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Important Solanaceae crops

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IIM Ahmedabad
IIM Ahmedabad

This document provides information on several members of the Solanaceae family including tobacco, potato, chili, tomato, and brinjal. It describes their botanical classification, morphological features, growth conditions, cultivation practices, and economic importance. The key features shared among these crops are that they have alternate leaves, five petaled flowers, and superior ovaries. They generally grow best in warm, tropical or subtropical climates with adequate rainfall and irrigation.

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IMPORTANT CROPS OF FAMILY SOLANACEAE
FAMILY SOLANACEAE Members of this Family usually have: •Regular flowers with five petals •Five stamens attached to the corolla tube •Leaves are alternate, variable, and may be entire or dissected, without stipules, and are usually alternate •Flowers have five petals and are generally actinomorphic. •Superior ovary.
tObACCO Phylum Class Magnoliophyt a Magnoliopsida Order Solanales Family Solanaceae Genus Nicotiana Species tobacum Habitat Tropical Chromosome 2n=48 no.
• Leaves are simple, petiolate, cordate or semicordate shaped, evenly spaced, acuminate apex and winged petiole. • The apex is acuminate, winged petiole, frilled auricle clasping the stem. • The glandular hairs on the surface of leaves excrete germs which makes surface sticky
Tobacco plantation
Dried tobacco leaves- economically important
Inflorescence: •Inflorescence is panicle. •Flowers are pedicillate and hermaphrodite, having five sepals forming a calyx tube, corolla tube 10-15mm long and 2-3 mm wide, lower half is cylindrical, pale green or creamy, upper half similar in color or pink to red. •Stamens are inserted on the base of corolla, erect with four stamens of same length and the fifth being shorter. •Ovary is superior, bicarpellary with axile placentation and numerous ovules. •It has slender style, capitate stigma, narrow, elliptic, ovoid and blunt capsule and numerous minute seeds.
Tobacco flower and inflorescence
Growth Stage Seedling establishment Early growth stage Grand growth stage State of rain fall Cloudy weather with drizzling. (soon after transplanting Light rainfall Bright sunshine with occasional moderate rain No rains at all because the rain will wash the gums from the leave's surface resulting in poor Ripening (maturity) of curing. Sometimes bigger rain leaves drops split the leaves.
potato Phylum Magnoliophy ta Class Magnoliopsida Order Solanales Family Solanaceae Genus Solanum Species tuberosum Chromosome no. 2n=48 • Leaves are ovate, pinnately compound occasionally bi-compound with several pairs of leaflets.
• A branched, fibrous, root system is formed either by the seedling tap root, or by adventitious roots in tuber grown plants. • Simple or compound inflorescence, flowerig profusely. Bear white, pink, red, blue, or purple flowers with yellow stamens. • Tuber is round, oval or round oval or oblong with white or red skin. • Potatoes are cross-pollinated mostly by insects • Any potato variety can also be propagated vegetatively by planting tubers or pieces of tubers, cut to include at least one or two eyes
Potato plant
In India's total landmass it is grown in many places, mainly divided into three main regions: •The Indo-Gangetic Plain; •The Himalayas to the north; •The Southern Peninsula.
Physical condition for growth: •A relatively dry, cool winter from December through February; •The hot, dry summer from March through May; •The southwest monsoon from June through September when the predominating southwest maritime winds bring rains to most of the country; •The states of Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, and Bihar accounting for more than 75 percent of area under cultivation and about 80 percent of total production; •The southern peninsula, where approximately six percent of the total crop is grown on relatively high altitude plateaus, such as the Nilgiri and Palini hills of Tamil Nadu, under alternating rain-fed and irrigated conditions throughout the year.
chilli Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Chromosome no. Eudicots Asterids Solanales Solanaceae Capsicum annum ; frutescens 2n=24 • Chili plants are both annuals and perennials. • Leaves are variable in size, simple, lamina broadly lanceolate to ovate, entire, thin, sub glabrous, tip acumate, base cuneate or acute.
• Main shoot is radial, one of the branches at each node remains undeveloped and subtending bract. Bracts are adnate. • Flowers are usually single and terminal, but due to branching appears axillary. • Ovary is 2 celled, simple style and stigma capitate, with white or greenish stamens. • Fruits are indehiscent, many –seeded berry, pendulous or erect, borne singly at nodes variable in size, shape, color, and degree of pungency.
Important Solanaceae crops
Climate requirement: •The chili is a plant of tropical and sub -tropical region. •It grows well in warm and humid climate and a temperature of 200 C to 250C. •Low moisture in soil during blossom development and fruit formation causes the bud, deblossom and fruit drops. •Excessive rainfall is detrimental to the crops, because it brings about defoliation and rotting of the plant. •As a rained crop, it is grown in areas receiving an annual precipitation of 25-30 inches.
tomato Phylum Anthophyta Class Magnoliopsid a Solanales Solanaceae Solanum lycopersicum 2n=24 Order Family Genus Species Chromosome no. • It is of two types: o Determinant- frequent and less no. of flowers o Indeterminant- less frequent but more no. of flowers
• It is a perennial in its native habitat, but can be grown in temperate climates as an annual. • The leaves are compound, pinnatified with small leaflets. The petiole is clasping. The main leaflet is shortly stalked, ovate or oblong. Margin is irregularly toothed. • Simple types of leaves with smooth margin also occur. • Flowers are borne in small forked raceme cyme; with five pointed lobes on the corolla; they are borne in a cyme of three to 12 together.
Important Solanaceae crops
Climatic Requirements •Tomato is a warm season crop, requires warm and cool climate and cannot withstand frost and high humidity. •Temperature below 100C and above 380C adversely affects plant tissues thereby slow down physiological activities, thrives well in temperature 100C to 300C with optimum range of temperature is 21-240C. •The mean temperature below 160C and above 270C are not desirable. •Water stress and long dry period causes cracking of fruits. Bright sunshine at the time of fruit set helps to develop dark red coloured fruits.
brinjal Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Chromosom e no. Anthophyta Magnoliopsida Solanales Solanaceae Solanum melongena 2n=24 • Plant is herbaceous & perennial that is cultivated as an annual with erect or semi spreading habits. • Leaves are large, simple & lobed.
• Flowers are large and showy with purple corolla. • Hermaphrodite flower, generally performs self-pollination. • Growth is indeterminate. • The fruit is a berry, borne singly or in clusters. • Four types of flowers are there in Brinjal • They are long-styled and medium-styled flowers produced fruits whereas pseudoshort styled and true short-styled flowers did not set any fruit.
Important Solanaceae crops
• Of all the solanaceous vegetable, brinjal is the most sensitive to frost and low temperature and requires about five months of frost-free period for proper growth and development. • It flourishes best during warm growing season with a temperature range of 25-27 °C. A day temperature of below 35 o C and night temperature of above 16 o C considered optimum. • Brinjal also has a high-moisture requirement and responds well to irrigation during the periods of drought and high temperature. It flourishes well in areas receiving a moderate rainfall ranging form 600-1000 mm. • Excessive rainfall brings about defoliation, wilting and rotting of the plant. Brinjal cannot tolerate water logging.
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Important Solanaceae crops

  • 2. FAMILY SOLANACEAE Members of this Family usually have: •Regular flowers with five petals •Five stamens attached to the corolla tube •Leaves are alternate, variable, and may be entire or dissected, without stipules, and are usually alternate •Flowers have five petals and are generally actinomorphic. •Superior ovary.
  • 4. • Leaves are simple, petiolate, cordate or semicordate shaped, evenly spaced, acuminate apex and winged petiole. • The apex is acuminate, winged petiole, frilled auricle clasping the stem. • The glandular hairs on the surface of leaves excrete germs which makes surface sticky
  • 6. Dried tobacco leaves- economically important
  • 7. Inflorescence: •Inflorescence is panicle. •Flowers are pedicillate and hermaphrodite, having five sepals forming a calyx tube, corolla tube 10-15mm long and 2-3 mm wide, lower half is cylindrical, pale green or creamy, upper half similar in color or pink to red. •Stamens are inserted on the base of corolla, erect with four stamens of same length and the fifth being shorter. •Ovary is superior, bicarpellary with axile placentation and numerous ovules. •It has slender style, capitate stigma, narrow, elliptic, ovoid and blunt capsule and numerous minute seeds.
  • 8. Tobacco flower and inflorescence
  • 9. Growth Stage Seedling establishment Early growth stage Grand growth stage State of rain fall Cloudy weather with drizzling. (soon after transplanting Light rainfall Bright sunshine with occasional moderate rain No rains at all because the rain will wash the gums from the leave's surface resulting in poor Ripening (maturity) of curing. Sometimes bigger rain leaves drops split the leaves.
  • 11. • A branched, fibrous, root system is formed either by the seedling tap root, or by adventitious roots in tuber grown plants. • Simple or compound inflorescence, flowerig profusely. Bear white, pink, red, blue, or purple flowers with yellow stamens. • Tuber is round, oval or round oval or oblong with white or red skin. • Potatoes are cross-pollinated mostly by insects • Any potato variety can also be propagated vegetatively by planting tubers or pieces of tubers, cut to include at least one or two eyes
  • 13. In India's total landmass it is grown in many places, mainly divided into three main regions: •The Indo-Gangetic Plain; •The Himalayas to the north; •The Southern Peninsula.
  • 14. Physical condition for growth: •A relatively dry, cool winter from December through February; •The hot, dry summer from March through May; •The southwest monsoon from June through September when the predominating southwest maritime winds bring rains to most of the country; •The states of Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, and Bihar accounting for more than 75 percent of area under cultivation and about 80 percent of total production; •The southern peninsula, where approximately six percent of the total crop is grown on relatively high altitude plateaus, such as the Nilgiri and Palini hills of Tamil Nadu, under alternating rain-fed and irrigated conditions throughout the year.
  • 15. chilli Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Chromosome no. Eudicots Asterids Solanales Solanaceae Capsicum annum ; frutescens 2n=24 • Chili plants are both annuals and perennials. • Leaves are variable in size, simple, lamina broadly lanceolate to ovate, entire, thin, sub glabrous, tip acumate, base cuneate or acute.
  • 16. • Main shoot is radial, one of the branches at each node remains undeveloped and subtending bract. Bracts are adnate. • Flowers are usually single and terminal, but due to branching appears axillary. • Ovary is 2 celled, simple style and stigma capitate, with white or greenish stamens. • Fruits are indehiscent, many –seeded berry, pendulous or erect, borne singly at nodes variable in size, shape, color, and degree of pungency.
  • 18. Climate requirement: •The chili is a plant of tropical and sub -tropical region. •It grows well in warm and humid climate and a temperature of 200 C to 250C. •Low moisture in soil during blossom development and fruit formation causes the bud, deblossom and fruit drops. •Excessive rainfall is detrimental to the crops, because it brings about defoliation and rotting of the plant. •As a rained crop, it is grown in areas receiving an annual precipitation of 25-30 inches.
  • 19. tomato Phylum Anthophyta Class Magnoliopsid a Solanales Solanaceae Solanum lycopersicum 2n=24 Order Family Genus Species Chromosome no. • It is of two types: o Determinant- frequent and less no. of flowers o Indeterminant- less frequent but more no. of flowers
  • 20. • It is a perennial in its native habitat, but can be grown in temperate climates as an annual. • The leaves are compound, pinnatified with small leaflets. The petiole is clasping. The main leaflet is shortly stalked, ovate or oblong. Margin is irregularly toothed. • Simple types of leaves with smooth margin also occur. • Flowers are borne in small forked raceme cyme; with five pointed lobes on the corolla; they are borne in a cyme of three to 12 together.
  • 22. Climatic Requirements •Tomato is a warm season crop, requires warm and cool climate and cannot withstand frost and high humidity. •Temperature below 100C and above 380C adversely affects plant tissues thereby slow down physiological activities, thrives well in temperature 100C to 300C with optimum range of temperature is 21-240C. •The mean temperature below 160C and above 270C are not desirable. •Water stress and long dry period causes cracking of fruits. Bright sunshine at the time of fruit set helps to develop dark red coloured fruits.
  • 23. brinjal Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Chromosom e no. Anthophyta Magnoliopsida Solanales Solanaceae Solanum melongena 2n=24 • Plant is herbaceous & perennial that is cultivated as an annual with erect or semi spreading habits. • Leaves are large, simple & lobed.
  • 24. • Flowers are large and showy with purple corolla. • Hermaphrodite flower, generally performs self-pollination. • Growth is indeterminate. • The fruit is a berry, borne singly or in clusters. • Four types of flowers are there in Brinjal • They are long-styled and medium-styled flowers produced fruits whereas pseudoshort styled and true short-styled flowers did not set any fruit.
  • 26. • Of all the solanaceous vegetable, brinjal is the most sensitive to frost and low temperature and requires about five months of frost-free period for proper growth and development. • It flourishes best during warm growing season with a temperature range of 25-27 °C. A day temperature of below 35 o C and night temperature of above 16 o C considered optimum. • Brinjal also has a high-moisture requirement and responds well to irrigation during the periods of drought and high temperature. It flourishes well in areas receiving a moderate rainfall ranging form 600-1000 mm. • Excessive rainfall brings about defoliation, wilting and rotting of the plant. Brinjal cannot tolerate water logging.