Importance of vaccination & immunization presentation
- 2. Introduction to Vaccination Vaccinations prevent you or your child from getting diseases for which there are often no medical treatments. These illnesses can result in serious complications and even death. Vaccination is always better to prevent a disease than to treat it after it occurs. Diseases that used to be common in this country and around the world, including polio, measles, diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), rubella (German measles), mumps, tetanus, rotavirus and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) can now be prevented by vaccination. Thanks to a vaccine, one of the most terrible diseases in history – smallpox – no longer exists outside the laboratory. Over the years vaccines have prevented countless cases of disease and saved millions of lives.
- 3. Vaccination Types There are two major categories of vaccines: The first category of vaccine is made from live viruses that have been "attenuated" or weakened so that they do not cause the disease (Table 1, next page). Usually, any symptoms caused by the vaccine is milder than the natural disease. The attenuated viruses elicit a strong immune response as the virus is very close to the virus that causes the disease. The second category of vaccine, inactivated vaccine, is produced by growing the bacterium or virus in culture and then inactivating it (killing it) by using heat or chemicals (Table 2, next page). These vaccines cannot cause the disease, but allow the body to develop immunity. While these vaccines are safer, they do not produce protection as good as that from the live
- 4. Vaccination Types Live attenuated vaccines Inactivated (killed) vaccines Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Vaccinia, Varicella, Zoster, Yellow fever, Rotavirus, Oral polio, BCG, Oral typhoid Diphtheria, Tetanus, Polio shot, Hepatitis A and B, Rabies, Influenza shot, Pertussis, Acellular pertussis, Human papillomavirus, Anthrax, Typhoid shot, Cholera, Pneumococcus, Meningococcus, Salmonella, Haemophilus Influenza type b
- 5. Difference Between Vaccination and Immunization Vaccination is when a vaccine is administered to you (usually by injection). Immunization is what happens in your body after you have the vaccination. The vaccine stimulates your immune system so that it can recognize the disease and protect you from future infection (i.e. you become immune to the infection). ‘Vaccination’ and ‘immunization’ are often used interchangeably but their meanings are not exactly the same.
- 6. Importance of Immunization Immunity is the body’s way of preventing disease. Children are born with an immune system composed of cells, glands, organs, and fluids located throughout the body. The immune system recognizes germs that enter the body as “foreign invaders” (called antigens) and produces proteins called antibodies to fight them. The first time a child is infected with a specific antigen (say measles virus), the immune system produces antibodies designed to fight it. However, the immune system “remembers” that antigen. If it ever enters the body again, even after many years, the immune system can produce antibodies fast enough to keep it from causing disease a second time. This protection is called immunity. In fact there is ‘Vaccines’ contain the same antigens that cause diseases. For example, measles vaccine contains measles virus. However, they are strong enough to make the immune system produce antibodies that lead to immunity. In other words, a vaccine is a safer substitute for a child’s first exposure to a disease. The child gets protection without having to get sick. Through vaccination, children can develop immunity without suffering from the actual diseases that vaccines prevent.
- 7. Importance of Vaccination Vaccination protects children from serious illness and complications of vaccine preventable diseases which can include amputation of an arm or leg, paralysis of limbs, hearing loss, convulsions, brain damage, and death. Vaccine-preventable diseases, such as measles, mumps, and whooping cough, are still a threat. They continue to infect children, resulting in hospitalizations and deaths every year. Though vaccination has led to a dramatic decline in the number of cases of several infectious diseases. Outbreaks of preventable diseases occur when many parents decide not to vaccinate their children. Vaccination protects others you care about, including family members, friends, and grandparents. If children aren’t vaccinated, they can spread disease to other children who are too young to be vaccinated or to people with weakened immune systems, such as transplant recipients and people with cancer. This could result in long-term complications and even death for these vulnerable people.
- 8. Vaccination Scheduled In Adults Vaccine Age Group (yrs) Dose Route 19-49 50-64 >64 Tetanus, Diphtheria, Pertussis (Td/Tdap) 1 dose Td booster every 10 yrs Substitute 1 dose of Tdap for Td 0.5ml IM Human Papillomavirus (HPV) 3 doses (females)## 0.5ml IM Measles, Mumps, Rubella(MMR) 1 or 2 doses 1 dose 0.5ml SC Varicella 2 doses (0 & 4- 8 wks) 2 doses (0 & 4-8 wks) 0.5ml SC Influenza 1 dose annually 1 dose annually 0.5ml IM Pneumococcal (polysaccharide) 1-2 doses 1 dose 0.5ml IM Hepatitis A 2 doses (0 & 6-12 mos, or 0 & 6-18 mos) 1.0ml IM Hepatitis B 3 doses (0, 1-2mos & 4-6 mos) 1.0ml IM Typhoid 1 dose every 3 years 0.5ml IM To be continued..
- 9. Vaccination Scheduled In Adults All persons who meet age requirements and have history of immunization are to be given a booster dose every 10 years. For those with improper immunization or lack of immunization documentation, two initial doses are to be given at interval of a month, followed by the same booster dose schedule of 10 years. For all persons in this category who meet the age requirements and who lack evidence of immunity (e.g., lack of documentation of vaccination or have no evidence of prior infection). Recommended if some other risk factor is present (e.g., on the basis of medical, occupational, lifestyle or other indications).
- 10. Important Instructions Please share before Immunization any Disease Allergies or Reaction occurred in the past during last Immunization. All adults require tetanus and diphtheria (Td) immunizations at 10 year intervals throughout their lives. Women 26 years of age or younger should be immunized against human papillomavirus (HPV). All adults 65 years of age or older, as well as persons 2 to 64 years of age who have diabetes or chronic heart, lung, liver or kidney disorders need protection against pneumococcal disease, and should consult their healthcare providers regarding this vaccine.