The document provides an introduction to HTML and covers several essential HTML elements. It begins with a table of contents and overview of HTML. It then discusses common block elements like headings, paragraphs, and divs. It also covers inline text elements for formatting like bold, italics, and emphasis. The document concludes with examples of lists, links, and images to demonstrate basic HTML tags.
3. Table of Contents (for real)
1. Introduction to HTML
What is a Web Page?
My First HTML Page
BasicTags: Hyperlinks, Images, Formatting
Headings and Paragraphs
2. HTML in Details
The <!DOCTYPE> Declaration
The <head> Section:Title, Meta, Script, Style
3
4. Table of Contents (2)
The <body> Section
Text Styling and FormattingTags
Hyperlinks: <a>
Hyperlinks and Sections
Images: <img>
Lists: <ol>, <ul> and <dl>
HTML Special Characters
3. The <div> and <span> elements
4
5. Table of Contents(3)
4. Introducing to HTML5
Changed old tags
New tags
New Attributes
New StructuralTags
5
7. What is HTML
HTML was designed to be simple language for
describing documents
It was created by scientists, so “simple” is not
always your average “simple”
Describing means outlining the structure of a
document in terms of parts: headings,
paragraphs, lists, tables etc.
To start coding HTML, just create a new file
with “.html” extension, our touch it
Think in structure, not presentation
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8. HTML Structure
HTML was inspired by other similar
languages, such as GML and Scribe
HTML1 had tags for the following elements:
Paragraphs, Headings, Anchors
(links), Horizontal rule, Line breaks though they
proved insufficient and later more were added
What are tags?
A tag is the red letter from above enclosed in
angle brackets: <p> is for paragraph
A pair of starting and end tag forms an element 8
9. Simple Q&A
Q:Why Anchor and not Link?
A: As mentioned earlier, HTML was created by
scientists and they tend to have different
opinion than we do
Btw, there is Link in HTML, it just does another
job
Q: So I just write opening and closed tags?
A: Mostly.There are exceptions.
And you haven’t asked about nesting
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10. Nesting
Nesting is when you want to put a tag in a tag
You’ve seen “Inception”, you know what I mean
And like in “Inception”, the more you nest, the
nastier it gets
Not all tags can be put in all tags
Like, if you want to make an entire paragraph
to be a link, you don’t put the link around the
paragraph, but vice versa
Scientists, go figure
10
11. HTML Code Formatting
The HTML source code should be formatted to
increase readability and facilitate debugging.
Every block element should start on a new line.
Every nested (block) element should be indented.
Browsers ignore multiple whitespaces in the page
source, so formatting is harmless.
For performance reasons, formatting can be
sacrificed
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12. What happened next?
HTML evolved driven by people and browsers
New versions of HTML
Inevitably a doctype
Accompanying technologies
CSS, JavaScript
Plugins like Java, Flash, Silverlight
Rich media and so on…
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13. My first web page
first-page.html
<html>
<head>
<title>My first page!!!</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>I am making pages</p>
</body>
</html>
13
Boring
Boring
Content
15. Some SimpleTags
HyperlinkTags
ImageTags
Text formatting tags
15
<a href="http://www.telerik.com/"
title="Telerik">Link to Telerik Web site</a>
<img src="logo.gif" alt="logo" width="50" />
This text is <em>emphasized.</em>
<br />new line<br />
This one is <strong>more emphasized.</strong>
16. Simple Q&A
Q:What are the equation looking things?
A:That would be attributes
Attributes add more information to an element
Let’s examine:
So my src attribute equals (is) logo.gif
My alt attribute is logo
You can tell it’s 50 pixels wide
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<img src="logo.gif" alt="logo" widht="50" />
17. Attributes
Some attributes can apply to all element:
id, style, class, title
The id is unique in the document
The title attribute is displayed as hint when
the element is hovered with the mouse
Some attributes are optional
Some are mandatory
Some elements MUST have attributes
the image element must have a src attribute
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18. Remember
It is important to have the correct vision and
attitude towards HTML
HTML is only about structure, not appearance
Browsers tolerate invalid HTML code and parse
errors – you should not
Always think about semantics
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20. Hyperlinks
Hyperlinks, or just links, are one-way tie
between two documents
Put simply, if you have a page, and you want
to go to another page, you click (follow) a link
A link must have a destination (href) attribute
and text content
Href means “hypertext reference”
Optionally, it my have a title
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<a href="a.html" title=“Go to A">Click</a>
21. Hyperlinks (2)
Link to a document on the same server in the
same directory:
Link to a document on the same server in the
parent directory:
Link to a document on the same server in the
sub directory stuff:
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<a href="form.html">Fill Our Form</a>
<a href="../parent.html">Parent</a>
<a href="stuff/cat.html">Catalog</a>
22. Hyperlinks (3)
Link to a document on the same server in the
root (top most) directory:
Remember:
if not linking to the root (/), links are relative to
the current document and may be broken if you
move the origin document
You can do any number of going up (../), but you
can’t go upper than the root
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<a href=“/form.html">Fill Our Form</a>
23. Hyperlinks (4)
Link to an external web site:
Always use the full URL, including the protocol
(http://), not just “devbg.org”
Using the target attribute tells the browser
where to open the link, with _blank meaning
open in new window
Link to an email address:
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<a href="http://devbg.org" target="_blank">BASD</a>
<a href="mailto:bugs@example.com?subject=Bug+Report">
Please report bugs here (by e-mail only)</a>
24. Hyperlinks and Sections
Link to another location in the same document:
Link to a specific location in another document:
24
<a href="#section1">Go to Introduction</a>
...
<h2 id="section1">Introduction</h2>
<a href="chapter3.html#section3.1.1">Go to Section
3.1.1</a>
<!–- In chapter3.html -->
...
<div id="section3.1.1">
<h3>3.1.1. Technical Background</h3>
</div>
27. Links to the Same Document –
Example
27
<h1>Table of Contents</h1>
<p><a href="#section1">Introduction</a><br />
<a href="#section2">Some background</A><br />
<a href="#section2.1">Project History</a><br />
...the rest of the table of contents...
<!-- The document text follows here -->
<h2 id="section1">Introduction</h2>
... Section 1 follows here ...
<h2 id="section2">Some background</h2>
... Section 2 follows here ...
<h3 id="section2.1">Project History</h3>
... Section 2.1 follows here ...
hyperlinks-sections.html
29. Inserting an image with <img> tag:
Image attributes:
Example:
Images: <img> tag
src Location of image file (relative or absolute)
alt Substitute text for display (e.g. in text mode)
height Number of pixels of the height
width Number of pixels of the width
border Size of border, 0 for no border
<img src="/img/basd-logo.png“ />
<img src="php.png" alt="PHP Logo" />
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30. Headings and Paragraphs
HeadingTags (h1 – h6)
ParagraphTags
Sections: div and span
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<p>This is my first paragraph</p>
<p>This is my second paragraph</p>
<h1>Heading 1</h1>
<h2>Sub heading 2</h2>
<h3>Sub heading 3</h3>
<div>This is a div</div>
<span>This is a div</span>
31. Headings and Paragraphs –
Example
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<html>
<head><title>Headings and paragraphs</title></head>
<body>
<h1>Heading 1</h1>
<h2>Sub heading 2</h2>
<h3>Sub heading 3</h3>
<p>This is my first paragraph</p>
<p>This is my second paragraph</p>
</body>
</html>
headings-and-paragraphs.html
33. Text Formatting
Text formatting tags modify the text between
the opening tag and the closing tag
Ex. <b>Hello</b> makes “Hello” bold
<b></b> bold
<i></i> italicized
<u></u> underlined
<sup></sup> Samplesuperscript
<sub></sub> Samplesubscript
<strong></strong> strong
<em></em> emphasized
<pre></pre> Preformatted text
<blockquote></blockquote> Quoted text block
<del></del> Deleted text – strike through
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34. Simple Q&A
Q: Bold or strong?
A: Strong
Bold describes the looks e.g. the font is bold,
strong describes the importance e.g. this word
is emphasized on with great importance
Q: So I suppose it’s emphasized and not italics?
A: Correct
Bold, italics, underline are deprecated and will
talk about that in a moment
34
35. More on formatting
Thinks semantics:
Emphasize, Strong
emphasize, Insertion, Deletion, Sub-
script, Super-script, Quotations
Those describe parts of the document
There are other, lesser known text formatting
elements for input, output, variables and other
parts of a document, say a tech spec, but if you
come to need those, you can easily google
As usual, most of them are for scientific /
35
36. Text Formatting – Example
36
<html>
<head>
<title>Text formating</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Notice</h1>
<p>This is a <em>sample</em> Web page.</p>
<p><pre>Next paragraph:
preformatted.</pre></p>
<h2>More Info</h2>
<p>One line<br />
Next line.</p>
</body>
</html>
text-formatting.html
38. a. Apple
b. Orange
c. Grapefruit
Ordered Lists
Create an Ordered List using <ol></ol>:
Attribute values for type are 1, A, a, I, or i
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1. Apple
2. Orange
3. Grapefruit
A. Apple
B. Orange
C. Grapefruit
I. Apple
II. Orange
III. Grapefruit
i. Apple
ii. Orange
iii. Grapefruit
<ol type="1">
<li>Apple</li>
<li>Orange</li>
<li>Grapefruit</li>
</ol>
39. Unordered Lists
Create an Unordered List using <ul></ul>:
Attribute values for type are:
disc, circle or square
39
• Apple
• Orange
• Pear
o Apple
o Orange
o Pear
Apple
Orange
Pear
<ul type="disk">
<li>Apple</li>
<li>Orange</li>
<li>Grapefruit</li>
</ul>
40. Definition lists
Create definition lists using <dl>
Pairs of text and associated definition; text is in
<dt> tag, definition in <dd> tag
Renders without bullets
Definition is indented
40
<dl>
<dt>HTML</dt>
<dd>A markup language …</dd>
<dt>CSS</dt>
<dd>Language used to …</dd>
</dl>
48. HTMLVersions
HTML has evolved during the years
From a handful of tags to over a hundred
Though very few tags were removed, many new
were added
By design, if a tag is not recognized, it’s ignored
and its text content is shown
Problem: how to tell browsers which version is
used in a document?
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49. The <!DOCTYPE> Declaration
HTML documents must start with a document
type definition (DTD)
It tells web browsers what type is the served code
Possible versions: HTML 4.01, XHTML 1.0
(Transitional or Strict), XHTML 1.1, HTML 5
Example:
See http://w3.org/QA/2002/04/valid-dtd-list.html for a list
of possible doctypes
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
50. HTML vs. XHTML
XHTML is more strict than HTML
Tags and attribute names must be in lowercase
All tags must be closed (<br/>, <img/>) while
HTML allows <br> and <img> and implies
missing closing tags (<p>par1 <p>par2)
XHTML allows only one root <html> element
(HTML allows more than one)
50
51. XHTML vs. HTML (2)
Many element attributes are deprecated in
XHTML, most are moved to CSS
Attribute minimization is forbidden, e.g.
Note:Web browsers load XHTML faster than
HTML and valid code faster than invalid!
51
<input type="checkbox" checked>
<input type="checkbox" checked="checked" />
52. Quick Q&A
Q:Which doctype to use?
A: XHTML 1.0Transitional is usually OK
Do not be tempted by XHTML 1.1
Q: How to remember them?
A: Don’t. Just know which one does what and
if needed google
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54. The <head> Section
Contains information that doesn’t show
directly on the viewable page
Starts after the <!doctype> declaration
Begins with <head> and ends with </head>
Contains mandatory single <title> tag
Can contain some other tags, e.g.
<meta>
<script>
<style>
<!–- comments -->
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55. <title>
Title should be placed between <head> and
</head> tags
Used to specify a title in the window titlebar
Search engines and people rely on titles
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<title>Telerik Academy – Winter Season 2009/2010
</title>
56. <meta>
Meta tags additionally describe the content
contained within the page
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<meta name="description" content="HTML
tutorial" />
<meta name="keywords" content="html, web
design, styles" />
<meta name="author" content="Chris Brewer" />
<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="5;
url=http://www.telerik.com" />
57. <script>
The <script> element is used to embed
scripts into an HTML document
Script are executed in the client's Web browser
Scripts can live in the <head> and in the <body>
sections
Supported client-side scripting languages:
JavaScript (it is not Java!) – de facto standard
VBScript (obsolete)
Jscript (obsolete)
57
58. <style>
The <style> element embeds formatting
information (CSS styles) into an HTML page
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<html>
<head>
<style type="text/css">
p { font-size: 12pt; line-height: 12pt; }
p:first-letter { font-size: 200%; }
span { text-transform: uppercase; }
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p>Styles demo.<br />
<span>Test uppercase</span>.
</p>
</body>
</html>
style-example.html
59. <!-- -->
Comments can exist anywhere between the
<html></html> tags
Comments start with <!-- and end with -->
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<!–- Telerik Logo (a JPG file) -->
<img src="logo.jpg" alt=“Telerik Logo">
<!–- Hyperlink to the web site -->
<a href="http://telerik.com/">Telerik</a>
<!–- Show the news table -->
<table class="newstable">
...
60. <body> Section: Introduction
The <body> section describes the viewable
portion of the page
Starts after the <head> </head> section
Begins with <body> and ends with </body>
60
<html>
<head><title>Test page</title></head>
<body>
<!-- This is the Web page body -->
</body>
</html>
66. Block and Inline Elements
Block elements add a line break before and
after them, and expand to 100% width
<div>, <p>, <h1>, <ul> are block elements
Inline elements don’t break the text before
and after them
<span>, <a>, <em> are inline elements
http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS2/visuren.html#blo
ck-boxes
66
67. The <div>Tag
<div> creates logical divisions within a page
Block style element
Used with CSS
Example:
67
<div style="font-size:24px; color:red">DIV
example</div>
<p>This one is <span style="color:red; font-
weight:bold">only a test</span>.</p>
div-and-span.html
69. The <span>Tag
Inline style element
Useful for modifying a specific portion of text
Don't create a separate area
(paragraph) in the document
Makes sense only with some CSS
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<p>This one is <span style="color:red; font-
weight:bold">only a test</span>.</p>
<p>This one is another <span style="font-size:32px;
font-weight:bold">TEST</span>.</p>
span.html
73. What is HTML 5?
HTML5 – the next major revision of the HTML
Currently under development
Far away from final version
Developed under the HTML 5 working group of
theWorld WideWeb Consortium (W3C) in 2007
First Public Working Draft of the specification
January 22, 2008
Parts of HTML5 are being implemented in
browsers before the whole specification is ready
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74. HTML – Past, Present, Future
1991 – HTML first mentioned –Tim Berners-Lee – HTML tags
1993 – HTML (first public version, published at IETF)
1993 – HTML 2 draft
1995 – HTML 2 – W3C
1995 – HTML 3 draft
1997 – HTML 3.2 – “Wilbur”
1997 – HTML 4 – ”Cougar” – CSS
1999 – HTML 4.01 (final)
2000 – XHTML draft
2001 – XHTML (final)
2008 – HTML5 / XHTML5 draft
2011 – feature complete HTML5
2022 – HTML5 – final specification
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75. HTML 5 Goals
Latest version is HTML5
Aimed to have all of the power of native
applications
Run on any platform (Windows, Linux, iPhone,
Android, etc.)
New features should be based on HTML, CSS,
DOM and JavaScript
Reduce the need for external plugins
Better error handling
More markup to replace scripting
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79. New Layout Sctucture (2)
Elements like header and footer are not
meant to be only at the top and bottom of
the page
Header and footer of each document section
Not very different from <DIV> tag but are
more semantically well defined in the
document structure
83. NewTags
<article>
For external content, like text from a news-article,
blog, forum, or any other external source
<aside>
For content aside from (but related to) the content
it is placed in
<details>
For describing details about a document, or parts
of a document
<summary>
A caption, or summary, inside the details element
84. NewTags (2)
<mark>
For text that should be highlighted
<nav>
For a section of navigation
<section>
For a section in a document (e.g.
chapters, headers, footers)
<wbr>
Word break. For defining an appropriate place to
break a long word or sentence
Other tags
<command>, <datalist>, <details>, <progress>, etc.
85. New MediaTags
MediaTags
<audio>
Attributes: autoplay, controls, loop, src
<video>
Attributes: autoplay, controls, loop,
height, width, src
<audio width="360" height="240" controls= "controls" >
<source src="someSong.mp3" type="audio/mp3">
</source>
Audio tag is not supported
</audio>
89. Exercises (2)
2. Write an HTML page like the following:
3. Write an HTML page looking like the PNG file named
3.Introduction.PNG. Using the <a> tag add anchors
to the corresponding sections in the same page.
89
90. Exercises (3)
4. Create an user profile Web
page Profile.html, friends
page named Friends.html
and info page named
Info.html. Link them to
one another using <a> tag
90