The document provides an overview of the historical evolution of Indian cultural heritage from a social perspective. It discusses the various periods of Indian history beginning with pre-historic settlements over 90,000 years ago. It then covers the Indus Valley Civilization, Vedic age and literature, ancient India including the Mauryan period, medieval India under the Delhi Sultanate and Mughals, and modern India. For each period, key developments and influences on culture are described.
Indian culture has experienced unbroken continuity despite changes and invasions over the years. It originated in India and developed a vitality and originality of its own while also spreading across the subcontinent. Scholars note India's ability to withstand foreign invasions and maintain religious and cultural traditions due to the dominance of Hinduism. Some key characteristics of Indian tradition include unity in diversity, with diverse social, cultural, political and religious aspects tied together by common literature, philosophy and traditions. Dharma also plays a central role in Indian life and society.
A brief history about ancient vedic civilization.The Vedic period (or Vedic age) ( c. 1500 β c. 500 BCE) was the period in Indian history during which the Vedas, the oldest scriptures of Hinduism, were composed. During the early part of the Vedic period, the Indo-Aryans settled into northern India, bringing with them their specific religious traditions.
The document provides an overview of Andhra Pradesh state in India, including:
1) Andhra Pradesh has a distinct culture with influences from North and South India seen in its literature, music, dance, arts and cuisine.
2) The history of Andhra Pradesh dates back 1000 years, with early mentions in 800 BC. Major industries today include IT, mining, agriculture and textiles.
3) The cuisine is known for its spice and heat, with liberal use of chillies, coconut, and ingredients like tamarind and peanuts. Signature dishes include biryani, haleem, and spicy pickles.
India has many different languages, religions, foods, and social characteristics divided among its various states and regions. Some of the unifying aspects of Indian culture include clothing like the sari and salwar kameez; festivals celebrated across religions; and classical forms of music, dance, architecture, painting, and literature influenced by Hindu traditions. Sports like cricket are also very popular in India along with field hockey, soccer, and indigenous sports. The culture remains deeply traditional while also assimilating influences from its colonial history under Britain.
Raja Ram Mohan Roy was a 19th century Indian social reformer who worked to abolish social evils like sati and child marriage and establish greater rights for women and oppressed castes. He founded the Brahmo Samaj in 1828 to promote social, religious, and educational reforms through teachings of monotheism, opposition to idolatry and rituals, and promotion of rational inquiry. Some of his major reforms included campaigning for women's rights including right to property and remarriage for widows, abolishing the practice of sati and polygamy, and opposing the caste system and advocating for equality among all people.
- The document provides an overview of ancient Indian civilization and geography, focusing on the Indus Valley Civilization from around 3000 BCE, including major cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. It then discusses the later invasion of the Aryans around 1500 BCE, who introduced concepts like Sanskrit, Hinduism, and the caste system. Key beliefs of Hinduism are outlined, including concepts of dharma, karma, and samsara. The rigid and hierarchical caste system is also summarized.
A Brief History of Museum Movement in India Virag Sontakke
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This presentation is prepared for the BA students to get basic information on museum movement in India . This presentation is incomplete and students advised to get the further and proper information from subjective books and research article.
Indus Valley civilization also know as harappan civilization was one of the oldest urban civilization of the world, which flourished in the fertile plains of Indus river and its tributaries.
Guru Nanak (1469-1539) was the founder of Sikhism. He was born into a Hindu family but studied Islam and Hinduism extensively. He taught that there is one God, all human races are equal, and people should love all and hate none. He also taught that people should gather in congregations for prayer and meditation, eat together regardless of differences, work honestly to earn a living, and share their wealth. Guru Nanak spread the principles of equality, purity of life, doing away with selfishness, courage, mercy, and condemned lust, anger, pride and backbiting.
The document provides an overview of Sangam literature and the Sangam period of ancient Tamil Nadu. Some key points:
- Sangam literature is one of the main sources for documenting the early history of Tamil Nadu and mentions kings and princes of the Chola, Pandya and Chera kingdoms.
- Sources include literary works as well as archaeological evidence. Literary sources include Sangam poems/texts and works by foreign travelers.
- The society was divided into peasants, laborers, artisans and other occupational groups rather than a strict caste system. Trade within India and abroad was an important part of the economy.
Gandhara was an ancient civilization located in what is now northern Pakistan and eastern Afghanistan. It existed from the 1st millennium BCE to the 2nd millennium CE. Gandhara's main cities included Peshawar, Taxila, and Charsadda. The civilization developed a distinctive artistic tradition under the Kushan Empire in the 1st century CE, most notably in Buddhist sculpture and architecture like stupas. Stupas followed a standard construction process and contained relics of the Buddha. Archaeological sites across Gandhara contain remains of stupas, monasteries, sculptures, and other artifacts that demonstrate the region's Gandhara art and architecture.
The document summarizes the Indus Valley Civilization, one of the three oldest civilizations in the ancient world. It discusses the geography and timeline of the civilization, revealing aspects of its urban planning, sanitation systems, arts, religion, and eventual decline around 1800 BCE. The causes of the decline are unknown but may have included drought or the arrival of the Aryans. Regional cultures emerged in the aftermath, blending with Vedic traditions, and the region later came under the control of successive empires until the arrival of Islam in 712 CE.
this ppt explores about different types of tribes in india and their respective characterstics, you will gonna know about how britishers exploited tribes in past and from their indian tribes are pat of backward classes.although indian government are taking stern steps but are debateable for long time
Odisha is located on the eastern coast of India. It borders West Bengal, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Andhra Pradesh. The capital and largest city of Odisha is Bhubaneswar. Odisha has a long history and was previously known as Kalinga. It has a rich cultural heritage reflected in traditions like Odissi dance, pata painting, and applique work from Pipili. The Jagannath Temple in Puri is an important pilgrimage site.
The Indus Valley Civilization was an ancient civilization that flourished along the Indus River and Ghaggar-Hakra River in what is now Pakistan and northwest India from 3300 BC to 1700 BC. Major cities of the civilization included Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, which had advanced sewage and drainage systems. The civilization engaged in extensive trade with Mesopotamia and other regions. While much remains unknown about the civilization, archaeologists have uncovered evidence of their advanced urban planning, systems of weights and measures, arts and crafts, and religious symbols.
Heritage means what we inherit from our ancestors and from our past.
The heritage of India is the result of developments in the social , economy , culture and life style of people.
The land and people are two component of heritage.
The document discusses key aspects of Indian cultural heritage that would be included in a time capsule to represent India's legacy. It would include contributions in education (Takshila and Nalanda universities), medicine (Ayurveda and early surgical practices), literature (epics like Ramayana and Mahabharata), traditions (Namaste greeting, joint families, hospitality practices), mathematics and sciences (early concepts developed in India), languages, religions, festivals, music, theatre, architecture, cuisine and clothing to demonstrate India's rich cultural traditions and achievements.
India has tremendous diversity in terms of religions, languages, cultures, geography, and climate. There are over 200 languages spoken and virtually every major religion has a strong presence. Culturally, there are rich traditions around dress, festivals, and customs that vary widely by region. Geographically, India consists of the Himalayan mountain ranges, the Indo-Gangetic plain, the desert region, and the peninsular south. This diversity has posed challenges but Indians also take great pride in their varied heritage.
India has an immense diversity of cultures, religions, languages, and traditions spread across its varied geography. Some key aspects that represent India's culture include:
- Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism and Jainism coexist alongside numerous regional traditions and tribal religions.
- Hindi is the national language but India has over 1600 dialects and 22 official languages spoken.
- Traditional Indian cuisine varies regionally but often involves eating with the right hand and using flatbread to scoop curries. Meals usually end with yogurt and rice.
- India has numerous festivals celebrated differently in various parts of the country, from Holi to Diwali to regional harvest festivals.
- Clothing, music
The document provides an overview of ancient Indian history from the prehistoric period through the Gupta Empire. It describes the major periods such as the Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic Ages. It then discusses the Indus Valley Civilization in depth, noting its major sites, advanced urban planning, and eventual decline. The document also summarizes the rise of the Magadha Empire in Bihar and its powerful Haryanka dynasty rulers including Bimbisara and Ajatasatru.
The Indus Valley civilization began around 7000 BCE and reached its peak between 2500-1500 BCE. Two major cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, had populations of around 40,000 people and were carefully planned with grid-like streets and drainage systems. Around 1500 BCE, Aryan groups began migrating into India, influencing the culture and religion. They developed the caste system and Vedic scriptures like the Upanishads, which influenced Hinduism.
This document provides a summary of Indian history from the early Stone Age periods through the rise and spread of Buddhism. It describes:
1) The Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic Stone Ages in India and the key characteristics of the people during these periods, including tool use and settlement patterns.
2) The Indus Valley Civilization which emerged around 2500 BC, including its major sites like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, urban planning, agriculture, trade and crafts.
3) The arrival of the Aryans in India around 1500 BC and the development of the Vedic civilization, including its social structure, economy, important texts like the Rig Veda, and rituals.
The Indus Valley Civilization was one of the earliest urban civilizations that flourished between 3300-1300 BCE along the Indus River valley. Two major cities, Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, were centers of this advanced civilization, which engaged in extensive trade, used wheeled vehicles and sea-faring craft, and developed a sophisticated system of weights, measures, and an as yet undeciphered writing system. The Indus Valley people practiced agriculture and domesticated crops like wheat and barley. Remains also provide evidence of well-developed arts and crafts.
The document outlines an initial script for a documentary about the Indus Valley Civilization. It provides background on the civilization, noting that it began in the Indus River valley around 3300 BCE, evolving from early villages. Two major cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, have been excavated that show extensive trade and urban planning. The script covers topics like society, artifacts, language, and the civilization's eventual decline around 1900 BCE, likely due to drought and climate change reducing trade. The documentary aims to showcase that the Indus civilization is uniquely still alive today in the region's culture.
Ancient india important facts of indian historynishu_kash
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The document provides details about ancient Indian history and the Indus Valley civilization:
- Archaeological sites like Harappa, Lothal, and Kalibangan have revealed fort structures, drainage systems, and remains from the Indus civilization dating back to around 1800 BC.
- The Indus civilization had a script with over 600 pictorial symbols, and people engaged in agriculture, metalworking, trade, and used standardized weights and measures.
- Later Vedic civilization in India from around 1100-600 BC was characterized by the use of iron tools and painted grey ware pottery, and a shift to crops like wheat and rice.
Comparative study of indus & vedic civilizationatul bhosekar
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The Indus civilization flourished around 2500 BCE along the Indus River valley, while the Vedic civilization developed later from 1500-500 BCE following the decline of the Indus civilization. The Indus civilization had well-planned urban areas while the Vedic civilization was more rural. Society changed from female-dominated and egalitarian in the Indus period to male-dominated and hierarchical with the caste system in the Vedic period. Religious practices also evolved from local nature worship to the developing Vedic rituals and scriptures.
The Vedic society was patriarchal and organized into tribes in the Punjab region of ancient India. There are four main Vedic texts - Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda, and Atharvaveda. The Rigveda contains hymns praising gods and is the oldest. The Yajurveda contains ritual formulas and the Samaveda contains melodies and chants. The Atharvaveda addresses daily life issues. Between 1800-1500 BCE, Indo-Aryan groups speaking Indo-European languages migrated to India and settled the Indus Valley and Ganges Plain.
FINAL PPT HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION XII BY BEENA BAWA.pptxJoeSteve8
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The document provides details about the Indus Valley Civilization, also known as the Harappan Civilization, which was a Bronze Age civilization that flourished between 3300-1300 BCE. It discusses the initial discoveries of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro in the 1920s, and describes some key aspects of the civilization, including their large urban settlements that often had populations of tens of thousands, advanced systems of infrastructure like sanitation, and sophisticated town planning with standardized bricks and streets. The civilization declined around 1300 BCE, but left behind archaeological sites that provide insights into its advanced urban culture.
The Indus Valley Civilization was one of the earliest civilizations in South Asia, located in what is now Pakistan and northwest India. Two major cities, Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, were excavated along the Indus River dating from 3300-1300 BCE. The civilization extended across large parts of modern-day Pakistan and India with over 600 sites discovered. Female figurines found at sites suggest women held prominent roles and fertility was celebrated.
1) The Vedic civilization spanned from 1500-600 BCE and was divided into the Early Vedic and Later Vedic periods.
2) The Aryans migrated to India through the Khyber and Bolan passes from Central Asia, settling first in the land of the seven rivers (Sapta Sindhu) in modern-day Pakistan and Punjab.
3) During the Early Vedic period, the Aryans were nomadic tribes who migrated according to seasons and their main occupation was animal husbandry. In the Later Vedic period, they settled in villages and towns and took up agriculture in addition to animal husbandry.
The document provides an overview of the Indus Valley Civilization, one of the earliest civilizations which flourished between 3300-1300 BCE in South Asia. It discusses the discovery and excavation of Indus sites in the 19th century, the geography of the region, important cities like Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, as well as the culture, arts, trade, and urban planning of the Indus civilization. The document also summarizes theories for the decline of this civilization around 1900 BCE, including climate change, natural disasters, and the drying up of the Saraswati river.
This presentation contains the history origin, evolution and decline of Indus Valley civilization - one of the great civilization took placed on earth.
Helpful for those preparing for:
UPSC IAS
SSC/CGL
Other Government organisations Exams
Curious Minds who want to know about the Indus Valley or Harrapan civilisation
Harappan civilization (indus valley civilization)Prashansa Pawar
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The Harappan Civilization is a most important chapter of 12th standard NCERT specially for UPSC aspirants, for both prelims and mains examination. "must read".
The document summarizes the society, religion, and decline of the Indus Valley Civilization. It discusses how society was stratified into rulers, merchants, and laborers. Religion was polytheistic and included worship of mother goddesses and phallic symbols. The decline of the civilization around 1800-1700 BC is thought to have been caused by major ecological changes, including flooding from shifts in the Indus river, that damaged agriculture and urban centers and led the society to gradually collapse.
The document summarizes key aspects of the Harappan civilization, one of the earliest civilizations in South Asia. It discusses how the civilization was named after its type site of Harappa. Major cities included Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, and Lothal, where excavations beginning in the 1920s uncovered evidence of the civilization. The Harappan civilization developed between 2600-1800 BCE along the Indus River valley, with large urban settlements, standardized weights and measures, advanced drainage systems, and international trade networks. While much remains unknown about the civilization due to its undeciphered writing system, archaeological findings provide insights into its urban planning, architecture, arts, and eventual decline around 1800 BCE.
The document provides details about the Indus Valley civilization and the Vedic period in ancient India. It describes some key findings from excavations at Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, including structures like the Great Bath. The Vedic period saw the migration of Indo-Aryan groups into India around 1800 BCE, who brought with them Sanskrit and Vedic religious traditions. The Vedic texts known as the Vedas were composed during this period. The caste system and patriarchal social structure developed in late Vedic times. Sanskrit evolved from the language of the Vedic texts and became important to Indian culture and religion.
Similar to Historical Evolution of Indian Culture (20)
This document discusses a study on the role of the District Tourism Promotion Council (DTPC) in promoting rural tourism in Idukki District, Kerala. The study aims to evaluate existing rural tourism policies and practices in Idukki and analyze the effectiveness of DTPC's strategies. Key findings include that while DTPC is concerned with tourism development, government activities have not been effectively implemented. Infrastructure and accessibility in rural areas remains poor. The essential elements for developing rural tourism in Idukki are creating infrastructure, restructuring policies to encourage investment, and liberalization.
The document discusses various aspects of drinking cultures around the world. It describes how drinks such as tea, coffee and alcoholic beverages have developed important social and cultural roles. It provides details on the history and traditions surrounding different types of drinks, including beer, wine, spirits and mixed beverages. The document also addresses topics like standard drink sizes, social drinking practices, binge drinking and the health effects of alcohol consumption.
The document summarizes the report of the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), also known as the Brundtland Commission. The Commission was established in 1983 by the United Nations to address growing environmental concerns and their connection to economic and social issues. The Commission's 1987 report, Our Common Future, introduced the concept of sustainable development as "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." The report examined major environmental issues and proposed strategies for governments and international organizations to pursue sustainable development.
Vijay Mallya is an Indian businessman who took over his father's UB Group conglomerate in 1983. Under his leadership, UB Group grew into a multi-billion dollar business with interests in alcohol, aviation, fertilizer, and other industries. Mallya is known for his lavish lifestyle and extravagant purchases, but has also faced criticism over business failures like the debt issues that led to the shutdown of his Kingfisher Airlines. The document provides an overview of Mallya's background and career as head of UB Group, as well as details about the company's businesses and Mallya's notable purchases and awards.
National parks are areas of land set aside for conservation purposes to preserve natural and developed spaces for wildlife and nature. They serve as symbols of national pride by conserving land for future generations. India currently has 102 national parks across the country established for these purposes.
New Zealand promotes sustainable practices for businesses and communities through programs that encourage energy and waste efficiency, involve communities in decision making, and identify environmental risks and opportunities to market sustainability. Key government programs support sustainability in tourism, carbon reduction, and energy efficiency through organizations like Qualmark, EECA, and the Ministry for the Environment. New Zealand also emphasizes sustainable practices for transportation through initiatives like low-carbon vehicles and driver training.
Spices are an important part of India's agriculture and economy, especially in Kerala where over 1000 years of cultivation has occurred. Kerala grows a wide variety of spices like cardamom, nutmeg, clove, cinnamon, pepper, and ginger. This spice tourism is a major promoter of Kerala's tourism industry, as visitors can tour spice farms and gardens to learn about cultivation methods. Idukki district is considered the Spice Land of India, containing opportunities to visit spice, coffee, and tea plantations along trekking routes and wildlife areas. India's spices were highly valued globally by traders throughout history and remain popular today for their quality and medicinal properties.
The Dead Sea is located between Israel, the West Bank, and Jordan. It is the lowest place on earth at over 1,300 feet below sea level. The Dead Sea is drying up due to reduced water flows from the Jordan River and mineral extraction activities, causing its level to drop over 1 meter per year. This is creating environmental, economic, and social problems like thousands of sinkholes developing along its shores. Proposed solutions include a canal to bring water from the Red Sea, but opponents argue this could fundamentally change the Dead Sea's composition.
Scientific tourism, also known as knowledge-oriented tourism, involves travel by researchers, academics, and students to conduct research. It includes activities like participating in science tours, expos, conferences, camps, contests, experiments, and expeditions. India has great potential for scientific tourism due to its many science museums, historical sites like Jantar Mantar, submarine museum, space research centers, ports, power and medical institutes, archaeological sites, and opportunities for wildlife, marine, and architectural studies.
Indian culture places great importance on hospitality, viewing guests as equal to gods. The scriptures teach that even enemies should be offered hospitality in one's home and that a tree provides shade for all, including those who would cut it down. Traditional Indian hospitality involves offering guests refreshments, a place to sit, sweet words, and practicing the five-step worship of fragrance, lamp, eatables, rice, and flowers.
A public limited company must have a minimum of seven members and three directors. The board of directors is responsible for decision making and policy setting through majority rule. A managing director can be appointed for up to five years and one person can only be the managing director of one other company. The duties of directors include acting in good faith and the best interests of the company, exercising independent judgment, avoiding conflicts of interest, and not gaining undue advantages. Directors who contravene these duties can be fined between 100,000 and 500,000 rupees.
How to Show Sample Data in Tree and Kanban View in Odoo 17Celine George
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In Odoo 17, sample data serves as a valuable resource for users seeking to familiarize themselves with the functionalities and capabilities of the software prior to integrating their own information. In this slide we are going to discuss about how to show sample data to a tree view and a kanban view.
How to Configure Time Off Types in Odoo 17Celine George
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Now we can take look into how to configure time off types in odoo 17 through this slide. Time-off types are used to grant or request different types of leave. Only then the authorities will have a clear view or a clear understanding of what kind of leave the employee is taking.
Front Desk Management in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
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Front desk officers are responsible for taking care of guests and customers. Their work mainly involves interacting with customers and business partners, either in person or through phone calls.
Beginner's Guide to Bypassing Falco Container Runtime Security in Kubernetes ...anjaliinfosec
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This presentation, crafted for the Kubernetes Village at BSides Bangalore 2024, delves into the essentials of bypassing Falco, a leading container runtime security solution in Kubernetes. Tailored for beginners, it covers fundamental concepts, practical techniques, and real-world examples to help you understand and navigate Falco's security mechanisms effectively. Ideal for developers, security professionals, and tech enthusiasts eager to enhance their expertise in Kubernetes security and container runtime defenses.
How to Install Theme in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
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With Odoo, we can select from a wide selection of attractive themes. Many excellent ones are free to use, while some require payment. Putting an Odoo theme in the Odoo module directory on our server, downloading the theme, and then installing it is a simple process.
Principles of Roods Approach!!!!!!!.pptxibtesaam huma
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Principles of Roodβs Approach
Treatment technique used in physiotherapy for neurological patients which aids them to recover and improve quality of life
Facilitatory techniques
Inhibitory techniques
How to Store Data on the Odoo 17 WebsiteCeline George
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Here we are going to discuss how to store data in Odoo 17 Website.
It includes defining a model with few fields in it. Add demo data into the model using data directory. Also using a controller, pass the values into the template while rendering it and display the values in the website.
Views in Odoo - Advanced Views - Pivot View in Odoo 17Celine George
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In Odoo, the pivot view is a graphical representation of data that allows users to analyze and summarize large datasets quickly. It's a powerful tool for generating insights from your business data.
The pivot view in Odoo is a valuable tool for analyzing and summarizing large datasets, helping you gain insights into your business operations.
No, it's not a robot: prompt writing for investigative journalismPaul Bradshaw
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How to use generative AI tools like ChatGPT and Gemini to generate story ideas for investigations, identify potential sources, and help with coding and writing.
A talk from the Centre for Investigative Journalism Summer School, July 2024
Webinar Innovative assessments for SOcial Emotional SkillsEduSkills OECD
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Presentations by Adriano Linzarini and Daniel Catarino da Silva of the OECD Rethinking Assessment of Social and Emotional Skills project from the OECD webinar "Innovations in measuring social and emotional skills and what AI will bring next" on 5 July 2024
AI Risk Management: ISO/IEC 42001, the EU AI Act, and ISO/IEC 23894PECB
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As artificial intelligence continues to evolve, understanding the complexities and regulations regarding AI risk management is more crucial than ever.
Amongst others, the webinar covers:
β’ ISO/IEC 42001 standard, which provides guidelines for establishing, implementing, maintaining, and continually improving AI management systems within organizations
β’ insights into the European Union's landmark legislative proposal aimed at regulating AI
β’ framework and methodologies prescribed by ISO/IEC 23894 for identifying, assessing, and mitigating risks associated with AI systems
Presenters:
Miriama Podskubova - Attorney at Law
Miriama is a seasoned lawyer with over a decade of experience. She specializes in commercial law, focusing on transactions, venture capital investments, IT, digital law, and cybersecurity, areas she was drawn to through her legal practice. Alongside preparing contract and project documentation, she ensures the correct interpretation and application of European legal regulations in these fields. Beyond client projects, she frequently speaks at conferences on cybersecurity, online privacy protection, and the increasingly pertinent topic of AI regulation. As a registered advocate of Slovak bar, certified data privacy professional in the European Union (CIPP/e) and a member of the international association ELA, she helps both tech-focused startups and entrepreneurs, as well as international chains, to properly set up their business operations.
Callum Wright - Founder and Lead Consultant Founder and Lead Consultant
Callum Wright is a seasoned cybersecurity, privacy and AI governance expert. With over a decade of experience, he has dedicated his career to protecting digital assets, ensuring data privacy, and establishing ethical AI governance frameworks. His diverse background includes significant roles in security architecture, AI governance, risk consulting, and privacy management across various industries, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: June 26, 2024
Tags: ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, EU AI Act, ISO/IEC 23894
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Training: ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
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(T.L.E.) Agriculture: Essentials of GardeningMJDuyan
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(πππ πππ) (πππ¬π¬π¨π§ π.π)-π π’π§ππ₯π¬
Lesson Outcome:
-Students will understand the basics of gardening, including the importance of soil, water, and sunlight for plant growth. They will learn to identify and use essential gardening tools, plant seeds, and seedlings properly, and manage common garden pests using eco-friendly methods.
The Jewish Trinity : Sabbath,Shekinah and Sanctuary 4.pdfJackieSparrow3
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we may assume that God created the cosmos to be his great temple, in which he rested after his creative work. Nevertheless, his special revelatory presence did not fill the entire earth yet, since it was his intention that his human vice-regent, whom he installed in the garden sanctuary, would extend worldwide the boundaries of that sanctuary and of Godβs presence. Adam, of course, disobeyed this mandate, so that humanity no longer enjoyed Godβs presence in the little localized garden. Consequently, the entire earth became infected with sin and idolatry in a way it had not been previously before the fall, while yet in its still imperfect newly created state. Therefore, the various expressions about God being unable to inhabit earthly structures are best understood, at least in part, by realizing that the old order and sanctuary have been tainted with sin and must be cleansed and recreated before Godβs Shekinah presence, formerly limited to heaven and the holy of holies, can dwell universally throughout creation
The Jewish Trinity : Sabbath,Shekinah and Sanctuary 4.pdf
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Historical Evolution of Indian Culture
1. INDIAN CULTURE AND HERITAGE
HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF
INDIAN CULTURAL HERITAGE
- IN A SOCIAL PERSPECTIVE
FREDIN SCARIA
2. INDIAN CULTURE
ο The culture of India refers to the way of life of the
people of India.
ο The Indian culture, often labeled as an
amalgamation of several cultures.
3. SETTLEMENTS
ο Settlements in India appear about 90,000 years ago
ο Before the coming of the Aryans in India, the greater
part of Northern and North-Western India was
inhabited by a group of people known as Dravidians.
ο On arrival of the Aryans, unable to meet their
challenge, they gradually moved southwards.
4. ο The group of Indo-Europeans who moved to Persia
and India are known as Aryans. The Aryans are the
original inhabitants of Central Asia.
ο The period when the Aryans first settled in India, is
known as Early Vedic Period (1500 BC to 1000 BC).
ο The History of India begins with the Indus Valley
Civilization, which spread through in the north-western
part of the Indian subcontinent, from 3300
BC to 1300 BC.
5. The History of India can be broadly divided into following three categories.
Ancient India
Starting from Harappa Civilization in 3000 BC till
Chola Dynasty in 985 AD.
Medieval India
Starting from Ghazni sacks Somnath Temple in 1026
AD till Siraj-ud-daulah captures Calcutta in 1756
AD.
Modern India
Starting from Battle of Plassy in 1757 Till Partition of
India and Independence on 15 August 1947.
6. Stone Age Primary
Culture Major Site Importance
Lower
Palaeolithic
Flakes,Chopper
Chopping
Culture
Kashmir, Punjab, Whole India
except Sind and Kerala. Main :-
Sohan(Punjab), Singrauli basin
(U.P.), Chhotanagpur
(Jharkhand), Assam, Narmada,
Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka.
- Head axe and
pebble tools,
Fossil ofHomo
Erectus from
Hathnaura
(Narmada
basin)
- Represented
by Sohan
Culture.
PRE HISTORIC PHASES
7. Middle
Palaeolithic
Scraper/Booer
Culture
Navasa (Maharashtra), Didwana
(Rajasthan), Bhimbetka (MP),
Bankura and Purulia (West
Bengal), Narmada Valley etc.
- Varieties of
Blades, Points,
Borer and
Scraper made of
Flakes.
- 200 rock
shelters and
caves are
located on
Bhimbetka hills
having
thousands of
paintings.
8. Upper
Palaeolithic
Blade and Burin
Culture
A.P. (Kurnool, Chittor) Karnataka,
Central MP, Jharkhan Plateau,
U.P., Rajasthan, Gujrat
- The age
of Neanderthal
Man
- Earlier "Homo
Sapiens"
- Harpoon, blade
tools from
Renugunta
(A.P.)
- Bone tools
from Kurnool.
9. Meslithic Age
Microliths
Culture or
Fluting &
Gometrical tools
Karnataka, Rajasthan (Bagor,
Tilwara), Gujrat (Langhanj), M.P.,
Tamil Nadu,West Benal
(Birbhanpur), U.P. (Sarai Nahar
Rai)
-Microlith (a
great
technological
development,
introduction of
compound
tools)
- Man still a
savage but
pottery maing
(Tilwara) and
permanent
habitation
found, still a
hunder, fisher.
10. Neolithic Age
Polished tool
culture
Kashmir (Burzahom, Gufkral),
Assam (Daojili Hading), Garohill
Meghalaya, Bihar (Chirand),
Peninsular India, Amri, Kotdiji,
Mehargarh etc
- Earlies Farming
community
- Pit dwelling
houses
- Food begain to
be cooked by
fire
-Evidence of
dogs, circular
huts made of
bamboo, bone-tools,
hand
made pottery
etc
- Also called
"Neolithic
Revolution"
-Boat making,
spinning cotton
and wool
11. INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
ο Until the discovery of the remains of the Indus
Civilisation, it was believed by scholars that the
history of India practically began with the coming of
the Aryans.
ο But this theory is an exploded one and the pre-historic
civilisation of India, that is, the Indus Valley
Civilisation.
12. Name of Sites Region/River Features
Harappa
Montgomery district of
Punjab (Now in Pak) on the
left bank of Ravi
1. City followed grid
planning
2. Row of six granaries
3. Only place having
evidences of coffin burial
4. Evidence of fractional
burial and coffin burial
5. Cemetery-H of alien
people.
13. Mohenjo-daro
Larkana district in Sind on
the right bank of Indus(Now
in Pak)
1. City followed grid planning
2. A large granary and Great
Bath, a college
3. Human skeletons showing
invasiona and massacre.
4. Evidence of Horse come from
superficial level.
5. A piece of woven cotton
alongwith spindle whorls and
needles
6. Town was flooded more then
seven times.
14. Chanhu-daro
Situtated in Sind on the bank
of Indus
1. The city has no citadal
2. Famous for bead makers
shop
3. A small pot, possibly an
inkpot
4. Foot prints of a dog chasing
a cat
5. Three different cultural
layers, Indus,Jhukar and
Jhangar
15. Kalibangan
Situated in Rajasthan on the
Bank of Ghaggar
1. Shows both Pre Harappan
and Harappan phase
2. Evidence of furrowed land
3. Evidence of seven fire altars
and camel bones
4. Many houses had their own
well
5. Kalibangan stand for black
bangles
6. Evidence of wooden furrow
16. Lothal
Situated in Gujarat on
Bhogava river near Gulf
of Cambay
1. A titled floor which bears
intersecting design of circles
2. Remains of rice husk
3. Evidence of horse from a
terracotta figurine
4. A ship designed on a seal
5. Beads & trade ports
6. An instrument for measuring
angles,pointing to modern day
compass
17. Banwali
Situated in Hissar district of
Haryana
1. Shows both Pre-Harappan
and Harppan phase
2. Good quantity of barley
found here
Surkotada
Situated in Kutch (Bhuj) district
of Gujarat
1. Bones of horses, Bead
making shops
Sutkagendor
Situated in Baluchistan on Dast
River
1. Trade point between
Harappa and Babylon,
belong to mature phase
2. Evidence of horse
18. Amri
Situated in Sind on the bank of
Indus
1. Evidence of antelope
Dholavira
Situated in Gujarat in Rann of
Kutch
1. Seven cultural stages
2. Largest site
3. Three party of city
4. Unique water
management
Rangpur
Situated on the bank of Mahar in
Gujarat
1. Rice was cultivated
19. Kot Diji Situated on the bank of Indus
1. Wheel made painted pottery
2. Traces of defensive wall and
well aligned streets
3. Knowledge of metallurgy,
artistic toys etc
Ropar
Situated in Punjab of the banks
of Sutlej
1. Evidence of burying a dog
below the human bural
2. One example of rectangular
mudbrick chamber was
noticed
3. Five fold cultures -
Harappan, PGW, NBP,
Kushana - Gupta and
Medieval
20. Balakot Situated on the Arabian Sea
1. Remain of pre Harappan and
Harappan civilisation
2. The mounds rise to the height
of about 9.7mts and are
spread 2.8 sq hectare of area
Alamgirpur
Situated on Hindon in
Ghaziabad
1. The impression of cloth on a
trough is discovered
2. Usually considered to be the
eastern boundary of the
Indus culture
21. VEDIC AGE
ο The Vedic age began in India in about 1500 BC and
extend upto 6000 BC.
ο Aryans developed Vedic culture based on Vedas. The
meaning of the word Veda is "knowledge".
ο There are four Vedas, namely,Rig Veda, Sam Veda,
Yajur Veda and Atharva Veda.
22. Vedic Civilisation
ο Origin of Indian Music - Samveda
ο Mention of Word 'Shudra' - Rigveda 10th Mandala
ο Gayatri Mantra - Rigveda
ο Mention of word 'Yajna' - Brahmana
ο Somaras (drink) - Rigveda (9th Mandala)
ο Varna - Rigveda
ο Four fold division of Society - Rigveda 10th Mandala
ο Mention of four Ashrams - Jabala Upanishada
ο War between Aryan & Dasas - Rigveda
ο Transmigration of Soul - Brahadaranyka Upanishada
ο Five divisions of India - Aiteraya Brahamana
ο Wife and Husband are complementary - Satapathabrahmana
ο Battle of Ten kings - Rigveda
ο Superiority of Brahmins - Aiteraya Brahmana
ο Marut as Agriculturist - Satpatha Brahmana
ο Satyameva Jayate - Mundaka upanishada
ο Pashupath Shiva - Atharveda
ο Vishnu - Satapatha Brahmana
23. RIG VEDIC PERIOD
ο Tribal Organizatoin: Kingship was the basis of social
structure
ο Marriage and Status of Women.
ο Varna System: Varna was the term used for colour.
ο Occupation: Their earliest life seems to have been
mainly pastoral, agriculture being a secondary
occupation.
ο Diet
ο Strong Drinks
ο Amusements: Amusements included dancing, music,
chariot-racing, and dicing
24. LATER VEDIC PERIOD
ο Social Organisation: The later Vedic society came to
be divided into four varnas called the Brahmanas,
rajanyas or kshatriyas, vaisyas and shudras, each
varna was assigned with its duty.
ο Gotra System
ο Ashrama System: brahmachari or
student, grihastha or householder, vanaprastha or
partial retirement and sanyasa or complete
retirement from the world.
ο Dress:
ο Amusements: Music, both vocal and instrumental
25. ο Education:It was for a privileged few.
Religion:
ο The two outstanding Rig Vedic gods, Indra and Agni,
lost their former importance.
ο Prajapati, the creator, occupy the supreme position
Rudra, the god of animals, became important in later
Vedic times and Vishnu came to be conceived as the
preserver and protector of the people
26. VEDIC LITERARURE
ο The vast literature of the Aryans is divided into two
parts - Sruti and Smriti .
ο FOUR VEDAS :
Samveda
Rigveda
Yajurveda
Atharvaveda
β’ Upanishada: 108
β’ Smriti is traditional knowledge and designates
almost the entire body of post-Vedic classical
Sanskrit literature
β’ Epics
27. Maurian Period
The age of Mauryas contributed significantly to the development of arts, including
architecture,sculpture, engineering, polishing etc.
Indigenous Office Art/Court Art
Yaksha image from parkam Pillars (well builts and polished)
Yakshi sculpture from Besnagar Finest expample Sarnath - Lions which
originally supported Dharma Chakra
Female Cauribearer from Patna Animals figure or Maurya period of
elephant at Dhauli
Stupas
Maurian Art
28. ο The Sangamage : sangam literature
ο The Age Of The Guptas: The classical age.
MEDIEVAL INDIA
ο The begining og indo-muslim culture started in this period
ο Delhi Sultanate
ο The Mughals
MODERN INDIA
29. REFERENCES
ο A History Of India β Peter Robb
ο Cultural Tourism In India βS.P Gupta,Krishna Lal &
Mahua Bhattacharya
ο www.facts-about-india.com
ο www.demographyofindia.weebly.com
ο www.uwf.edu
ο www.books.google.com
ο www.news.nationalgeographic.com
ο www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info
ο www.en.wikipedia.org
ο www.archive.org