Agricultural extension services to farmers
Training: Farmers, extension workers, other stakeholders
Technology Transfer: New technologies to farmers
Issues DAE
Reviewed Documents No. 100
Relevant to gender and extension 50
4/10/2017
50
Gender & Extension
Others
50
DAE
4/10/2017
22
Organizational Commitment DAE
Issues DAE
Achievements
- Reached to farmers at grassroots level
- Introduced new technologies
- Organized farmers into groups
- Conducted training
- Published leaflets, booklets
Gaps
- Lack of gender sensitive approach
- Women participation is
1 of 28
More Related Content
Integrating Gender in Extension in Bangladesh
1. 1
Development Perspective of Gender into Agriculture
Extension Services in Bangladesh: How far to go?
Research Team
Dr. M. Wakilur Rahman
Nishith Zahan Tanny
4/10/2017
3. 3
Background
Agricultural extension helps in..
• Promoting agricultural productivity
• Increasing food security
• Improving rural livelihoods
• An engine of pro-poor economic growth
Women farmers made up 40 percent of the total agricultural labour force (Akter et.al (2015)
Gender does not mean woman only- Gender-sensitive
Unequal access to productive resources
Less access to decision making process
Shift on gender mainstreaming
Gender incorporation in agriculture extension, indeed important
4/10/2017
How, when??
4. 4
Agriculture Extension and Gender_ Indian Sub-continent Bangladesh Perspectives
Phase I: Colonial Agriculture
• Experimental stations were established in many Asian countries by the colonial powers
• Technical advice was provided to plantation managers and large landowners
• Assistance to small farmers who grew subsistence crops was rare, except in times of crisis
• Persuasive + paternalistic paradigm (Top-down approach)
• Women were not recognized as farmer to receive the extension services
Phase II: After Ending the British Rule
• Commodity-based extension services emerged
• Various schemes were initiated to meet the needs of small farmers, with support from foreign donors
• Training and Visit system (T&V) was dominated
• Regular messages were delivered to groups of farmers, promoting the adoption of 'green revolution'
technologies
• Persuasive + paternalistic paradigm (Top-down approach)
• Women were not recognized as farmer to receive the extension services
4/10/2017
5. 5
Agriculture Extension and Gender_ Bangladesh Perspectives
Phase III: Gender incorporation
• Women recognized as recipient of extension who are involved
in agriculture (early 70s to mid-90s)
• Enhance capacity to do farming better
• Soon realized the importance of the approach but……….
This is not sufficient to address gender
4/10/2017
6. 6
Agriculture Extension and Gender_ Bangladesh Perspectives
Phase IV: Modern Extension Services
• Addressing control of productive resources
• Beyond transferring new technologies
• Capacity building as well as broadening the linkages
• Improving opportunities for rural employment
4/10/2017
8. 8
Shifting Paradigm
From To
Increasing production /productivity Improved income and more productive employment
opportunities
Training Demand based training and gender incorporation
Distribution of inputs Development of local capacity for sustained
availability of inputs and services by gender
Selection of interventions based on
PRA
Demand-led and based on analysis of client data
Centrally designed ideas Both male and female aspirations carefully analyzed
Fixed/uniform Evolving/diverse
Individual Working in partnership
Inclusion by accident Inclusion by design
4/10/2017
Still lacking …………………………………to integrate gender into extension
9. 9
Enabling Environment- Policy Level
National Agriculture Policy 2013 (from Bengali version)
- Increased women participation in management decision making and their advancement in
agriculture;
- Ensure women’s equal access to agricultural inputs including technology;
- Efforts will be made to ensure non-discrimination in wages.
New Agriculture Extension Policy 2015 (Draft in Bengali)
- Tenant farmers, young, women and land less families should give especial priority;
- Women farmers are encouraged to lead and occupy decision making positions;
4/10/2017
10. 10
Enabling environment- Policy Level
7th Five Year Plan (Four Strategic plan related to women)
- Improve women’s human capabilities
- Increase women’s economic gains
- Enhance women’s voice and agency
- Create an enabling environment for women’s advancement
Other Relevant Policies
National Women Development Policy- 2011
National Rural Development Policy- 2011
National Food Policy 2008 - Plan of Action (2008-2015)
Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper-II
4/10/2017
11. 11
Enabling Environment- Policy Level
Goal#1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere
1.2 Reduce poverty at least by half the proportion of men, women and children
1.4 Ensure that all men and women, ……..have equal rights to economic resources…..
1.a Create sound policy frameworks at the national, regional and international levels,
based on pro-poor and gender-sensitive development strategies
Goal#5 Achieving Gender Equality
5.1 End all forms of discrimination against all women and girls;
5.2 Eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls;
5.3 Eliminate all harmful practices, such as child, early and forced marriage
5.4 Recognize and value unpaid care and domestic work
5.5 Ensure women’s full and effective participation and equal opportunities for
leadership
Sustainable Development Goals
4/10/2017
12. 12
Enabling Environment- Policy Level
Goal#2 End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote
sustainable agriculture production
1.1 Ensure access to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round;
2.3 Double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food
producers, in particular women,..
Sustainable Development Goals
4/10/2017
13. 13
Organizational Commitment Agricultural Universities
Mandate: Offering higher education and research in agricultural field
Education: Profession based agricultural education
Research: Producing researcher for agricultural development (basic and applied research)
Technology generate & Transfer: Innovate new technology and disseminate them at certain level
4/10/2017
20
80
Gender & Extension Others
Sylhet AU
4
96
Gender & Extension Others
Sher E Bangla
AU
1
99
Gender & Extension Others
BSMRAU
13.4
86.6
Gender & Extension Others
BAU
14. 14
Organizational Commitment
Issues BAU BSMRAU Sher-e Bangla AU Sylhet AU
Achievement
Skilled human capital
for modernizing
agriculture
Change agent for
solving agricultural
problem
Limited extension
services
Outreach center
disseminating
developed varieties
and technologies
Outreach programs
offering training to
farmers, agricultural
professionals and
teachers, organizing
farmer’s group and
solving agricultural
problems
Agricultural graduate and
applied research
Gaps
Small scale area
coverage
At undergraduate level
no distinct course on
gender and
development
Advanced research on
gender and extension
services
At undergraduate level
no distinct course on
gender and
development
No institutionalized
extension services
At undergraduate level
need course on gender
and development
No institutionalized
extension services
More research on
gender and agriculture
extension
At undergraduate level
course on gender and
development
No institutionalized extension
services
More research on gender,
and extension
Agricultural Universities
There is a course at MS level related to Gender4/10/2017
15. 15
Organizational Commitment Research Organizations
Mandate: Innovation and technology dissemination
Research: New technology, disease inspection, socio-economic analysis
Training or Skill Development: Extension workers, researchers, farmers, other personnel
Technology Transfer: To the end users at certain percent (Trail and dissemination)
Issues BARI BRRI BINA BFRI BLRI
Reviewed Documents No. 15 20 21 20 89
Relevant to gender and extension 2 10 6 ext. 1-ext. 2- ext.
4/10/2017
17. 17
Organizational Commitment Research Organizations
Issues BARI BRRI BINA BFRI BLRI
Achievem
ents
Development of
936 technologies
Climate sensitive
and farmer’s
responsive
technologies
Tripling annual
rice production
BRRI
technology-
income
generation and
employment
creation
Improved livelihood
Dissemination of
problem solving
technologies (salt /
disease resistance,
shorter duration)
Training and
dissemination
Farmer’s
training
Dissemination
of BFRI invented
technology
Household
earnings
Livelihood
improvements
Gaps More attention has
been paid on
economic
suitability ignored
social issues
Provision of
future planning
for extension
but not
explicitly gender
Emphasis on
economic feasibility
with little/no
importance on social
aspects
Future priority
on gender
equality but yet
to implement
Need attention on
gender
incorporation
They also offer training for the farmers, and technical professional
4/10/2017
18. 18
Organizational Commitment
Issues BARC
Mandate Coordinate research and foster inter-institute collaboration;
Monitor and review the research program of NARS institutes; Like
APEX
Assist institutes to strengthen research capacities,
Establish system-wide operational policies and standard management
procedures
Activities relevant to gender
and extension
No specific intervention has been identified
4/10/2017
19. 19
Organizational Commitment Training and Applied research
Mandate: Need based initiatives to improve livelihoods
Training or Skill Development: Income generating activities
Applied Research: Rural development
Technology Transfer: To the end users
Issues RDA BARD
Reviewed
Documents No.
50 162
Relevant to gender
and extension
29 18
4/10/2017
11
91
Gender & Extension
Others
BARD
42
58
Gender & Extension
Others
RDA
20. 20
Organizational Commitment
Issues RDA BARD
Achievements
• Rural development
• Women in extension
• Poverty alleviation
• Progress in gender relation
• Explicit gender division
• Technology demonstration services
• Extensive training on gender inclusion
• Rural development
Gaps Need to increase coverage More applied research
Training and Applied research
They offer training for the farmers, and different professional
4/10/2017
21. 21
Organizational Commitment DAE
Mandate:
Providing extension services to ensure socio-economic development
Training or Skill Development: Both farmers and professionals
Technology Transfer: To the end users
Issues DAE
Reviewed Documents No. 50
Relevant to gender and
extension
15
4/10/2017
30
70
Gender & Extension Others
DAE
22. 22
Organizational Commitment
Issues DAE
Achievements • Highest extension coverage
• Improved livelihood through improved technology transfer
• Farmers’ training components also strong (gender also
considered)
Gaps Integrating gender into development agenda
More collaboration needed with others
DAE
4/10/2017
23. 23
Organizational Commitment Dev. organizations
Mandate: Socio-economic development and ensure equity
Research: Economic and social development
Training or Skill Development: Women, men, practitioners
Technology Transfer: Supported by Govt./ other agencies
Issue Dev. Organizations
No. of organizations reviewed 39
Working on gender and nutrition 37
4/10/2017
5
95
Gender & Extension Others
Dev.
Organizations
24. 24
Organizational Commitment
Issues Development Organizations
Achievements • Progress on health and education
• Social and economic empowerment
• Inclusiveness of marginal population
• Extension services
Gaps More focus on human rights and justice but lacking
continuation of work as well as inadequate
participant coverage
Dev. Organizations
4/10/2017
25. 25
EXPERT OPINION
• Recognized the importance of gender inclusion in
research/project/training
• Realized the importance of extension coverage- few of
them not clear with specific interventions
• All reported the strong needs for collaboration and
integration
With some observations---
• Previous initiative did not work
• Superiority ….. Complexity
• Acceptability
• Distinct features…..??
Source: KIIs
4/10/2017
27. 27
Way Forward
4/10/2017
Integration and collaboration of
education, research, extension and development
organizations
Sustainable agriculture extension services in Bangladesh