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Hazards waste

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Anitha Vijayakumar
Anitha Vijayakumar

Hazardous wastes - chemical classification of hazardous waste - hospital hazardous waste - Disposal of waste

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HAZARDOUS WASTES By, Anitha V Ph.D. Research Scholar Bharathiar University Coimbatore.
Hazardous Waste • A hazardous waste is a waste with properties that make it dangerous or capable of having a harmful effect on human health or the environment.  Non –degradable or Persistent in nature  Biologically magnified  Highly toxic and even lethal at very low concentration
Identification 1) The list provided by government agencies declaring that substance as hazardous. 2) characteristics  Ignitability, or something flammable  Corrosivity, or something that can rust or decompose  Reactivity, or something explosive  Toxicity, or something poisonous
CLASSIFICATION a) Radioactive substances b) Chemicals c) Biomedical wastes d) Flammable wastes e) Explosives f) Household hazardous wastes
The Four Classifications of Hazardous Waste  The EPA has identified four main categories in which hazardous wastes can be classified.  With each categorization comes different risks and disposal methods.  When left inappropriately treated or managed, these wastes can have very harmful effects on the environment.  The four identifiable classifications are listed wastes, characteristic wastes, universal wastes and mixed wastes.
Listed Wastes  F- Listed Wasted  K- Listed Wasted  P- Listed Wasted  U- Listed Wasted  M- Listed Wasted
1. F-List (Non-Specific Source Wastes)  Wastes from several non-specific sources.  Do not originate from a specific industry or a specific manufacturing or industrial process.  Most of these wastes are byproducts of various manufacturing and industrial processes, and are mostly solvents used for cleaning and degreasing.
Of the F-list wastes, depending on the operations that produce the wastes, they can be divided into seven groups. These source identification groups are as follows: 1. Dioxin-bearing wastes 2. Wood-preserving wastes 3. Spent solvent wastes 4. Petroleum refinery wastewater treatment sludges 5. Chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons production 6. Multisource leachate 7. Electroplating and other metal finishing wastes
2. K-List (Source-Specific Wastes)  Unlike F-list wastes, K-list wastes are specific wastes that have specific industry sources.  Particular production and treatment processes generate certain types of wastewater and sludge that become distinguishable as hazardous wastes.
The wastes listed under the K-list are produced from 13 specific industries 1. Iron and steel production 2. Petroleum refining 3. Inorganic pigment manufacturing 4. Explosives manufacturing 5. Ink formulation 6. Veterinary pharmaceuticals manufacturing 7. Primary aluminium production 8. Organic chemicals manufacturing 9. Pesticides manufacturing 10. Coking (processing of coal to produce coke) 11. Inorganic chemicals manufacturing 12. Wood preservation 13. Secondary lead processing
 For both F-lists and K-lists, these wastes are identified by an EPA-assigned code. They characterize the wastes depending on if they contain any of the following codes:  Toxic Waste (T)  Acute Hazardous Waste (H)  Ignitable Waste (I)  Corrosive Waste (C)  Reactive Waste (R)  Toxicity Characteristic Waste (E).
P-List and U-List (Discarded Commercial Chemical Products) • The P-list and U-list wastes include chemical products that were discarded without being used. • The waste has a chemical in a form that meets EPA’s definition of a “commercial chemical product.”
M-List (Discarded Mercury-Containing Products) • The M-list includes discarded products or wastes containing mercury. • Some of the examples of wastes listed on the M-list are  Mercury switches  Fluorescent lamps  Mercury-containing novelties.
Universal Wastes  Also known as commonly-generated, universal wastes are another classification for hazardous wastes.  These types of wastes typically include bulbs, mercury- containing equipment, pesticides and batteries.  These wastes are of the more commonly produced and identified oftentimes as “dangerous goods”.
There are 9 classifications with these wastes listed below: Class 1: Explosives Class 2: Gases Class 3: Flammable Liquids Class 4: Flammable Solids or Substances Class 5: Oxidizing Substances and Organic Peroxides Class 6: Toxic and Infectious Substances Class 7: Radioactive Class 8: Corrosive Substances Class 9: Miscellaneous Dangerous Substances and Articles
Mixed Wastes  Contain both hazardous as well as radioactive components.  They can be low-level mixed waste (LLMW)  High-level mixed waste (HLW)  Mixed transuranic waste (MTRU).
Hazards waste
 Storage and collection  Transfer and transport
Hospital Hazardous Waste Category Type of Waste Type of Bags or container Treatment & Disposal YELLOW a. Human Anatomical Waste such as human tissues, organs, body parts and fetus below the viability period Yellow colored non- chlorinated bags Incineration or Plasma Pyrolysis or deep burial b. Animal Anatomical Waste such as Experimental animal carcasses, body parts, organs, tissues from snimsl houses or from veterinary and medical institutions.
Red Contaminated Waste (Recyclable) Waste generated from disposable items such as tubing, bottles, intravenous tubes and sets, catheters, urines bags, syringes Red colored non – chlorinated plastic bags or containers Autoclaving or microwaving or hydroclaving followed by shredding or mutilation or sterilization with Shredding. Treated waste to be sent to registered or authorized recyclers or for energy recovery or plastic to diesel or fuel oil or for road making, Whichever is possible. Plastic wastes should not be sent to landfill sites.
White (Trans lucent ) Waste sharps including metals such as needles, syringes with fixed needles, needle from needle tip cutter or burner, scalpels, blades or any other contaminated sharp object that may cause puncture and cuts. This includes both used, discarded and contaminated metal sharps Puncture proof, Leak proof, tamper proof, containers Autoclaving or Dry heat Sterilization followed by Shredding or mutilation or encapsulation in metal container or cement concrete, combination of shredding cum autoclaving and sent for final disposal to iron foundries or sanitary landfill or designated concrete waste sharp pit.
Blue a) Glassware: Broken or discard and contaminated glass including medicine vials and ampoules except those contaminated with cytotoxic wastes Cardboard boxes with blue colored marking Disinfection or through autoclaving or microclaving or hydroclaving and then sent for recycling
Procedure for management of hazardous and other wastes: a) Prevention b) Minimization c) Reuse, d) Recycling e) Recovery, utilization including co-processing f) Safe disposal.
TREATMENT METHODS  Physical treatment  Chemical treatment  Biological treatment Thermal Treatment
Physical treatment  Involves variety of separation techniques  Physical processes are  Screening  Sedimentation  Centrifugation  Flotation  Adsorption  Stripping  RO.
Chemical treatment  To make the complete breakdown of Hazardous Waste into non toxic form.  Chemical methods are Neutralization Precipitation Oxidation Reduction.
 Neutralization: Carried out when the waste contains excessive amount of acid or alkali.  Chemical oxidation: Used to destroy toxic cyanide molecule with oxidizing agents.  Reduction: Used in the conversion of hexa valent chromium into trivalent chromium before it can be precipitated.  Anodic electrolysis: Used for the destruction of cyanide in spent stripping & plating solutions.
Biological Treatment  Land treatment  Enzymatic Systems  Composting  Aerobic and anaerobic treatment
Biological treatment  Different types of microorganisms are used for degradation of specific compounds of Hazardous Waste  Some microbes found in soil & sewage sludge have been tested in the degradation of organic chemicals  Tests have been conducted to degrade PCBs using pseudomonas & Flavobacterium.  Pseudomonas bacteria – benzene, phenol ,cresol.
Thermal Treatment  Incineration  Pyrolysis
INCINERATION  Incineration is a controlled combustion process in which the waste is completely oxidized and microorganisms, if present are destroyed and denatured at high temperature.  Able to achieve 99.99% destruction & removal efficiency of hazardous components in waste.  Primary products are CO2, vapour & ash  Sulphur bearing wastes gives off SO2, CO2, H2O when incinerated.  By products of incomplete combustion are sometimes more harmful.  Two types of incinerators: liquid injection system, rotary kilns.
 An incinerator should operate in the temperature range of 800° to 1200°C when medical waste is incinerated.  Toxic fumes including furans and dioxins are emitted at temperatures below 600°C if polyvinyl chloride or certain other materials are incinerated.
INCINERATION Advantages  Minimizes Landfill Volume  Recovery of Energy Disadvantages  High Building and Operation Costs  Air Emissions  Toxic Ash
PYROLYSIS Pyrolysis involves the thermal decomposition of waste at 540–1000°C (Environment Agency, 2011) in the absence of oxygen Advantages  Minimizes Landfill Volume  Recovery of Energy  Production of Synthetic Gas Disadvantages  Air Emissions  Leachate  Slag  Landfilled or used in road foundations
Solidification or Stabilization  Convert the waste into an insoluble, rock hard material.  Additive materials used to reduce the mobility of pollutants in the waste.  Certain materials like nickel cannot be destroyed or detoxified by above methods.  Solidified to reduce the leachability.
DISPOSAL METHODS  The options for disposal include land disposal, underground disposal & deep well injection.  The choice of disposal method should be based on evaluation of economics & potential pollution risks.  To prevent environmental pollution from landfills , it is essential that site c/s are taken into account.
LANDFILLING  Advantages  Small Capital Investment  Little Maintenance  Cheaper Disposal Fees  Disadvantages  Environmental Pollution • Methane Carbon Dioxide • Leachate  Property Decrease in Value
Hazards waste
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Hazards waste

  • 1. HAZARDOUS WASTES By, Anitha V Ph.D. Research Scholar Bharathiar University Coimbatore.
  • 2. Hazardous Waste • A hazardous waste is a waste with properties that make it dangerous or capable of having a harmful effect on human health or the environment.  Non –degradable or Persistent in nature  Biologically magnified  Highly toxic and even lethal at very low concentration
  • 3. Identification 1) The list provided by government agencies declaring that substance as hazardous. 2) characteristics  Ignitability, or something flammable  Corrosivity, or something that can rust or decompose  Reactivity, or something explosive  Toxicity, or something poisonous
  • 4. CLASSIFICATION a) Radioactive substances b) Chemicals c) Biomedical wastes d) Flammable wastes e) Explosives f) Household hazardous wastes
  • 5. The Four Classifications of Hazardous Waste  The EPA has identified four main categories in which hazardous wastes can be classified.  With each categorization comes different risks and disposal methods.  When left inappropriately treated or managed, these wastes can have very harmful effects on the environment.  The four identifiable classifications are listed wastes, characteristic wastes, universal wastes and mixed wastes.
  • 6. Listed Wastes  F- Listed Wasted  K- Listed Wasted  P- Listed Wasted  U- Listed Wasted  M- Listed Wasted
  • 7. 1. F-List (Non-Specific Source Wastes)  Wastes from several non-specific sources.  Do not originate from a specific industry or a specific manufacturing or industrial process.  Most of these wastes are byproducts of various manufacturing and industrial processes, and are mostly solvents used for cleaning and degreasing.
  • 8. Of the F-list wastes, depending on the operations that produce the wastes, they can be divided into seven groups. These source identification groups are as follows: 1. Dioxin-bearing wastes 2. Wood-preserving wastes 3. Spent solvent wastes 4. Petroleum refinery wastewater treatment sludges 5. Chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons production 6. Multisource leachate 7. Electroplating and other metal finishing wastes
  • 9. 2. K-List (Source-Specific Wastes)  Unlike F-list wastes, K-list wastes are specific wastes that have specific industry sources.  Particular production and treatment processes generate certain types of wastewater and sludge that become distinguishable as hazardous wastes.
  • 10. The wastes listed under the K-list are produced from 13 specific industries 1. Iron and steel production 2. Petroleum refining 3. Inorganic pigment manufacturing 4. Explosives manufacturing 5. Ink formulation 6. Veterinary pharmaceuticals manufacturing 7. Primary aluminium production 8. Organic chemicals manufacturing 9. Pesticides manufacturing 10. Coking (processing of coal to produce coke) 11. Inorganic chemicals manufacturing 12. Wood preservation 13. Secondary lead processing
  • 11.  For both F-lists and K-lists, these wastes are identified by an EPA-assigned code. They characterize the wastes depending on if they contain any of the following codes:  Toxic Waste (T)  Acute Hazardous Waste (H)  Ignitable Waste (I)  Corrosive Waste (C)  Reactive Waste (R)  Toxicity Characteristic Waste (E).
  • 12. P-List and U-List (Discarded Commercial Chemical Products) • The P-list and U-list wastes include chemical products that were discarded without being used. • The waste has a chemical in a form that meets EPA’s definition of a “commercial chemical product.”
  • 13. M-List (Discarded Mercury-Containing Products) • The M-list includes discarded products or wastes containing mercury. • Some of the examples of wastes listed on the M-list are  Mercury switches  Fluorescent lamps  Mercury-containing novelties.
  • 14. Universal Wastes  Also known as commonly-generated, universal wastes are another classification for hazardous wastes.  These types of wastes typically include bulbs, mercury- containing equipment, pesticides and batteries.  These wastes are of the more commonly produced and identified oftentimes as “dangerous goods”.
  • 15. There are 9 classifications with these wastes listed below: Class 1: Explosives Class 2: Gases Class 3: Flammable Liquids Class 4: Flammable Solids or Substances Class 5: Oxidizing Substances and Organic Peroxides Class 6: Toxic and Infectious Substances Class 7: Radioactive Class 8: Corrosive Substances Class 9: Miscellaneous Dangerous Substances and Articles
  • 16. Mixed Wastes  Contain both hazardous as well as radioactive components.  They can be low-level mixed waste (LLMW)  High-level mixed waste (HLW)  Mixed transuranic waste (MTRU).
  • 18.  Storage and collection  Transfer and transport
  • 19. Hospital Hazardous Waste Category Type of Waste Type of Bags or container Treatment & Disposal YELLOW a. Human Anatomical Waste such as human tissues, organs, body parts and fetus below the viability period Yellow colored non- chlorinated bags Incineration or Plasma Pyrolysis or deep burial b. Animal Anatomical Waste such as Experimental animal carcasses, body parts, organs, tissues from snimsl houses or from veterinary and medical institutions.
  • 20. Red Contaminated Waste (Recyclable) Waste generated from disposable items such as tubing, bottles, intravenous tubes and sets, catheters, urines bags, syringes Red colored non – chlorinated plastic bags or containers Autoclaving or microwaving or hydroclaving followed by shredding or mutilation or sterilization with Shredding. Treated waste to be sent to registered or authorized recyclers or for energy recovery or plastic to diesel or fuel oil or for road making, Whichever is possible. Plastic wastes should not be sent to landfill sites.
  • 21. White (Trans lucent ) Waste sharps including metals such as needles, syringes with fixed needles, needle from needle tip cutter or burner, scalpels, blades or any other contaminated sharp object that may cause puncture and cuts. This includes both used, discarded and contaminated metal sharps Puncture proof, Leak proof, tamper proof, containers Autoclaving or Dry heat Sterilization followed by Shredding or mutilation or encapsulation in metal container or cement concrete, combination of shredding cum autoclaving and sent for final disposal to iron foundries or sanitary landfill or designated concrete waste sharp pit.
  • 22. Blue a) Glassware: Broken or discard and contaminated glass including medicine vials and ampoules except those contaminated with cytotoxic wastes Cardboard boxes with blue colored marking Disinfection or through autoclaving or microclaving or hydroclaving and then sent for recycling
  • 23. Procedure for management of hazardous and other wastes: a) Prevention b) Minimization c) Reuse, d) Recycling e) Recovery, utilization including co-processing f) Safe disposal.
  • 24. TREATMENT METHODS  Physical treatment  Chemical treatment  Biological treatment Thermal Treatment
  • 25. Physical treatment  Involves variety of separation techniques  Physical processes are  Screening  Sedimentation  Centrifugation  Flotation  Adsorption  Stripping  RO.
  • 26. Chemical treatment  To make the complete breakdown of Hazardous Waste into non toxic form.  Chemical methods are Neutralization Precipitation Oxidation Reduction.
  • 27.  Neutralization: Carried out when the waste contains excessive amount of acid or alkali.  Chemical oxidation: Used to destroy toxic cyanide molecule with oxidizing agents.  Reduction: Used in the conversion of hexa valent chromium into trivalent chromium before it can be precipitated.  Anodic electrolysis: Used for the destruction of cyanide in spent stripping & plating solutions.
  • 28. Biological Treatment  Land treatment  Enzymatic Systems  Composting  Aerobic and anaerobic treatment
  • 29. Biological treatment  Different types of microorganisms are used for degradation of specific compounds of Hazardous Waste  Some microbes found in soil & sewage sludge have been tested in the degradation of organic chemicals  Tests have been conducted to degrade PCBs using pseudomonas & Flavobacterium.  Pseudomonas bacteria – benzene, phenol ,cresol.
  • 31. INCINERATION  Incineration is a controlled combustion process in which the waste is completely oxidized and microorganisms, if present are destroyed and denatured at high temperature.  Able to achieve 99.99% destruction & removal efficiency of hazardous components in waste.  Primary products are CO2, vapour & ash  Sulphur bearing wastes gives off SO2, CO2, H2O when incinerated.  By products of incomplete combustion are sometimes more harmful.  Two types of incinerators: liquid injection system, rotary kilns.
  • 32.  An incinerator should operate in the temperature range of 800° to 1200°C when medical waste is incinerated.  Toxic fumes including furans and dioxins are emitted at temperatures below 600°C if polyvinyl chloride or certain other materials are incinerated.
  • 33. INCINERATION Advantages  Minimizes Landfill Volume  Recovery of Energy Disadvantages  High Building and Operation Costs  Air Emissions  Toxic Ash
  • 34. PYROLYSIS Pyrolysis involves the thermal decomposition of waste at 540–1000°C (Environment Agency, 2011) in the absence of oxygen Advantages  Minimizes Landfill Volume  Recovery of Energy  Production of Synthetic Gas Disadvantages  Air Emissions  Leachate  Slag  Landfilled or used in road foundations
  • 35. Solidification or Stabilization  Convert the waste into an insoluble, rock hard material.  Additive materials used to reduce the mobility of pollutants in the waste.  Certain materials like nickel cannot be destroyed or detoxified by above methods.  Solidified to reduce the leachability.
  • 36. DISPOSAL METHODS  The options for disposal include land disposal, underground disposal & deep well injection.  The choice of disposal method should be based on evaluation of economics & potential pollution risks.  To prevent environmental pollution from landfills , it is essential that site c/s are taken into account.
  • 37. LANDFILLING  Advantages  Small Capital Investment  Little Maintenance  Cheaper Disposal Fees  Disadvantages  Environmental Pollution • Methane Carbon Dioxide • Leachate  Property Decrease in Value