule and powder form
SIDE EFFECTS 1. Hepatotoxicity is its side effect. 2. Chronic use of this herb can lower blood pressure. 3. Gymnemic acid and Gurmarine suppresses the ability of the tonge to detect sweet taste. TOXICITY 1. Some neurological effects are observed after taking the over dose of this herb. 2. Some autonomic effects are also observed. 3. Hypoglycemic effects are also seen after taking over dose of gymnema sylvestre.
PRECAUTIONS 1. Do not use in pregnancy and in lactation. 2. Do not use for those patients who are suffered already in liver and kidney disorders. 3. Diabetic patients on medication should be carefully monitored their blood sugar level when taking this herb because it may further reduce blood sugar level. 4. Consult with your physician because high dose of it can cause hypoglycemic effect.
INTERACTION WITH HERBS Combination of gymnema sylvestre and some herbs increase its hypoglycemic activity like, • Eleutherococcus senticoses • Zingiber officinale • Pueraria lobata • Panax ginseng Gymnema sylvestre with some herbs enhance effect of lowering of cholesterole such as: • Allium sativum • Commiphora wighti
INTERACTION WITH DRUG 1. The optimal doses of hydroxyl-citric acid with gymnema sylvestre and to a great degree the combination of hydroxyl citric acid niacin bounded chromium and gymnema sylvestre extract can serve as an effective and safe weight loss formula that can facilitate reduction in excess body weight. 2. The combination of glibenclamide (Sulphonylurease) and gymnema sylvesre showed maximum hypoglycemic action and decrease in serum cholesterol level. This combination produced greater hypoglycemic effect than gymnema sylvestre. 3. Gymnema sylvestre may increase the blood sugar lowering effect when interacted with oral drugs for diabetes such as glipizide, glyburide, glyset,and precose etc. 4. The cholesterol lowering effects of drugs such as crestor, lovastatin, lipitor, pravastatin may be increased by taking these drugs with gymnema sylvestre. [4]
REFERENCES 1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2170951/ 2. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2014/830285/ 3. https://www.slideshare.net/PallaviBohra1/gymnema-sylvestre-54607687 4. https://www.slideshare.net/ArslanTahir4/gymnema-sylvestre-sugar- destroyer

More Related Content

Gymnema sylvestre

  • 2. INTRODUCTION BOTANICAL NAME Gymnema sylvestre FAMILY Asclepiadaceae (milk weed) COMMON NAME Sanskrit: Meshashringi, madhunashini, Hindi: Gur-mar booti, merasingi, ENGLISH NAME Sugar destroyer and periploca of wood PART USED Leaves, root and stem FLOWER (Pale yellow and bell shaped) LEAVES (Narrow tipped elliptic smooth green leaves)
  • 3. INTRODUCTION GEOGRAPHICAL ORIGN The plant is native to: • Central and Western India, • Tropical Africa and • Australia MACROSCOPIC CHARACTERISTICS • G. sylvestre is a large, more or less pubescent, woody climber. • Leaves are opposite, usually elliptic or ovate (1.25–2.0 inch × 0.5–1.25 inch). • Flowers are small, yellow, in umbellate cymes. • Follicles are terete, lanceolate, upto 3 inches in length. [1]
  • 4. CULTIVATION & COLLECTION • Best is sandy loam soil. • For preparation : Make soil weed-free • 10-12 tonnes/hectare of FYM and 250 kg of NPK added as a basal dose at the time of preparation • October-December: Seeds are collected and sown in polybags. • Feb-March: Seedling raised are planted in field • 1-1.5 m spacing is recommended • Green gram can be grown as a intercrop • Irrigation require once a week • October-Feb: One year leaves are ready to harvest • Roots are collected in summers • Aphid sp. is observed to attach this plan
  • 5. CULTIVATION & COLLECTION • Leaves: 30-40 days leaves can be used • One year time is best Post harvesting methods: • Dried in shade. • Packed in polybags. • Moisture content should only 8%. Yield and cost of cultivation: • 1250 kg of dry leaves from one hectare in every three months. • Cost of cultivation is 25000 Rs/hectare. [3]
  • 6. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS • Contain Triterpene saponins belonging to oleanane and dammaene classes. • Oleanane saponins are: 1.Gymnemic acid 2. Gymnemagasaponin • Dammarene saponins are: 1. Gymnestogenin 2. Gurmarine 3. Gymnemasies • Besides this, other plant constituents are: 1. Flavone 2. Trimethylamine 3. Hentriacontane 4. Pentatriacontane 5. Phytin 6. Tartaric acid 7. Formic acid 8. Anthraquinone derivatives 9. d-quercitol 10. Beta-chlorophylls
  • 7. USES Gymnema sylvestre is used as: 1. Anti-diabetic. 2. For weight loss. 3. In asthema. 4. In snake bite. 5. As anti-inflammatory. 6. anti-hypercholesterolemic. 7. In constipation. 8. In arthritis. 9. In cardiopathy. 10. In microbial infection. 11. In some respiratory problems like cough. 12. In cancer treatment.
  • 8. MECHANISM OF ACTION 1-Gymnemic acid destroys the ability to discriminate sweet taste. The atomic arrangement of gymnemic acid is similar with glucose molecule.so they fill the receptor location on the taste buds thereby preventing its activation by sugar molecule. Similarly gymnemic acid fill the receptor location in the absorbtive external layer of the intestine, thereby preventing the sugar molecule absorbtion by the intestine. In the result of this low blood sugar level occur. 2-There are some possible mechanisms by which the gymnemic acid exerts its hypoglycemic activity are:  It increases the secretion of insulin.  It promotes regeneration of islet cells of pancreas.  It increases utilization of glucose. 4. It causes inhibition of glucose absorbtion from intestine
  • 9. MECHANISM OF ACTION 3- Obesity also the cause of diabetes because fats release resistin hormone which produce resistance against insulin in receptors and receptors can not bind with insulin and in resultant blood sugar level increased. 4- Gymnemic acid curb the binding of triglycerides and cholesterol to their receptors in the intestine and inhibits the absorbtion of them to treat obesity. 5- Gymnemagenol in leaves of gymnema sylvestre is used to inhibit the prolification of the cells and used as anti-cancer. 6- Gymnemic acid increases protection against leucotrienes and free radicals and histamine release from mast cells was inhibited by gymnemic acid to treat inflammation. 7- Ethanolic extract of gymnema sylvestre leaves demonstrated antimicrobial activity against bacillus pumilis,bacillus subtilis,pseudomonas eruginosa and staphylococcus aureus etc.[1][2]
  • 10. DOSE 1. 200 – 400mg extract daily standardized 25% gymnemic acid. 2. 100mg capsule taken three to four times in a day. 3. The recommended dose for powder gymnema sylvestre leave is 0.5 – 1 spoon(2 – 4 g) per day. DOSAGE FORM • Gymnema sylvester is found in capsule and powder form
  • 11. SIDE EFFECTS 1. Hepatotoxicity is its side effect. 2. Chronic use of this herb can lower blood pressure. 3. Gymnemic acid and Gurmarine suppresses the ability of the tonge to detect sweet taste. TOXICITY 1. Some neurological effects are observed after taking the over dose of this herb. 2. Some autonomic effects are also observed. 3. Hypoglycemic effects are also seen after taking over dose of gymnema sylvestre.
  • 12. PRECAUTIONS 1. Do not use in pregnancy and in lactation. 2. Do not use for those patients who are suffered already in liver and kidney disorders. 3. Diabetic patients on medication should be carefully monitored their blood sugar level when taking this herb because it may further reduce blood sugar level. 4. Consult with your physician because high dose of it can cause hypoglycemic effect.
  • 13. INTERACTION WITH HERBS Combination of gymnema sylvestre and some herbs increase its hypoglycemic activity like, • Eleutherococcus senticoses • Zingiber officinale • Pueraria lobata • Panax ginseng Gymnema sylvestre with some herbs enhance effect of lowering of cholesterole such as: • Allium sativum • Commiphora wighti
  • 14. INTERACTION WITH DRUG 1. The optimal doses of hydroxyl-citric acid with gymnema sylvestre and to a great degree the combination of hydroxyl citric acid niacin bounded chromium and gymnema sylvestre extract can serve as an effective and safe weight loss formula that can facilitate reduction in excess body weight. 2. The combination of glibenclamide (Sulphonylurease) and gymnema sylvesre showed maximum hypoglycemic action and decrease in serum cholesterol level. This combination produced greater hypoglycemic effect than gymnema sylvestre. 3. Gymnema sylvestre may increase the blood sugar lowering effect when interacted with oral drugs for diabetes such as glipizide, glyburide, glyset,and precose etc. 4. The cholesterol lowering effects of drugs such as crestor, lovastatin, lipitor, pravastatin may be increased by taking these drugs with gymnema sylvestre. [4]
  • 15. REFERENCES 1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2170951/ 2. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2014/830285/ 3. https://www.slideshare.net/PallaviBohra1/gymnema-sylvestre-54607687 4. https://www.slideshare.net/ArslanTahir4/gymnema-sylvestre-sugar- destroyer