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Hominid evolution

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The document summarizes key developments in hominid evolution from the earliest hominids to Neanderthals. It notes that bipedal locomotion first emerged around 2 million years ago in early hominids like Australopithecus. This was followed by other changes like brain expansion and changes to the face, teeth and jaws. Early hominid species included Australopithecus afarensis, Australopithecus africanus, and the more robust Australopithecus robustus. Around 2 million years ago, the first species of the genus Homo evolved, including Homo habilis and Homo erectus, which had larger brains and used stone tools. Homo erect

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Hominid Evolution
Origins of Hominids ◊ Most crucial change was Bipedal Locomotion ◊ Other changes include • Expansion of the brain, larger birth canal, reduction of face, teeth and jaws ◊All of these occurred 2 million yrs. After bipedalism ◊ Journal Entry 1
Why did Bipedalism occur? ◊ See farther ◊ Carry food ◊ Carry tools and weapons
Australopithecines ◊ First definite Hominids ◊ Genus of Hominids until C. 2 Mill yrs. Ago ◊ Somewhere b/t 3 and 4 mill. yrs ago. ◊ At Laetoli footprints found proving bipedal locomotion ◊ Although Bipedal, still may have spent time in trees for sleep and shelter
Types of Species ◊ Australopithecus afarensis ◊ Australopithecus africanus ◊ Australopithecus robustus ◊ There are more  Think of hominids as a Bush, not a timeline!
Australopithecus Afarensis ◊ Debate as to whether diff. species or not ◊ Footprints found to prove bipedalism ◊ Between 3 and 4 million years ago
Australopithecus Africanus ◊ Jaw of ape ◊ Teeth of humans ◊ S-shape spine similar to man
Afarensis vs. Africanus ◊ Features of skull, teeth, and jaws that are less apelike in africanus ◊ Some debate different species
Australopithecus robustus ◊ 2-1 million years ago ◊ Larger molars and premolars ◊ Smaller canines ◊ Well-developed cranial crests and ridges ◊ Much heavier ◊ Taller: 4.5- 5 ft. tall
Ancestor? ◊ Australopithecus robustus is not thought to be an ancestor to the Homo species ◊ Lived during same relative time as Homo species
Hominid evolution
Changes ◊ Expansion of brain ◊ Reduction of face, teeth, and jaws ◊ Babies born less mature at birth ◊ Journal Entry #2
Expansion of the brain ◊ Had relatively small cranial capacities ◊ Reason? • Why would brain size have increased? (Think Evolution types) ◊ Possible reasons: • Increased as a result of tool making
Reduction of Face, Teeth, and Jaws ◊ Lower face not as protruding ◊ Reduction in size of • Face • Cheek bone • Jaw
Now on to species of Homo ◊ Different ideas on how Homo genus evolved ◊ Some say from Africanus ◊ Some say from Afarensis ◊ About 2 millions years ago
Homo habilis ◊ Larger brain absolutely and relatively than Australopithecus ◊ Found in East Africa ◊ Slightly Larger and more developed brain ◊ Stone tools?
Homo erectus ◊ 1.6 to 1.3 millions years ago ◊ Skull generally long, low, and thickly walled ◊ Flat frontal face ◊ Prominent brow ridges ◊ Relatively small teeth modern arrangement
Cont… ◊ Fully developed vision area of brain ◊ Larger areas of speech, sensory, memory and motor areas of brain ◊ Neck down, almost same as Homo sapiens
Fire ◊ Fire first appears 1.5 mill. Years ago ◊ Only able to spread out after development of fire ◊ Journal Entry
Stone tools ◊ Acheulean “hand axe” • 1.5 mil. Years ago • Used for butchering, digging, pounding ◊ Toolmaker first shaped the core, and prepared a striking platform at one end ◊ Knock off flakes
Hunting ◊ Homo erectus began to hunt medium sized animals • Spears, stone throwing, and fire • Needed to plan and work in groups
Hominid evolution
Hominid evolution
Neanderthal ◊ Becoming Human

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Hominid evolution

  • 2. Origins of Hominids ◊ Most crucial change was Bipedal Locomotion ◊ Other changes include • Expansion of the brain, larger birth canal, reduction of face, teeth and jaws ◊All of these occurred 2 million yrs. After bipedalism ◊ Journal Entry 1
  • 3. Why did Bipedalism occur? ◊ See farther ◊ Carry food ◊ Carry tools and weapons
  • 4. Australopithecines ◊ First definite Hominids ◊ Genus of Hominids until C. 2 Mill yrs. Ago ◊ Somewhere b/t 3 and 4 mill. yrs ago. ◊ At Laetoli footprints found proving bipedal locomotion ◊ Although Bipedal, still may have spent time in trees for sleep and shelter
  • 5. Types of Species ◊ Australopithecus afarensis ◊ Australopithecus africanus ◊ Australopithecus robustus ◊ There are more  Think of hominids as a Bush, not a timeline!
  • 6. Australopithecus Afarensis ◊ Debate as to whether diff. species or not ◊ Footprints found to prove bipedalism ◊ Between 3 and 4 million years ago
  • 7. Australopithecus Africanus ◊ Jaw of ape ◊ Teeth of humans ◊ S-shape spine similar to man
  • 8. Afarensis vs. Africanus ◊ Features of skull, teeth, and jaws that are less apelike in africanus ◊ Some debate different species
  • 9. Australopithecus robustus ◊ 2-1 million years ago ◊ Larger molars and premolars ◊ Smaller canines ◊ Well-developed cranial crests and ridges ◊ Much heavier ◊ Taller: 4.5- 5 ft. tall
  • 10. Ancestor? ◊ Australopithecus robustus is not thought to be an ancestor to the Homo species ◊ Lived during same relative time as Homo species
  • 12. Changes ◊ Expansion of brain ◊ Reduction of face, teeth, and jaws ◊ Babies born less mature at birth ◊ Journal Entry #2
  • 13. Expansion of the brain ◊ Had relatively small cranial capacities ◊ Reason? • Why would brain size have increased? (Think Evolution types) ◊ Possible reasons: • Increased as a result of tool making
  • 14. Reduction of Face, Teeth, and Jaws ◊ Lower face not as protruding ◊ Reduction in size of • Face • Cheek bone • Jaw
  • 15. Now on to species of Homo ◊ Different ideas on how Homo genus evolved ◊ Some say from Africanus ◊ Some say from Afarensis ◊ About 2 millions years ago
  • 16. Homo habilis ◊ Larger brain absolutely and relatively than Australopithecus ◊ Found in East Africa ◊ Slightly Larger and more developed brain ◊ Stone tools?
  • 17. Homo erectus ◊ 1.6 to 1.3 millions years ago ◊ Skull generally long, low, and thickly walled ◊ Flat frontal face ◊ Prominent brow ridges ◊ Relatively small teeth modern arrangement
  • 18. Cont… ◊ Fully developed vision area of brain ◊ Larger areas of speech, sensory, memory and motor areas of brain ◊ Neck down, almost same as Homo sapiens
  • 19. Fire ◊ Fire first appears 1.5 mill. Years ago ◊ Only able to spread out after development of fire ◊ Journal Entry
  • 20. Stone tools ◊ Acheulean “hand axe” • 1.5 mil. Years ago • Used for butchering, digging, pounding ◊ Toolmaker first shaped the core, and prepared a striking platform at one end ◊ Knock off flakes
  • 21. Hunting ◊ Homo erectus began to hunt medium sized animals • Spears, stone throwing, and fire • Needed to plan and work in groups