The document provides definitions and context about European imperialism between 1870-1914. It discusses the motives and causes of late 19th century European imperialism including economic factors, nationalism, social Darwinism, and the white man's burden. Specific examples of European colonialism are given for Britain, France, Germany, and the United States in Africa and Asia during this era of imperialism.
3. +
Definitions
Colonialism
Takingdirect control of an area and turning it into
a colony under a nation’s authority
Nationalism
Belief that an ethnic group should rule itself
Belief that one nation is better than all the others
4. Imperialism
+ Practice by which powerful nations, particularly European,
and later American and Japanese, seek to extend and
maintain political or economic control of one or more
weaker countries
5. +
Imperialism
Imperialism
New V. Old
Motives for Empire
Economic
Political
Ideological
Social Darwinism
Religious
Humanitarian
Adventure and Excitement
6. Source for European
Raw Nationalism
Materials Missionary
Industrial
Activity
Revolution
E u rop e an
Markets for
M otive s Military
Finished
& Naval
+
Goods
F or C olonization Bases
Social
Darwinism
Places to
European Dump
Racism Unwanted/
Excess Popul.
Humanitarian Soc. & Eco.
“White Reasons Opportunities
Man’s
Burden”
8. British Landlords want to
make money
Require farmers to grow
crops they can sell for
money – not for food
“Cash Crops”
9. + Cash Crops. The agricultural products are grown primarily for
exporting purposes. Products such as indigo, banana,
pineapple, coffee or sugar cane are grown to be exported to
developed countries.
But what
will we eat?
10. +
Causes of Late 19th Century European
Imperialism
Culture / Religion
Beliefin European / Christian superiority
Desire to “spread civilization and Christianity to
the heathens”
Social Darwinism
Prestige
Whoever has the most must be the best
“He who dies with the most toys wins!”
11. “The White Man’s Burden”
+
a concept very popular during
the 1800's and into the 1900's
that it was the responsibility of
white Europeans to bring
"proper" European civilization
to the nations (mostly brown,
black, red or yellow) that did
not have it.
The underlying thought was
that Europeans were correct in
their beliefs and it was their
duty to bring everyone in the
world up as close to the
European standards as
possible.
12. + Not all Europeans were
equally as good - the British
were the cream of the crop
Non-Europeans should accept
the gift of European
civilization happily
Insummary: Europeans were
responsible for (had the task
or burden of) educating
"uncivilized" or "backward"
peoples.
13. + Social Darwinism
Social Darwinists – sounds rather racist.
They applied evolution to the social order.
Europeans felt they must “save the savages” and
“civilize” them
Missionaries sought to convert “heathen” unbelievers in faraway
lands.
“The white man’s burden” – introducing civilization to the
“colored” races of the world.
Intheir view, war was nature’s way of
eliminating the unfit.
Using terms such as “survival of the fittest” Social
Darwinists insisted that nations and races were
engaged in a struggle for survival in which only the
fittest survive and deserve to win.
14. + Social Darwinism: Lasting
Implications
It promoted the military build-up that led to World War I.
It would become the core doctrine of the Nazi party before World
War II.
Holocaust and Eugenics
Provided a “scientific” and “ethical” justification for genocides in
the 20th century.
15. Common advertisement during Imperialism
What is being
advertised?
Where is this taking
place?
How can you tell?
What is going on?
What does it tell us
about imperialism /
colonialism?
Who was the queen
at the time?
17. +
Britain (United Kingdom)
Includes England, Scotland, Wales,
Ireland
Largest colonial empire
“Sun never sets on the British Empire”
Colonies established to protect trading interests in
Africa and Asia
Two kinds of colonies
“White” Colonies (Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South
Africa) Populated mainly by people that moved there from
Britain
Given self-rule
“Non-white” Colonies (India, Africa)
Under indirect rule
Populated mainly by people who are native to the area
Few people from Britain actually live there – but control the
government
18. All the territories the British ever owned
Note: They also had a “sphere of influence” in China
as well
19. +
France
Northwest Africa and Southeast Asia
Took colonies to make up for loss of
Alsace-Lorraine in 1870
Tended to use “Direct Rule”
Control all aspects of the colony from
Paris.
21. +
Germany
Bismarck originally opposed
colonial expansion
Unnecessary for Germany
Did not want to threaten France or
Britain
Germany eventually took
colonies in 1880s for status
symbols
In Africa and Asia
22. +
United States
Did not get involved in European affairs
Became colonial power after 1898
Spanish-American War
U.S. gainscontrol of Puerto Rico, Guam,
Philippines
Monroe Doctrine allows US to extend
influence into Latin America
25. + Scramble for Africa
Europe had been interested in Africa
for centuries
Through the slave trade
Much of Africa still unexplored until
1880s
European influence restricted
to coastline
Initially difficult to get to
interior due to geography
Diseases made exploration
difficult. (malaria, yellow fever
etc)
31. +
European Imperialism in Asia
India
Britain trading in India since 1600s
British
East India Co. gradually took over
parts of India
British government gradually took over
India in the 1800s
Sepoy Mutiny
Indian soldiers revolt against British East India Co
Rebellion put down by British army
British government takes over control from British
East India Co.
34. +
European Imperialism in India
Consequences of British Imperialism
in India
British educational system established
Spread of English language
Railroads tie India together
Rise of Indian middle class
35. +
European Imperialism in Asia
China
Potentially huge market
Closed to European trade until 1800s
Opium War (1840)
Britain forces China to open trade to opium
Millions of addicts
Unequal Treaties (Treaty of Nanking) – China
forced open
By 1900, China divided into European “spheres
of influence”
Parts of China under European control
Chinese monarchy seriously weakened
37. +
Reaction to Imperialism
Rise of Nationalist Movements
India
Indian National Congress (1885)
Group of middle class Indians begin to
demand independence (Mohandas
Gandhi)
China
Boxer Rebellion (1900)
Nationalist Party
38. +
Reaction to Imperialism
Japan
Long isolated from Western
trade
U.S. opens Japan to trade in
1854
Meiji Restoration (1868)
Faction overthrows Shogun and
restores Emperor to power
Japan imports Western ideas and
technology
Ever see ….
39. +
Reaction to Imperialism
Japan adopts imperialism by 1890s
Defeats China in 1895
Takes over Taiwan
Defeats Russia in 1905
Gains control of Korea
Japanese imperialism worries Europeans
“Yellow Peril”
40. +
Conclusion
Different
reasons for European imperialism
during late nineteenth century
European imperialism causes reactions in
Africa and Asia
European imperialism disrupts traditional
way of life and continues to affect the world
today
Questions: Europe wants trade with India and China – Why? materials, markets – huge populations, cheap goods What do you need to control in order to get back and forth to India and Asia? Coaling stations, sea routes, Suez Canal, Panama Canal, control the straits (indonesia, red sea, persian gulf, Gibraltar)