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History of microbiology

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Saajida Sultaana

Robert Hooke first observed cells under a microscope in the 1600s and coined the term "cell". Anton van Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe bacteria and protozoa in the 1670s using single-lens microscopes. Louis Pasteur's experiments in the 1800s definitively disproved the theory of spontaneous generation and established that microorganisms are present everywhere and can contaminate previously sterile environments. Robert Koch developed methods to isolate and grow bacteria in pure culture in the late 1800s, establishing the germ theory of disease and identifying the specific bacteria that cause anthrax, cholera, and tuberculosis.

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CONTRIBUTIONS OF RENOWNED SCIENTISTS IN MICROBIOLOGY Ms Saajida Sultaana Mahusook
ROBERT HOOKE
He observed the microscopic honeycomb cavities in cork. Coined the term ‘’cell’’ and published his findings in Micrographia
ANTON VON LEEUWENHOEK “Father of Bacteriology” He was the first to observe bacteria and protozoa. Leeuwenhoek made microscopes consisting of a single high-quality lens of very short focal length. In 1674 he observed protozoa and bacteria and named them as “animalcules”, he was able to isolate from different sources, such as rainwater, pond and well water, and the human mouth and intestine.
History of microbiology
Spontaneous Generation (Abiogenesis) From earliest times, people had believed and supported spontaneous generation (abiogenesis) that living organisms could develop from nonliving matter. Many supported this theory. It was Louis Pasteur who disproved the theory.
• Francesco Redi (1668) – Strong opponent of spontaneous generation. He demonstrated that maggots appear on decaying meat only when flies are able to lay eggs on the meat. • John Needham (1745) – claimed that microorganisms could arise spontaneously from heated nutrient broth. • Lazzaro Spallanzani (1765) – repeated Needhams experiments and suggested that Needham's results were due to microorganisms in the air entering the broth. • Rudolf Virchow (1858) – concept of biogenesis – living cells can arise only from preexisting cells. • Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) – Pasteur's experiments on swan shaped necks resolved the controversy of spontaneous generation. His discoveries led to the development of aseptic techniques used in the laboratory and medical procedure to prevent contamination by microorganisms that are in the air.
Francesco Redi
Francesco Redi's spontaneous generation experiment using jars of meat. In the first jar, with the meat sealed inside by a stopper, maggots did not appear on the meat; in the second jar, covered with mesh, maggots also did not appear on the meat; but in the third jar, without a cover, maggots did appear on the meat and developed into flies.
John Needham Needham's experiment on spontaneous generation : A. Needham heated the broth, let it sit uncovered for several days, then observed microorganisms in the fluid. B. Needham heated the broth, let it sit covered for several days, then observed microorganisms in the fluid which may be because the cork and flask were not sterile. A B
He boiled broth in two bottles, left one bottle open and one closed, He found that new microorganisms appeared only in the open bottle. His conclusion: the microorganisms entered the bottle through the air; they were not generated spontaneously in the broth.
Disproved the theory of Spontaneous Generation
Golden age of microbiology • Rapid advances in the science of microbiology were made between 1857 and 1914.
Louis Pasteur “Father of Modern Microbiology” “Father of medical microbiology”
Pasteurization of milk, beer and wine. Fermentation by microorganisms Yeast ferments sugars to alcohols and that bacterium can oxidize the alcohol to acetic acid. Heating process used to kill bacteria in some alcoholic beverages and milk.
Pebrine disease of silkworm brought a huge devastation to the silkworm nurseries. His research succeeded in saving the silk industry through a method that enabled the preservation of healthy silkworm eggs and prevented their contamination by the disease-causing organisms. Germ theory of disease states that certain diseases are caused by the invasion of the body by microorganisms, organisms too small to be seen except through a microscope.
Joseph Lister “Father of modern surgery” • 1860s, the use of disinfectant to clean surgical dressings in order to control infection in humans • Developed a system of antiseptic surgery— designed to prevent microorganisms from entering wounds. The approach was remarkably successful and transformed surgery after Lister published his findings in 1867. It also provided strong evidence for the role of microorganism in disease because phenol, which killed bacteria, also prevented wound infections.
ROBERT KOCH Founder of Modern Bacteriology
Koch's postulates are • 1. A specific organism should be found constantly in association with the disease. • 2. The organism should be isolated and grown in a pure culture in the laboratory. • 3. The pure culture when inoculated into a healthy susceptible animal should produce symptoms/lesions of the same disease • 4. From the inoculated animal, the microorganism should be isolated in pure culture. • 5. An additional criterion introduced is that specific antibodies to the causative organism shouldbe demonstrable in patient's serum. Robert Koch (1876) proved that microorganisms transmit disease – Koch's postulates used to prove that a particular microorganism causes a particular disease.
Koch’s Postulates
Koch continued to improve his methods and techniques. By solidifying liquids such as broth with gelatine and agar, for instance, he created a solid medium for growing bacteria which was easier to handle than the liquids used by Pasteur.( suggested by Angelina). Koch's assistant Julius Richard Petri (1852-1921) developed the Petri dish, which made the observation of bacteria even easier. Introduced pure cultures
Isolated Mycobacterium tuberculosis responsible for tuberculosis (1882) Isolated Vibrio cholerae responsible for cholera (1883). Isolated Bacillus anthracis responsible for anthrax (1876). Koch and his team also developed ways of staining bacteria to improve the bacteria’s visibility under the microscope, and were able to identify the bacterial causes of tuberculosis, anthrax and cholera.
Developed vaccines against anthrax and rabies
Edward Jenner Father of Immunology Immunity is conferred by inoculation with a vaccine. Demonstrated that inoculations with cowpox material provides humans with immunity from small pox
Discovered of vaccination for smallpox. In 1796 Jenner found a young dairymaid, Sarah Nelmes, who had fresh cowpox lesions on her hand. Using matter from Sarah’s lesions, he inoculated an eight-year-old boy, James Phipps, who had never had smallpox. Phipps became slightly ill over the course of the next 9 days but was well on the 10th. On July 1 Jenner inoculated the boy again, this time with smallpox matter. No disease developed; protection was complete. In 1798 Jenner, having added further cases, published privately a slender book entitled An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variolae Vaccinae.
Elie Metchnikoff Father of Innate Immunity • Elie Metchnikoff discovered that certain cells in the body would ingest microbes and named them as phagocytes.
• Pasteur showed that some fermentative microorganisms were anaerobic and others were able to live either aerobically or anaerobically. Microbial ecology • Sergei N. Winogradsky (1856-1953) – Soil microbiology – discovered that soil bacteria could oxidize iron, sulfur and ammonia to obtain energy and many bacteria incorporate CO2 into organic matter. He also isolated anaerobic nitrogen fixing soil bacteria and studied the decomposition of cellulose. • Martinus Beijerinck (1851-1931) – He isolated aerobic nitrogen fixing bacterium Azotobacter, capable of fixing nitrogen (later renamed as Rhizobium ); and sulfate reducing bacteria. Both of them developed enrichment culture technique and use of selective media, which have been of great importance in microbiology.
VIROLOGY • Beijerinck characterized viruses as pathogenic molecules that could take over a host cells mechanisms for their own use. • Wendell Stanley (1935) – crystallized TMV and crystals consisted of protein and RNA. • Knoll and Ruska- Viruses were first observed with an Electron Microscope in 1939.
• Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase (1952) – demonstrated that the genetic material of some viruses is DNA • James Watson and Francis Crick (1953) -determined the structure of DNA
Chemotherapy: There are two types of chemotherapeutic agents: synthetic drugs and antibiotics. • Elrlich (1910) introduced an arsenic containing chemical called Salvarsan to treat Syphilis. • • Alexander Fleming (1928) – observed that the mold Penicillium inhibited the growth of bacteria and named the active ingredient as penicillin. Penicillin has been used clinically as an antibiotic since the 1940s. • Domagk and others developed sulfa drugs. • • Waksman and others developed Streptomycin and other antibiotics derived from soil organisms. • • Researchers are tackling the problem of drug-resistant microbes.
• Genetics and Molecular Biology: • • 1900 – Modern genetics began with the rediscovery of Gregor Mendel's principles of genetics. • • Frederick Griffith (1928) - discovered that previously harmless bacteria could change their nature and become capable of causing disease • • Avery, McCarty and MacLeod (1940's) – showed that this genetic change was due to DNA. After this finding came the crucial discovery of the structure of DNA by Watson and Crick • • Edward Tatum and George Beadle – studied biochemical mutants of Neurospora to show how genetic information controls metabolism. • • Barbara McClintock (1950) – discovered that some genes could move from one location to another on a chromosome. • • Early 1960's witnessed a further explosion of discoveries relating to the way DNA controls protein synthesis. • • Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod (1961) – discovered mRNA and later made the first major discoveries about regulation of gene function in bacteria. • • Microorganisms can now be genetically engineered to manufacture large amounts of human hormones and other urgently needed medical substances. • • Late 1960's Paul Berg showed that fragments of human or animal DNA that code for important proteins can be attached to bacterial DNA. The resulting hybrid was the first example of recombinant DNA.
• Tomorrow's history: • Microbiology has been in the forefront of research in medicine and biology and continues to play a role in Genetic engineering and Gene therapy. • Genetic engineering – scientists are attempting to redesign microorganisms for a variety of purposes (drugs, hormones, vaccines and a variety of biologically important compounds) • rDNA technology – enabling us to produce improved varieties of plants and animals such as pest-resistant crops and may even enable us to correct genetic defects in human beings.
Find the Scientist and his contribution !
Reference: • www.britannica.com • https://www.visionlearning.com/en/library/Biology/2/Origin s-of-Life-I/226 • https://www.philpoteducation.com/mod/book/view.php?id= 779&chapterid=1034#/ • https://nptel.ac.in/courses/102/103/102103015/ • www.google.com(images) THANK YOU

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History of microbiology

  • 1. CONTRIBUTIONS OF RENOWNED SCIENTISTS IN MICROBIOLOGY Ms Saajida Sultaana Mahusook
  • 3. He observed the microscopic honeycomb cavities in cork. Coined the term ‘’cell’’ and published his findings in Micrographia
  • 4. ANTON VON LEEUWENHOEK “Father of Bacteriology” He was the first to observe bacteria and protozoa. Leeuwenhoek made microscopes consisting of a single high-quality lens of very short focal length. In 1674 he observed protozoa and bacteria and named them as “animalcules”, he was able to isolate from different sources, such as rainwater, pond and well water, and the human mouth and intestine.
  • 6. Spontaneous Generation (Abiogenesis) From earliest times, people had believed and supported spontaneous generation (abiogenesis) that living organisms could develop from nonliving matter. Many supported this theory. It was Louis Pasteur who disproved the theory.
  • 7. • Francesco Redi (1668) – Strong opponent of spontaneous generation. He demonstrated that maggots appear on decaying meat only when flies are able to lay eggs on the meat. • John Needham (1745) – claimed that microorganisms could arise spontaneously from heated nutrient broth. • Lazzaro Spallanzani (1765) – repeated Needhams experiments and suggested that Needham's results were due to microorganisms in the air entering the broth. • Rudolf Virchow (1858) – concept of biogenesis – living cells can arise only from preexisting cells. • Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) – Pasteur's experiments on swan shaped necks resolved the controversy of spontaneous generation. His discoveries led to the development of aseptic techniques used in the laboratory and medical procedure to prevent contamination by microorganisms that are in the air.
  • 9. Francesco Redi's spontaneous generation experiment using jars of meat. In the first jar, with the meat sealed inside by a stopper, maggots did not appear on the meat; in the second jar, covered with mesh, maggots also did not appear on the meat; but in the third jar, without a cover, maggots did appear on the meat and developed into flies.
  • 10. John Needham Needham's experiment on spontaneous generation : A. Needham heated the broth, let it sit uncovered for several days, then observed microorganisms in the fluid. B. Needham heated the broth, let it sit covered for several days, then observed microorganisms in the fluid which may be because the cork and flask were not sterile. A B
  • 11. He boiled broth in two bottles, left one bottle open and one closed, He found that new microorganisms appeared only in the open bottle. His conclusion: the microorganisms entered the bottle through the air; they were not generated spontaneously in the broth.
  • 12. Disproved the theory of Spontaneous Generation
  • 13. Golden age of microbiology • Rapid advances in the science of microbiology were made between 1857 and 1914.
  • 14. Louis Pasteur “Father of Modern Microbiology” “Father of medical microbiology”
  • 15. Pasteurization of milk, beer and wine. Fermentation by microorganisms Yeast ferments sugars to alcohols and that bacterium can oxidize the alcohol to acetic acid. Heating process used to kill bacteria in some alcoholic beverages and milk.
  • 16. Pebrine disease of silkworm brought a huge devastation to the silkworm nurseries. His research succeeded in saving the silk industry through a method that enabled the preservation of healthy silkworm eggs and prevented their contamination by the disease-causing organisms. Germ theory of disease states that certain diseases are caused by the invasion of the body by microorganisms, organisms too small to be seen except through a microscope.
  • 17. Joseph Lister “Father of modern surgery” • 1860s, the use of disinfectant to clean surgical dressings in order to control infection in humans • Developed a system of antiseptic surgery— designed to prevent microorganisms from entering wounds. The approach was remarkably successful and transformed surgery after Lister published his findings in 1867. It also provided strong evidence for the role of microorganism in disease because phenol, which killed bacteria, also prevented wound infections.
  • 18. ROBERT KOCH Founder of Modern Bacteriology
  • 19. Koch's postulates are • 1. A specific organism should be found constantly in association with the disease. • 2. The organism should be isolated and grown in a pure culture in the laboratory. • 3. The pure culture when inoculated into a healthy susceptible animal should produce symptoms/lesions of the same disease • 4. From the inoculated animal, the microorganism should be isolated in pure culture. • 5. An additional criterion introduced is that specific antibodies to the causative organism shouldbe demonstrable in patient's serum. Robert Koch (1876) proved that microorganisms transmit disease – Koch's postulates used to prove that a particular microorganism causes a particular disease.
  • 21. Koch continued to improve his methods and techniques. By solidifying liquids such as broth with gelatine and agar, for instance, he created a solid medium for growing bacteria which was easier to handle than the liquids used by Pasteur.( suggested by Angelina). Koch's assistant Julius Richard Petri (1852-1921) developed the Petri dish, which made the observation of bacteria even easier. Introduced pure cultures
  • 22. Isolated Mycobacterium tuberculosis responsible for tuberculosis (1882) Isolated Vibrio cholerae responsible for cholera (1883). Isolated Bacillus anthracis responsible for anthrax (1876). Koch and his team also developed ways of staining bacteria to improve the bacteria’s visibility under the microscope, and were able to identify the bacterial causes of tuberculosis, anthrax and cholera.
  • 23. Developed vaccines against anthrax and rabies
  • 24. Edward Jenner Father of Immunology Immunity is conferred by inoculation with a vaccine. Demonstrated that inoculations with cowpox material provides humans with immunity from small pox
  • 25. Discovered of vaccination for smallpox. In 1796 Jenner found a young dairymaid, Sarah Nelmes, who had fresh cowpox lesions on her hand. Using matter from Sarah’s lesions, he inoculated an eight-year-old boy, James Phipps, who had never had smallpox. Phipps became slightly ill over the course of the next 9 days but was well on the 10th. On July 1 Jenner inoculated the boy again, this time with smallpox matter. No disease developed; protection was complete. In 1798 Jenner, having added further cases, published privately a slender book entitled An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variolae Vaccinae.
  • 26. Elie Metchnikoff Father of Innate Immunity • Elie Metchnikoff discovered that certain cells in the body would ingest microbes and named them as phagocytes.
  • 27. • Pasteur showed that some fermentative microorganisms were anaerobic and others were able to live either aerobically or anaerobically. Microbial ecology • Sergei N. Winogradsky (1856-1953) – Soil microbiology – discovered that soil bacteria could oxidize iron, sulfur and ammonia to obtain energy and many bacteria incorporate CO2 into organic matter. He also isolated anaerobic nitrogen fixing soil bacteria and studied the decomposition of cellulose. • Martinus Beijerinck (1851-1931) – He isolated aerobic nitrogen fixing bacterium Azotobacter, capable of fixing nitrogen (later renamed as Rhizobium ); and sulfate reducing bacteria. Both of them developed enrichment culture technique and use of selective media, which have been of great importance in microbiology.
  • 28. VIROLOGY • Beijerinck characterized viruses as pathogenic molecules that could take over a host cells mechanisms for their own use. • Wendell Stanley (1935) – crystallized TMV and crystals consisted of protein and RNA. • Knoll and Ruska- Viruses were first observed with an Electron Microscope in 1939.
  • 29. • Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase (1952) – demonstrated that the genetic material of some viruses is DNA • James Watson and Francis Crick (1953) -determined the structure of DNA
  • 30. Chemotherapy: There are two types of chemotherapeutic agents: synthetic drugs and antibiotics. • Elrlich (1910) introduced an arsenic containing chemical called Salvarsan to treat Syphilis. • • Alexander Fleming (1928) – observed that the mold Penicillium inhibited the growth of bacteria and named the active ingredient as penicillin. Penicillin has been used clinically as an antibiotic since the 1940s. • Domagk and others developed sulfa drugs. • • Waksman and others developed Streptomycin and other antibiotics derived from soil organisms. • • Researchers are tackling the problem of drug-resistant microbes.
  • 31. • Genetics and Molecular Biology: • • 1900 – Modern genetics began with the rediscovery of Gregor Mendel's principles of genetics. • • Frederick Griffith (1928) - discovered that previously harmless bacteria could change their nature and become capable of causing disease • • Avery, McCarty and MacLeod (1940's) – showed that this genetic change was due to DNA. After this finding came the crucial discovery of the structure of DNA by Watson and Crick • • Edward Tatum and George Beadle – studied biochemical mutants of Neurospora to show how genetic information controls metabolism. • • Barbara McClintock (1950) – discovered that some genes could move from one location to another on a chromosome. • • Early 1960's witnessed a further explosion of discoveries relating to the way DNA controls protein synthesis. • • Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod (1961) – discovered mRNA and later made the first major discoveries about regulation of gene function in bacteria. • • Microorganisms can now be genetically engineered to manufacture large amounts of human hormones and other urgently needed medical substances. • • Late 1960's Paul Berg showed that fragments of human or animal DNA that code for important proteins can be attached to bacterial DNA. The resulting hybrid was the first example of recombinant DNA.
  • 32. • Tomorrow's history: • Microbiology has been in the forefront of research in medicine and biology and continues to play a role in Genetic engineering and Gene therapy. • Genetic engineering – scientists are attempting to redesign microorganisms for a variety of purposes (drugs, hormones, vaccines and a variety of biologically important compounds) • rDNA technology – enabling us to produce improved varieties of plants and animals such as pest-resistant crops and may even enable us to correct genetic defects in human beings.
  • 33. Find the Scientist and his contribution !
  • 34. Reference: • www.britannica.com • https://www.visionlearning.com/en/library/Biology/2/Origin s-of-Life-I/226 • https://www.philpoteducation.com/mod/book/view.php?id= 779&chapterid=1034#/ • https://nptel.ac.in/courses/102/103/102103015/ • www.google.com(images) THANK YOU