Human resourcedevelopmenttejashree

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Human Resource Development
Tejashree Talpade

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Definition of HRD
 A set of systematic and planned activities designed
by an organization to provide its members with the
necessary skills to meet current and future job
demands.

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Emergence of HRD
 Employee needs extend beyond the training
classroom
 Includes coaching, group work, and problem solving
 Need for basic employee development
 Need for structured career development

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Relationship Between HRM and HRD
 Human resource management (HRM) encompasses
many functions
 Human resource development (HRD) is just one of
the functions within HRM

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Primary Functions of HRM
 Human resource planning
 Equal employment opportunity
 Staffing (recruitment and selection)
 Compensation and benefits
 Employee and labor relations
 Health, safety, and security
 Human resource development

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Secondary HRM Functions
 Organization and job design
 Performance management/ performance appraisal
systems
 Research and information systems

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HRD Functions
 Training and development (T&D)
 Organizational development
 Career development

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Training and Development (T&D)
 Training – improving the knowledge, skills and
attitudes of employees for the short-term,
particular to a specific job or task – e.g.,
 Employee orientation
 Skills & technical training
 Coaching
 Counseling

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Training and Development (T&D)
 Development – preparing for future responsibilities,
while increasing the capacity to perform at a
current job
 Management training
 Supervisor development

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Organizational Development
 The process of improving an organization’s
effectiveness and member’s well-being through the
application of behavioral science concepts
 Focuses on both macro- and micro-levels
 HRD plays the role of a change agent

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Career Development
 Ongoing process by which individuals progress
through series of changes until they achieve their
personal level of maximum achievement.
 Career planning
 Career management

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Critical HRD Issues
 Strategic management and HRD
 The supervisor’s role in HRD
 Organizational structure of HRD

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Strategic Management & HRD
 Strategic management aims to ensure
organizational effectiveness for the foreseeable
future – e.g., maximizing profits in the next 3 to 5
years
 HRD aims to get managers and workers ready for
new products, procedures, and materials

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Supervisor’s Role in HRD
 Implements HRD programs and procedures
 On-the-job training (OJT)
 Coaching/mentoring/counseling
 Career and employee development
 A “front-line participant” in HRD

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Organizational Structure of HRD
Departments
 Depends on company size, industry and maturity
 No single structure used
 Depends in large part on how well the HRD
manager becomes an institutional part of the
company – i.e., a revenue contributor, not just a
revenue user

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Sample HRD Jobs/Roles
 Executive/Manager
 HR Strategic Advisor
 HR Systems Designer/Developer
 Organization Change Agent
 Organization Design Consultant
 Learning Program Specialist
 Instructor/Facilitator
 Individual Development and Career Counselor
 Performance Consultant (Coach)
 Researcher

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HR’s strategic role
 Employees as organisation’s assets
 Driving business strategy
 Spanning organizational functions
 HRD Deliverables:
 Performance
 Capacity Building
 Problem solving/consulting
 Org. change and development

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Strategic HRD
 Integration of HRD with strategy formulation and
implementation
 Long-term view of HR policy
 Horizontal integration among HR functions
 Vertical integration with corporate strategy
 SHR as core competitive advantage

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Firm Capitals
 Human Capital
 Knowledge, skills, abilities of individuals
 Social Capital
 Relationships in social networks
 Structural, cognitive, relational dimensions
 Intellectual capital
 Knowledge and knowing capability of social
collectivities
 Procedural/declarative; tacit/explicit; individual/social
 Value and Uniqueness of capitals

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Multiple Roles for HR (Ulrich, 1997)
Future/Strategic Focus
Day-to-day/Operational Focus
Processes People
Mgmt of SHR Mgmt of Trans-
Formation/Change
Mgmt of Firm
Infrastructure
Mgmt of Employee
Contributions

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Definition of HR Roles
Role/Cell Deliverable/
Outcome
Metaphor Core Activity
Mgmt of SHR Executing corp.
strategy
Strategic Partner Aligning HR and bus.
Strategy
Mgmt of Firm
Infrastructure
Building an efficient
infrastructure
Administrative
Expert
Reengineering org.
Processes
Mgmt of Employee
Contributions
Increasing employee
commitment and
capability
Employee Champion Providing resources
to employees
Mgmt of
Transformation/Cha
nge
Organizational
renewal
Change Agent Managing
transformation and
change,

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Importance of Human Resources
 Human resources are an important part of the
value chain
 They can be unique, and thus a source of core
competence in an organization
 If a core competence is related to HR, then HR can
contribute to competitive advantage

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Strategic Analysis of HR: Purpose
 People related strategies may be important to new
strategy (for example, a change in the way the
organization does business)
 In today’s technologically complex business world,
analysis of existing human resources is important in
order to determine what options are available
 The network of people within an organization and
their relationships with people can be an important
part of strategy

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HR and Sustainable Competitive Advantage
 In some industries, people are the most important
factor in success
- advertising and creative development
- leisure and tourism
- management consulting
- hospitals and medical professions
 The adaptability of people to changing environments
is an important skill
 “The ability to learn faster than your competitors
may be the only sustainable advantage” – Arie De
Geus, former head of planning at Royal Dutch Shell

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Challenges for HRD
 Changing workforce demographics
 Competing in global economy
 Eliminating the skills gap
 Need for lifelong learning
 Need for organizational learning

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Competing in the Global Economy
 New technologies
 Need for more skilled and educated workers
 Cultural sensitivity required
 Team involvement
 Problem solving
 Better communications skills

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Need for Lifelong Learning
 Organizations change
 Technologies change
 Products change
 Processes change
 PEOPLE must change!!

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Creating a learning organisation

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Need for Organizational Learning
 Organizations must be able to learn, adapt, and
change
 Principles:
 Systems thinking
 Personal mastery
 Mental models
 Shared visions
 Team learning

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 Senge suggests top managers follow several steps to build in learning:
 Personal Mastery: managers empower employees and allow them to
create and explore.
 Mental Models: challenge employees to find new, better methods to
perform a task.
 Team Learning: is more important than individual learning since most
decisions are made in groups.
 Build a Shared Vision: people share a common mental model of the
firm to evaluate opportunities.
 Systems Thinking: know that actions in one area of the firm impacts all
others.
Creating a Learning Organization

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A Framework for the HRD Process
HRD efforts should use the following four phases
(or stages):
 Needs assessment
 Design
 Implementation
 Evaluation

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Training & HRD Process Model

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Needs Assessment Phase
 Establishing HRD priorities
 Defining specific training and objectives
 Establishing evaluation criteria

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Design Phase
 Selecting who delivers program
 Selecting and developing program content
 Scheduling the training program

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Implementation Phase
 Implementing or delivering the program

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Evaluation Phase
Determining program effectiveness – e.g.,
 Keep or change providers?
 Offer it again?
 What are the true costs?
 Can we do it another way?

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Motivation, Reward and
Recognition System Management

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Motivation
The force within us that activates our behavior.
It is a function of three distinct components,
Intensity, Direction, and Persistence.
Intensity PersistenceDirection
MotivationMotivation

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Motivation - Intensity
Intensity refers to the amount of mental and
physical effort put forth by the person.
PersistenceDirection
Intensity

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Motivation - Direction
The extent to which an individual determines
and chooses efforts focused on a particular
goal.

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Motivation - Persistence
The extent to which the goal-directed effort is
put forth over time.

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Motivation: Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic
 Intrinsic
When doing the job is
inherently motivating
 Extrinsic
When rewards such as pay
and formal recognition
act as motivators

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Two Basic Categories of Rewards
Compensation Rewards:
Those given in return for acceptable performance
or effort. They can include nonfinancial
compensation.
Non-Compensation Rewards:
Those beneficial factors related to the work
situation and well-being of each person.

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Types of Rewards
Intrinsic Extrinsic
Motivation
Pay
Promotion
Sense of
Accomplishment
Personal Growth
Opportunities
Recognition
Job
security

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Financial Compensation: Straight Salary
Advantages
- Salaries are simple to administer
- Planned earnings are easy to project.
- Salaries are useful when substantial
development work is required.
Disadvantages
- Salaries offer little incentive for better
performance.
- Salaries represent fixed overhead.

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Financial Compensation: Pay for Performance
Reward Systems in most cases should be consistent
with other HR systems.
The Reward System is a key driver of:
 HR Strategy
 Business Strategy
 Organization Culture

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Need for Consistency with Other HR Systems
Culture
Performance
Management
Employment
Training
Labor
Relations
Rewards
Overtime
pay rules
in
contract
Sign-on Bonus
Merit Pay
Merit pay
reinforces
performance
culture
Skill-based pay

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Financial Compensation: Performance Bonuses
Advantages
- Organization can direct emphasis to what it
considers important.
- Bonuses are particularly useful for tying rewards
to accomplishment of objectives.
Disadvantages
- It may be difficult to determine a formula for
calculating bonus achievement if the objective
is expressed in subjective terms.

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Non-financial Compensation
Opportunity for Promotion:
 The ability to move up in an organization along
one or more career paths
Sense of Accomplishment:
 The internal sense of satisfaction from
successful performance

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Non-financial Compensation
Opportunity for Personal Growth:
 Access to programs that allow for personal
development (e.g., tuition reimbursement,
leadership development seminars)
Recognition:
 The informal or formal acknowledgement of a
desired accomplishment
Job Security:
 A sense of being a desired employee that comes
from consistent exceptional performance

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Understanding Reward & Recognition
Definitions:
 A reward is an item or experience with monetary value that
is provided for a desired behavior or performance, often
with accompanying recognition
 Recognition is a positive consequence provided to a person
for a behavior or a result in the form of acknowledgement,
approval or the expression of gratitude
 “Recognition” is more of an activity or an association (a
social or interpersonal activity) while a “Reward” is more of
a thing (Money, Merchandise, Trophy, Travel etc)

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Why Reward & Recognise employees
 By valuating and recognizing people, you harness the power
of motivation, which is the single most powerful strategy
used to promote performance and positive behaviors
 Drives Stretch in Performance
 Enhances aspirations and creates Motivation
 Feeling Valued
 Builds Self Esteem and sense of Belonging
 Improves Individual Attitudes

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Reward is a Right; Recognition is a Gift…..
* Gerald Ledford Jr. and Peter LeBlanc, World at Work 9, no.3 (Q3 2000):1-11
Rewards at work
 Direct Financial (pay)
 Indirect Financial (benefits)
 Work Content (work)
 Careers (development)
 Affiliation (feeling of
belonging)
 Study results: Surprisingly,
all 5 types of rewards were
considered equally
important….
Recognition
 Praise
 Time
 Toys, Trophies & Trinkets
 Fun, Freedom & Food
 Small Money
 Others
 Common thread – Genuine,
positive, emotion

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What is Recognition?
“Recognition is any thought, word, or deed towards making
someone feel appreciated for who they are and recognized
for what they do.” 1
“Recognition can be a strategic tool for shaping behavior and
moving an organization in a desired direction.” 2
“Recognition is something a manager should be doing all the
time—it’s a running dialogue with people.” 3
1
“Making Recognition a Daily Event” by Roy Saunderson, Recognition Management Institute
2
“A Culture of Recognition; Building a System to Celebrate Great Performance” by Rhonda
Sunnarborg, BI Business Improvement Series
3
Ron Zemke, Training magazine

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Why Focus on Recognition?
 Employees identify recognition as one of the most effective
motivators1
 Even small increases in supportive practices are associated
with decreased turnover and increased sales/profitability2
 Employees who feel that their organization values them are
more likely to value their customers2
 Appreciation and/or praise are among the top three drivers of
employee motivation and engagement across a variety of
industries and companies3
1
The Conference Board, 1999 HR Executive Review:
Employee Recognition Programs
2
Pfeffer 2001 study
3
Hewitt Associates

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Exercise
 You are the HR Manager of an FMCG organisation
which has 400 employees at their HO.
 You have been asked to develop an R&R program
for your organisation to keep employees engaged
and motivation levels high.
 A separate budget would be provided for the R&R
activities.
 You and you team has to design a program and
present it to your leadership team.

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What is Diversity?
 In simple terms, diversity is "otherness," or those
human qualities that are different from our own
and outside the groups in which we belong. There
are various qualities that differentiate one
individual from the next.

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Elements of Diversity
 Age
 Gender
 Ethnicity
 Race
 Physical Ability
 Sexual Orientation
 Physical Characteristics
 Income
 Education
 Marital Status
 Religious Beliefs
 Geographic Location
 Parental Status
 Personality Type

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Diversity:
The uniqueness of all individuals;
includes everyone.

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Principles of Diversity Management
 Establish a business strategy for effectively
managing a diverse workforce
 Create a positive work environment
 Promote personal and professional development
 Empower all people to reach their full potential
 Remove barriers that hinder progress
 Ensure equal opportunities and prevent
discrimination

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Creating an Organization That Can Manage Diversity
 Organizational vision
 Top management commitment
 Auditing and assessment of needs
 Clarity of objectives
 Clear accountability
 Effective communication
 Coordination of activity
 Evaluation

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Techniques for Managing Diversity
 Managing diversity training programs
 Core groups
 Multicultural teams
 Senior managers of diversity
 Targeted recruitment and selection programs

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Techniques for Managing Diversity
 Compensation and reward programs tied to
achieving diversity goals
 Language training
 Mentoring programs
 Cultural advisory groups
 Corporate social activities that celebrate
diversity

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Managing diversity effectively
 Greater range of perspectives, ideas, and
creativity.
 Better problem definition, generation of
alternatives, and decisions.
 Greater potential of developing a high
performance team.
 Greater resilience in dealing with escalating
demands.

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Mismanaging diversity
 Disrupts development of trust, constructive
working relationships, arriving at consensus &
agreement.
 Stereotyping of other members and sub grouping
along cultural lines.
 Misunderstanding and disruptive communication.
 Low levels of efficiency, effectiveness &
productivity

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Unintended Results of Managing Diversity
 Programs that focus on encouraging certain groups
may create feelings of unfairness or exclusion in
others
 Giving preferential treatment to certain groups may
stigmatize their members
 Increasing diversity without recognition and
rewards for the new members can create
organizational tension

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Implications for Managers
 Managing a diverse workforce is an important
part of an international manager’s job
 Must understand the impact of diversity and
know how to utilize
 Realize different cultures view diversity
differently and consider impact on manager

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Potential Benefits of an Effective Diversity
Management Program
 Improve organizational performance
 Help prevent unlawful discrimination or harassment incidents
 Improve workplace relations
 Build more effective work teams
 Improve organizational problem solving
 Improve customer service
 Enhanced recruitment efforts

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Making heads count is more important
than counting heads

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Possible barriers in the organization that
prevent a more balanced workforce?
 Limiting area of consideration
 Lack of diversity at the senior ranks
 Categorizing people into certain positions
 Always recruiting from same source
 Grooming/developing only one person

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The Value of Mentoring
 Without regard to race, gender, religion,
national origin ….
 Inconvenience yourself to show someone
else the way
 Unleash someone else’s potential

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Professional Development
 Identify training and development needs for all
employees
 Utilize Individual Development Plans
 Rotational & Developmental Assignments
 Rotate “acting” supervisor

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 Diversity management is about full utilization of
people with different backgrounds and
experiences.
 Effective diversity management strategy has a
positive effect on cost reduction, creativity,
problem solving, and organizational flexibility

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How is Human Resource Analysis Done?
 Human Resource Audit
 Purpose:
 To identify the size, skills and structure surrounding
current employees and
 to identify future human resource needs of the
organization
 Question Answered:
Are the human resources a strength or a
weakness?

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The Audit: Principles
 Obtain some basic information on the people and
policies involved in the organization
 Explore in detail the role and contribution of the
human resources management function in the
development of strategy

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The Audit: Contents
 People in the Organization
 Role and Contribution of HR strategy

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HR Audit: People in the organization
 Employee numbers and turnover
 Organization structure
 Structures for controlling the
organization
 Use of special teams, e.g. for
Innovation
 Level of skills and capabilities
required
 Morale and rewards
 Employee and industrial
relations
 Selection, training and
development
 Staffing levels
 Capital investment/employee
 Role of quality and personal service
in delivering the products or
services
 of the organization
 Role of professional advice in
delivering the product or service

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Role & Contribution of HR Strategy
 Relationship with strategy
 Key characteristics of HR strategy
 Consistency of strategy across different levels
 Responsiveness of HR strategy in leading change in
the organization
 Role of HR strategy in leading change in the
organization
 Monitoring and review of HR strategy
 Time horizon for operation of HR strategy

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What the Audit Achieves
 Provides information that is useful in deciding how
feasible a strategy is
 Identifies any human resource “gaps” (human
resources necessary for a proposed strategy minus
the current state of human resources)
 Allows the organization to “benchmark” their
performance against other organizations
(benchmark is a process of comparison)

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Human Resources as a CSF
 Critical Success Factor (CSF) = a reason why one
organization is superior to another
 HR can be a CSF if employees have unique skills

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Coaching and Mentoring
 These definitions indicate some overlap and
some differences between Mentoring and
Coaching. Mentoring is often seen as a longer
term process, for example offering support
during a career change such as induction or
becoming a senior manager.

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Mentoring
 Mentoring is usually concerned with supporting
practitioners whilst they make a significant career
transition.
 Mentoring in intended to be supportive of the
individual and occurs ‘at need’. Here the emphasis
is on ready and confidential access to a ‘critical
friend’ who can be used as a sounding board and
who offers a free form of advice.

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Coaching
 Coaching is normally used to support the process of
reviewing established or emerging practices. It is
focused on innovation, change or specific skills.
 Coaching is conceived as a more structured
learning process aimed at explicit professional
development in an agreed area of performance.

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Activities involved in mentoring and coaching and their overlap

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If writers are more aware of their own writing
processes and what helps and hinders their writing then
they are more likely both to become more confident
writers and are able to support others in their writing
too. The same principles apply to leaders and
managers. The Mentor/Coach needs to be aware of the
ways in which Mentees/Coachees can focus on
themselves as learners.
The learner (the personal dimension)

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The learning (the transformational dimension)
In Mentoring and Coaching transformation or change comes about
through the learning conversation. The conversation enables the
process of Mentoring/Coaching in which there needs to be an
explicit focus on learning. Dennison and Kirk’s cycle of learning
(1990) is useful for this purpose.
This model can be
applied to developing
leaders and
managers ie:
understanding
themselves before
understanding
others!

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What Mentoring and Coaching is not
Mentoring and Coaching is not counseling although
some counseling skills may be used by the
Mentor/Coach. Learning conversations do not focus
on personal problems.
Neither is the learning conversation therapy
although the outcome of the conversation may
leave the person feeling up-lifted and may feel
their emotions have changed. But learning is
always the focus.

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Competency
 It is derived from the Latin word
‘Competere’, which means to be suitable.
 The concept was originally developed in
Psychology denoting Individual’s ability to
respond to demand placed on them by the
environment.
 Any underlying characteristic required
performing a given task, activity, or role
successfully can be considered as
competency.

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Competencies defined
 A collection of characteristics (i.e. skills, knowledge
and self-concept, traits, behaviour, motivation, etc.),
that enables us to successfully complete a given task.
Self-conceptSelf-concept
(Attitude)(Attitude)
SkillsSkills KnowledgeKnowledge

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Iceberg Model of Competencies
•Self-Image = attitudes and
values
•Traits = why and how we
behave a certain way
•Motives = what drives us, i.e.,
the need to seek achievement,
power/influence, affliliation
•Skills = a learned ability
•Knowledge = acquiring
information in a particular field

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Competencies in the Corporate World
 Communication – without offending others
 Critical Thinking – Seeing the Big picture
 Ethics / Social Responsibility – Ethical behaviour
 Information Technology – creativity optimization
 Interpersonal Diversity – Being non-judgmental
 Leadership
 Managing Change
 Self-managed Learning – self motivated
 Teamwork – collaboration & impact of self
 Technical know-how

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Emotional Competency Framework
Personal Competence Social Competence
Self Awareness:
Knowledge of one’s self-
concept and values
Empathy:
Awareness of others’
feelings and emotions
Self Regulation:
Management of one’s
impulses and emotions
Social Skills:
Adeptness at inducing
desired responses in others
Motivation:
Self-guidance and direction
* from Working With Emotional Intelligence, by Daniel Goleman

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Competency Classification
Individual Organisation
Social Behavioural
Leadership
Generic competencies
Organisational
Cultural
Technical Functional / operational
knowledge
Skill knowledge
Threshold competencies
Core competencies
Corporate competencies
Distinctive competencies

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Why use competencies
 Competencies
 help individuals and organisations to improve
their performance and deliver results
 can be quantified and communicated
 can be taught, learned, measured and monitored

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Benefits of competency-modeling
 Integrates fragmented management and practices
 Links individual or group performance to strategic
direction
 Helps develop high value activities for the
organisation
 Focusing on what people do, not what they are
 Leads to organisational flexibility and stability
 Leads to competitive advantage
 Is participatory and involving
 Is objective; therefore, can be geared to possible
change in business future and to ensure relevance

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Benefits of competency-modeling – HR Delivery
 Matching of Individuals and Jobs
 Employee Selection
 Training and Development
 Professional and Personal Development
 Performance Measurement
 Succession Planning

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Who Identifies competencies?
 Competencies can be identified by one of more of the
following category of people:
 Experts
 HR Specialists
 Job analysts
 Psychologists
 Industrial Engineers etc.
in consultation with: Line Managers, Current & Past Role
holders, Supervising Seniors, Reporting and Reviewing
Officers, Internal Customers, Subordinates of the role
holders and Other role set members of the role (those who
have expectations from the role holder and who interact
with him/her).

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What Methodology is used?
 The following methods are used in combination for
competency mapping:
 Interviews
 Group work
 Task Forces
 Task Analysis workshops
 Questionnaire
 Use of Job descriptions
 Performance Appraisal Formats etc.

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How are they Identified?
 The process of identification is not very complex.
One of the methods is given below:
 1. Simply ask each person who is currently
performing the role to list the tasks to be
performed by him one by one, and identify the
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Skills required to
perform each of these.
 Consolidate the list.
 Present it to a role set group or a special task force
constituted for that role.
 Edit and Finalize.

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What Language to Use?
 Use Technical language for technical
competencies. For example: knowledge of
hydraulics.
 Use business language for business competencies.
Example: Knowledge of markets for watch business
or Strategic thinking.
 Use your own language or standard terms for
Behavior competencies. Example: Ability to
Negotiate, Interpersonal sensitivity, Sales
techniques. Too technical and conceptual
knowledge align to the organization and people
may create more problems than help

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Assessment Centre
 Assessment centers typically involve the
participants completing a range of exercises which
simulate the activities carried out in the target
job.
 Various combinations of these exercises and
sometimes other assessment methods like
psychometric testing and interviews are used to
assess particular competencies in individuals.

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 The theory behind this is that if one wishes to
predict future job performance then the best way of
doing this is to get the individual to carry out a set
of tasks which accurately sample those required in
the job and are as similar to them as possible.
 The particular competencies used will depend upon
the target job but one will often find competencies
such as relating to people; resistance to stress;
planning and organising; motivation; adaptability
and flexibility; problem solving; leadership;
communication; decision making and initiative.

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AC Vs DC
Assessment centres usually –
 have a pass/fail criteria
 are geared towards filing a job vacancy
 address an immediate organisational need
 have fewer assessors and more participants
 involve line managers as assessors
 have less emphasis placed on self-
assessment
 focus on what the candidate can do now
 are geared to meet the needs of the
organisation
 assign the role of judge to assessors
 place emphasis on selection with little or
no developmental feedback and follow up
 give feedback at a later date
 involve the organisation having control over
the information obtained
 have very little pre-centre briefing
 tend to be used with external candidates
Development centres usually –
 do not have a pass/fail criteria
 are geared towards developing the
individual
 address a longer term need
 have a 1:1 ratio of assessor to participant
 do not have line managers as assessors
 have a greater emphasis placed on self-
assessment
 focus on potential
 are geared to meet needs of the individual
as well as the organisation
 assign the role of facilitator to assessors
 place emphasis on developmental feedback
and follow up with little or no selection
function
 give feedback immediately
 involve the individual having control over
the information obtained
 have a substantial pre-centre briefing
 tend to be used with internal candidates

114
Types of Exercises
Group Discussions
 In these, candidates are brought together as a
committee or project team with one or a number of
items to make a recommendation on. Candidates may
be assigned specific roles to play in the group or it may
be structured in such a way that all the candidates have
the same basic information. With this type of exercise,
and in common with other types of exercise, it is of
great benefit to ensure that you understand and follow
the instructions for the exercise.

115
Types of Exercises
In Tray
 This type of exercise is normally undertaken by candidates
individually. The materials comprise a bundle of
correspondence and the candidate is placed in the role of
somebody, generally, who assumed a new position or replaced
their predecessor at short notice and have been asked to deal
with their accumulated correspondence. Generally the only
evidence that the assessors have to work with are the
annotations which the candidates have made on the articles of
mail. It is important when undertaking such an exercise to
make sure that the items are not just dealt with, but that
clearly mark on the items any thoughts that you have about
them or any other actions that you would wish to put in train.

116
Interview Simulations / Role Plays
 In these exercises candidates meet individually with a role player or
resource person.
 Their brief is either to gather information to form a view and make a
decision, or alternatively, to engage in discussion with the resource
person to come to a resolution on an aspect or issue of dispute.
 Typically, candidates will be allowed 15 -30 minutes to prepare for
such a meeting and will be given a short, general brief on the
objective for the meeting.
 In undertaking such an exercise you should consider carefully how you
want to spend the time in the meeting and plan accordingly. Although
the assessment is made mainly on the conduct of the meeting itself,
consideration will also be given to preparatory notes, thus it is useful
for any meeting plan or objectives that you set yourself for the
meeting to be clearly set out in your preparatory notes.

117
 In this type of exercise the candidate is presented with the
task of making a decision about a particular business case.
They are provided with a large amount of factual
information which is generally ambiguous and, in some
cases, contradictory.
 Candidates generally work independently on such an
exercise and their recommendation or decision is usually to
be communicated in the form of a brief written report
and/or a presentation made to the assessors. As with the
other exercises it is important with this kind of exercise to
ensure that your thought processes are clearly articulated
and available for the scrutiny of the assessors. Of
paramount importance, if the brief requires a decision to
be made, ensure that a decision is made and articulated.
Case Studies / Analysis Exercises

118
 The above is meant as an illustrated list of the types of
exercises that may be encountered in an assessment
centre. Variations and permutations are almost infinite.
 It is, however, worth remembering that there is a large
body of academic research which suggests that the
assessment centre is probably one of the most valid
predictors of performance in a job and, if correctly
structured, is probably one of the fairest and most
objective means of gathering information upon which a
selection decision can be based. From the candidate's
perspective it is important to be natural and to be oneself
when faced with an assessment centre, remembering
always that you can only be assessed on what you have
done and what the assessors can observe

119
Exercise categorisation
 Level 1: Administrative - suitable for a wide range of roles
including: secretarial and clerical staff, call centre staff,
frontline customer service roles
 Level 2: Graduate - ideal for roles where there is no
requirement for significant organisational experience
 Level 3: First line manager - primarily for new or junior
managers, or managers with little experience of people
management
 Level 4: Middle manager - for experienced managers, including
familiarity with people management
 Level 5: Executive - targeted at senior managers with
significant experience

120
Design an Assessment Centre
 Design of an assessment centre should reflect:
 the ethos of the organisation
 the actual skills required to carry out the job
 potential sources of recruits
 the extent to which recruitment is devolved to line
managers
 the HR strategy.

121
Design Criteria
 The essential design criteria should include:
 duration of the centre (one day might be insufficient
for more senior posts)
 location (reality or ideal surroundings and
accessibility for candidates with disabilities)
 number of candidates brought together (five may be
too few for comfort under observation and more than
eight gives problems in sharing the assessed time)
 candidate background and comparability of past
experience
 number, mix, and experience of assessors.

122
Design Criteria
 Essential and desired skills /competencies to be
matched to the techniques and tasks which test
them
 Group exercises should be as real as possible
 The tasks might need to encourage competitiveness
/collaboration

123
Observers
 There should be a number of senior observers/selectors
to ensure greater objectivity through a range of views.
 Selectors must be trained to observe, record, classify
and rate behaviour and seek evidence accurately and
objectively against the job description and person
specification.
 Selectors preferably should also have had some training
on interviewing skills and in managing diversity, and
have good listening skills.
 Assessors might also be used to observe and comment
on behaviour although they do not necessarlity take
part in final selection decisions

125
 An objective is a simple statement of an end result
to be achieved within a specified time frame.
 It should be short, clear and specific.
 It can also be in the form of an activity as it may
not always be possible to quantify the end results.
Objective Setting

126
 Gives direction to job.
 Helps focus on important job areas.
 Assists review and change in job emphasis.
 Provides a basis for appraisal, counselling and
feedback.
 Increases mutual job understanding with superior.
Why Objective setting ?

127
 Are significantly important areas of job.
 When performed well, improves overall results.
 Are maximum payoff job areas.
 Represent the work which account for 80% of
results.
Objectives

128
 Targets – are specific conditions to be
achieved/indicates how much of what and by when
 Activities – action steps which lead to the end
results / used when targets are not quantifiable /
indicate what by when
Objectives

129
 What is the job ?
 What are the end results expected ?
 What policies / procedures / work methods are
impeding performance ?
 What changes are needed for better results ?
 How can work assignments be regrouped/altered to
improve schedule ?
 What problems need to be overcome next year ?
Process of goal setting

130
 Focus on imp. Areas
 Related to job description
 Signposts
 Direction of work
 Optimum number 6
 Measures imp. Results
 Related to objectives
 Milestones/Pathways
 Specific condition
 One or more for each
objective
Objectives v/s Targets

131
 Observable
 Basis for appraisal
 Jointly evolved
 Extra effort
 Clear/consistent with dept. objective
 Time bound
 Initiative
 Verifiable
 End result- emphasis on
 Satisfying
Criteria for objectives

132
 S - Specific
 M - Measurable
 A - Attainable
 R - Relevant
 T - Time-bound
Objectives should be

133
 Establishing specific goals to support stated
purpose.
 Determining the importance of these goals.
 Making plans for action.
 Arriving at performance standards and
measurement criteria.
 Stating anticipated problems.
Process

134
 Weighing the resources required to carry out the
planned action.
 Providing for interaction of organization and
individual goals.
 Following up with actual performance
measurement and evaluation.
Process..

135
HRs role in Performance Management
 Delivering time-lines
 Ensuring timely adherence
 Auditing the objectives jointly with line managers
 Ensuring objectives are in line with organisational
goals
 Requesting modification if required

137
High Performance Organizations
 Traditional
Organizations
 Narrow expertise
 Rugged individuals
 Centralized
 Closed
 Standardized selection
 Routine training
 Job-based pay
 Narrow, repetitive jobs
 Tall rigid hierarchies
 Functional departments
 Promote compliance
 Routine behaviors
 High Performance Organizations
 Multi-skilled team players
 Dispersed
 Open
 Realistic job interviews
 Continuous learning
 Performance-based pay
 Enriched jobs
 Flat, flexible hierarchies
 Self-contained businesses
 Promote involvement
 Innovation and cooperation
 Design
Components
 People
 Decision Systems
 Human Resources
 Structure
 Values & Culture

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Editor's Notes