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Hist2 4 pre-spanish culture

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Yvan Gumbao

Pre-Spanish Philippine culture was characterized by diverse ethnic groups, each with their own customs, beliefs, and practices. People wore minimal clothing made from local materials and adorned themselves with tattoos and gold/bead jewelry. They lived in nipa huts elevated from the ground and were organized into barangays led by datus. Society consisted of nobles, freemen, and dependent classes. Agriculture, fishing, and crafts like weaving and pottery supported economic activities. Religion centered on animistic beliefs in spirits and nature. Disputes were typically settled within communities using trials by ordeal, and over 100 languages were spoken.

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PRE-SPANISH CULTURE Philippine History with Politics and Governance
CLOTHING Male  Upper part:  Collarless, short- sleeved jacket  Lower part:  balang  Headgear:  putong
CLOTHING Female:  Upper part:  baro or kamisa  Lower part:  saya (Tagalogs) and patadyong (Visayan)  Tapis
ORNAMENTS  Jewels  Gold, carnelian, pearl, beads and colored glass  Ornaments  Armlets, pendants, bracelets, gold rings, earrings, and leglets
ORNAMENTS  Tattoos  For men, tattoos were signs of valor and many attributes  For women, it enhanced beauty  The most tattooed were the ancient Bisayans, who were called Pintados and the Visayas as Islas de los Pintados
HOUSES  The nipa house, made of wood, bamboo, nipa palm and/or cogon grass  Generally elevated from the ground, the lower portion were storage for tools and enclosure for their animals
HOUSES  Some built it on treetops  Bajaos or Sea Gypsies of Sulu made their houses on boats  Lowland: linear in character  Upland: scattered and distant from each other
SOCIAL CLASSES  Four types of social organizations (William Henry Scott, 1994) 1. Classless Society (Hanunuo, Ilongot, Tiruray, Sulod, Batak) 2. Warrior Society (Manobo of Agusan and Cotabato, Mandaya, Bagobo, Kalinga, and so on) 3. Petty Plutocracy (Ifugao, Bontok, Kankaay, Ibaloy) 4. Principalities (Sulu and the flood plains of Pulangi River, Cotabato)
SOCIAL CLASSES Nobles(gat or lakan) Freemen (maharlika or timawa) Dependents(alipin, ulipon, or adipen) Social classes of the rest of the Philippine society
SOCIAL CLASSES  Types of dependents (Tagalogs) 1. Aliping namamahay – slaves that had property, lived in their houses and could without their master’s consent, and could not be sold 2. Aliping sagigilid – slaves who owned no property, lived in their master’s houses, could not marry without their master’s consent, and could be sold anytime
SOCIAL CLASSES  Types of dependents (Bisayans) 1. Tumataban – worked in their master’s house when told to do so 2. Tumarampuk – worked one day for his master 3. Ayuey – worked three days for his lord
WOMENS’ POSITION IN THE SOCIETY  Occupied a high position  Laws and custom were equal with men 1. Could own and inherit property 2. Could engage in trade and industry 3. Could inherit the chieftancy and rule barangays if they were daughters of datus with no sons 4. Occupied the prestigious position of babaylan 5. Could demand that their husbands use penis pins or penis rings  Could name her children  Men should walk behind women
PERSONAL HABITS  Were clean and neat  Bath regularly  Took good care of their hair by using gogo and anointing perfumed oils  Rinse their mouths and cleaned their teeth. Used betel nut as tootbrush and salt and water as toothpaste  Regularly cleaned their homes
MARRIAGE CUSTOMS  A man belonging to one class married a woman of the same class but this custom was not rigid  Except Muslims, they practiced monogamy but in some cases, a man could marry as many as he could but only the first wife was considered legitimate spouse  Fixed marriage  Two prerequisites to marriage: (1) lover’s servitude to the girl’s family and (2) dowry given by man to the girl’s parents
MARRIAGE CUSTOMS Grounds for divorce Adultery or desertion Loss of affection Cruelty Insanity Childishness Lack of sexual satisfaction Any divorce couple could remarry
GOVERNMENT  Patriarchal in form. Two models: 1. Barangay was a socio-quasi political/administrative unit 2. Sultanate system  Barangays were independent, each consisted of 30-100 families and ruled by a datu or rajah  The datu exercised all government functions assisted by the elders who advised him on important matters
GOVERNMENT  Maintains inter-baranganic relations to avoid wars Causes of war When one goes to another village killed someone without cause When wives or husbands are stolen from them When going to another village in the guise of friendship
LAWS Customary and written laws Covered subjects • Family relations, property rights, inheritance, contracts, partnerships, loans, usury, crimes and their punishment, adoption and divorce. Major crimes • Rape, incest, murder, witchcraft, insult, trespassing, sacrilegious acts, and larceny. • Punishment: death Minor crimes • Misdemeanours like adultery, cheating, petty theft, perjury, disturbance of peace at night by singing, and destroying documents • Punishment: exposure to ants, small fine, flogging, cutting the fingers of one hand, swimming for a number of hours
JUDICIAL PROCESS
JUDICIAL PROCESS  Dispute between datus or between residents of different barangays were sometimes settled by arbitrtaion  When the case is not readily decided by the barangay court, a trial by ordeal was resorted to.  In Muslim communities, civil or criminal cases were decided upon by the local Islamic court. Feuds and disputes, however, involved protracted bloody confrontations between families and clans
JUDICIAL PROCESS Trial by ordeal River ordeal, suspects plunge into the river with spears and who rises first is guilty Boiling water ordeal, suspects pick a stone in a pot of boiling water and he whose arm or hand is burned the most is guilty Candle ordeal, suspects are given lighted candles of the same sizes and the owner of the candle that died out first is guilty
BOILING WATER ORDEAL
RELIGIOUS BELIEFS AND PRACTICES  They were animistic.  Worshipped a supreme god, called Bathala by the Tagalogs  Believed in spirits called anitos or diwatas
RELIGIOUS BELIEFS AND PRACTICES  Religious leaders were called babaylan, baylana, or katalona. For Muslims, it is imam or pandita.  Worshippers of nature and ancestors  Believed in afterlife and heaven and hell  Disease or illness was attributed to the environmental spirits and the soul-spirits of dead relatives.
DIVINATION OR MAGIC CHARMS  Fond of interpreting signs in nature as good or bad omens depending upon circumstances  Believed in black magic and manogbarang or manoghiwit  Believed in aswang or witches and many more  Believed in the efficacy of anting-anting or amulets as well as lumay or gayuma
ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES  Agriculture as the main source of livelihood.  Two types of cultivation: kaingin or slash-and-burn and wet rice farming  Less arable lands were public property while productive lands were private properties of datus and nobles  Fermented the sap coconuts and nipas into tuba and vinegar  Aside from fishing and agriculture, other industries were poultry, stock-raising, lumbering and boat-building, mining, pottery making, and weaving.  Used barter system in business transactions
LANGUAGE AND SYSTEM OF WRITING  More than a hundred languages and dialects exist  A syllabary made of 17 symbols, 3 vowels and 14 consonants  Wrote on bark of trees, leaves, and bamboo nodes, using knives, daggers, pointed stick or iron as pens and colored sap of trees and fruits as ink.
EARLY FILIPINO ALPHABETS
LITERATURE Had oral and written literature Consisted of proverbs, sayings, riddles, epics, myths, and legends
MUSIC AND DANCE  Had their own musical instruments, songs, and dances  Most popular musical instument: kudyapi  Songs included love songs, religious songs, rice planting songs, harvesting songs, rowing songs, battle songs, vending songs, and others.  Had colorful folk dances
Native artistry was found in beads, amulets, bracelets, earrings, and other body ornaments made of gold, green jade, red carnelian, and other attractive stones Dyed and ornamented their clothes with designs and picturesque colors  Evident in tattoos of early Filipinos Carves statues of anitos in wood, gold, ivory, stone, and crocodile’s teeth
Fanciful carvings on handle of bolos, knives, daggers, and on shields and boats  Maranao Muslims had excellent woven products and creative ornamental and decorative brass art.
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Hist2 4 pre-spanish culture

  • 1. PRE-SPANISH CULTURE Philippine History with Politics and Governance
  • 2. CLOTHING Male  Upper part:  Collarless, short- sleeved jacket  Lower part:  balang  Headgear:  putong
  • 3. CLOTHING Female:  Upper part:  baro or kamisa  Lower part:  saya (Tagalogs) and patadyong (Visayan)  Tapis
  • 4. ORNAMENTS  Jewels  Gold, carnelian, pearl, beads and colored glass  Ornaments  Armlets, pendants, bracelets, gold rings, earrings, and leglets
  • 5. ORNAMENTS  Tattoos  For men, tattoos were signs of valor and many attributes  For women, it enhanced beauty  The most tattooed were the ancient Bisayans, who were called Pintados and the Visayas as Islas de los Pintados
  • 6. HOUSES  The nipa house, made of wood, bamboo, nipa palm and/or cogon grass  Generally elevated from the ground, the lower portion were storage for tools and enclosure for their animals
  • 7. HOUSES  Some built it on treetops  Bajaos or Sea Gypsies of Sulu made their houses on boats  Lowland: linear in character  Upland: scattered and distant from each other
  • 8. SOCIAL CLASSES  Four types of social organizations (William Henry Scott, 1994) 1. Classless Society (Hanunuo, Ilongot, Tiruray, Sulod, Batak) 2. Warrior Society (Manobo of Agusan and Cotabato, Mandaya, Bagobo, Kalinga, and so on) 3. Petty Plutocracy (Ifugao, Bontok, Kankaay, Ibaloy) 4. Principalities (Sulu and the flood plains of Pulangi River, Cotabato)
  • 9. SOCIAL CLASSES Nobles(gat or lakan) Freemen (maharlika or timawa) Dependents(alipin, ulipon, or adipen) Social classes of the rest of the Philippine society
  • 10. SOCIAL CLASSES  Types of dependents (Tagalogs) 1. Aliping namamahay – slaves that had property, lived in their houses and could without their master’s consent, and could not be sold 2. Aliping sagigilid – slaves who owned no property, lived in their master’s houses, could not marry without their master’s consent, and could be sold anytime
  • 11. SOCIAL CLASSES  Types of dependents (Bisayans) 1. Tumataban – worked in their master’s house when told to do so 2. Tumarampuk – worked one day for his master 3. Ayuey – worked three days for his lord
  • 12. WOMENS’ POSITION IN THE SOCIETY  Occupied a high position  Laws and custom were equal with men 1. Could own and inherit property 2. Could engage in trade and industry 3. Could inherit the chieftancy and rule barangays if they were daughters of datus with no sons 4. Occupied the prestigious position of babaylan 5. Could demand that their husbands use penis pins or penis rings  Could name her children  Men should walk behind women
  • 13. PERSONAL HABITS  Were clean and neat  Bath regularly  Took good care of their hair by using gogo and anointing perfumed oils  Rinse their mouths and cleaned their teeth. Used betel nut as tootbrush and salt and water as toothpaste  Regularly cleaned their homes
  • 14. MARRIAGE CUSTOMS  A man belonging to one class married a woman of the same class but this custom was not rigid  Except Muslims, they practiced monogamy but in some cases, a man could marry as many as he could but only the first wife was considered legitimate spouse  Fixed marriage  Two prerequisites to marriage: (1) lover’s servitude to the girl’s family and (2) dowry given by man to the girl’s parents
  • 15. MARRIAGE CUSTOMS Grounds for divorce Adultery or desertion Loss of affection Cruelty Insanity Childishness Lack of sexual satisfaction Any divorce couple could remarry
  • 16. GOVERNMENT  Patriarchal in form. Two models: 1. Barangay was a socio-quasi political/administrative unit 2. Sultanate system  Barangays were independent, each consisted of 30-100 families and ruled by a datu or rajah  The datu exercised all government functions assisted by the elders who advised him on important matters
  • 17. GOVERNMENT  Maintains inter-baranganic relations to avoid wars Causes of war When one goes to another village killed someone without cause When wives or husbands are stolen from them When going to another village in the guise of friendship
  • 18. LAWS Customary and written laws Covered subjects • Family relations, property rights, inheritance, contracts, partnerships, loans, usury, crimes and their punishment, adoption and divorce. Major crimes • Rape, incest, murder, witchcraft, insult, trespassing, sacrilegious acts, and larceny. • Punishment: death Minor crimes • Misdemeanours like adultery, cheating, petty theft, perjury, disturbance of peace at night by singing, and destroying documents • Punishment: exposure to ants, small fine, flogging, cutting the fingers of one hand, swimming for a number of hours
  • 20. JUDICIAL PROCESS  Dispute between datus or between residents of different barangays were sometimes settled by arbitrtaion  When the case is not readily decided by the barangay court, a trial by ordeal was resorted to.  In Muslim communities, civil or criminal cases were decided upon by the local Islamic court. Feuds and disputes, however, involved protracted bloody confrontations between families and clans
  • 21. JUDICIAL PROCESS Trial by ordeal River ordeal, suspects plunge into the river with spears and who rises first is guilty Boiling water ordeal, suspects pick a stone in a pot of boiling water and he whose arm or hand is burned the most is guilty Candle ordeal, suspects are given lighted candles of the same sizes and the owner of the candle that died out first is guilty
  • 23. RELIGIOUS BELIEFS AND PRACTICES  They were animistic.  Worshipped a supreme god, called Bathala by the Tagalogs  Believed in spirits called anitos or diwatas
  • 24. RELIGIOUS BELIEFS AND PRACTICES  Religious leaders were called babaylan, baylana, or katalona. For Muslims, it is imam or pandita.  Worshippers of nature and ancestors  Believed in afterlife and heaven and hell  Disease or illness was attributed to the environmental spirits and the soul-spirits of dead relatives.
  • 25. DIVINATION OR MAGIC CHARMS  Fond of interpreting signs in nature as good or bad omens depending upon circumstances  Believed in black magic and manogbarang or manoghiwit  Believed in aswang or witches and many more  Believed in the efficacy of anting-anting or amulets as well as lumay or gayuma
  • 26. ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES  Agriculture as the main source of livelihood.  Two types of cultivation: kaingin or slash-and-burn and wet rice farming  Less arable lands were public property while productive lands were private properties of datus and nobles  Fermented the sap coconuts and nipas into tuba and vinegar  Aside from fishing and agriculture, other industries were poultry, stock-raising, lumbering and boat-building, mining, pottery making, and weaving.  Used barter system in business transactions
  • 27. LANGUAGE AND SYSTEM OF WRITING  More than a hundred languages and dialects exist  A syllabary made of 17 symbols, 3 vowels and 14 consonants  Wrote on bark of trees, leaves, and bamboo nodes, using knives, daggers, pointed stick or iron as pens and colored sap of trees and fruits as ink.
  • 29. LITERATURE Had oral and written literature Consisted of proverbs, sayings, riddles, epics, myths, and legends
  • 30. MUSIC AND DANCE  Had their own musical instruments, songs, and dances  Most popular musical instument: kudyapi  Songs included love songs, religious songs, rice planting songs, harvesting songs, rowing songs, battle songs, vending songs, and others.  Had colorful folk dances
  • 31. Native artistry was found in beads, amulets, bracelets, earrings, and other body ornaments made of gold, green jade, red carnelian, and other attractive stones Dyed and ornamented their clothes with designs and picturesque colors  Evident in tattoos of early Filipinos Carves statues of anitos in wood, gold, ivory, stone, and crocodile’s teeth
  • 32. Fanciful carvings on handle of bolos, knives, daggers, and on shields and boats  Maranao Muslims had excellent woven products and creative ornamental and decorative brass art.