INTERSHIP REPORT

Project report on
Studies On Textile Printing on Cotton Fabric with Various Thickner
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
TEXTILE CHEMISTRY
UTTAR PRADESH TEXTILE TECHNOLOGY INSTITUTE
KANPUR
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
DR. ARUN KUMAR PATRA
SUBMITTED BY
VIJAY PRAKASH
DIVYANSHU PRAJAPATI
MOHINI GAUTAM
PRAJJWAL YADAV
RAMESH SHARMA
VERSHA GANGWAR

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to acknowledge the following as being idealistic and fresh dimensions in the
completion of this project.
I take this opportunity to thank the Uttar Pradesh textile technology institute, Kanpur for
giving me chance to do project on the Studies on Textile Printing on cotton fabric With
Various Thickner, which also helped me in doing a lot of Research.
I would like to thank my director of college, Dr. Mukesh Kumar Singh for providing the
necessary facilities required for completion of this project.
I take this opportunity to thank our H.O.D of Textile chemistry Dr. A.K. Patra for her moral
support and guidance.
I would also like to express my sincere gratitude towards my project guide Dr. A.K.Patra
whose guidance and care made the project successful.
I would like to thank my College Library, for having provided various reference books and
magazines related to my project.
Lastly, I would like to thank each and every person who directly or indirectly helped us in the
completion of the project especially my Parents and Peers who supported me throughout my
project.
Thankyou
Divyanshu Prajapati (1704460019)
Mohini Gautam (1704460031)
Prajwal Yadav (1704460036)
Ramesh Sharma (1704460042)
Vijay Prakash (1704460060)
Versha Gangwar (1704462059)

TABLE CONTENT
1 - Introduction of printing…………………………………………………………………
2- Printing paste Ingredients……………………………………………………………….
3- Study of thickner…………………………………………………………………………
4- Natural thickner …..……………………………………………………………………..
A - Starch………………………………………………………………............
B - Modified starch……………………………………………………………..
5- Synthetic Thickner………………………………………………………………………
A-Emulsion Thickeners………………………………………………………..
6- Printing Paste Recipe ……………………………………………………………………
7- Styles of Printing…………………………………………………………………………
8- Screen Printing…………………………………………………………………………..
9- After Treatments…………………………………………………………………………
10- Pigment printing...........................................................................................

INTRODUCTION
Printing is a process for reproducing text and images using a master form or template. The
earliest examples include Cylinder seals and other objects such as the Cyrus Cylinder and the
Cylinders of Nabonidus. The earliest known form of woodblock printing came from China
dating to before 220 A.D. Later developments in printing include the movable type, first
developed by Bi Sheng in China. The printing press, a more efficient printing process for
western languages with their more limited alphabets, was developed by Johannes Gutenberg
in the fifteenth century.
Modern printing is done typically with ink on paper using a printing press. It is also
frequently done on metals, plastics, cloth and composite materials. On paper it is often
carried out as a large-scale industrial process and is an essential part of publishing and
transaction printing.
Printing spread early to Korea and Japan, which also used Chinese logograms, but the
technique was also used in Turpan and Vietnam using a number of other scripts. This
technique then spread to Persia and Russia.[6] This technique was transmitted to Europe from
China, via the Islamic world, and by around 1400 was being used on paper for old master
prints and playing cards. [7] However, Arabs never used this to print the Quran because of
the limit of Islam doctrine.
In the Middle East
Block printing, called tarish in Arabic developed in Arabic Egypt during the ninth-tenth
centuries, mostly for prayers and amulets. There is some evidence to suggest that these print
blocks made from non-wood materials, possibly tin, lead, or clay. The techniques employed
are uncertain, however, and they appear to have had very little influence outside of the
Muslim world.
In Europe
The earliest known woodcut, 1423, Buxheim, with hand-colouring Block printing first came
to Europe as a method for printing on cloth, where it was common by 1300. Images printed
on cloth for religious purposes coulbe quite large and elaborate. When paper became
relatively easily available, around 1400, the medium transferred very quickly to small
woodcut religious images and playing cards printed on paper. These prints produced in very
large numbers from about 1425 onward.
The Printing press
Johannes Gutenberg's work on his printing press began in approximately 1436 when he
partnered with Andreas Dritzehen – a man he had previously instructed in gem-cutting – and

Andreas Heilmann, the owner of a paper mill.[13] It was not until a 1439 lawsuit against
Gutenberg that an official record exists; witness testimony discussed type, an inventory of
metals (including lead) and his type mould.
Rotary printing press
The rotary printing press was invented by Richard March Hoe in 1843. It uses impressions
curved around a cylinder to print on long continuous rolls of paper or other substrates. Rotary
drum printing was later significantly improved by William Bullock.
Letterpress
Letterpress printing is a technique of relief printing. A worker composes and locks movable
type into the bed of a press, inks it, and presses paper against it to transfer the ink from the
type which creates an impression on the paper.
Offset
Offset printing is a widely used printing technique. Offset printing is where the inked image
is transferred (or "offset") from a plate to a rubber blanket. An offset transfer moves the
image to the printing surface. When used in combination with the lithographic process, a
process based on the repulsion of oil and water; the offset technique employs a flat
(planographic) image carrier. So, the image to be printed obtains ink from ink rollers, while
the non-printing area attracts a film of water, keeping the non-printing areas ink-free.
Currently, most books and newspapers are printed using the technique of Offset. Varieties of
Printing are:
Offset Printing
Flexo Printing
Flex Printing
UV Printing
Any Media Printing

Printing paste formulation
Basic Ingredients of Printing are as follows:
1.Dyestuffs and Pigments
2.Thickener
3.Acid or alkali or acid liberating agents
4.Carrier or swelling agents
5.Solvents or solution acids or dispersing
agents or humectants
6.Antifoaming agents or de-foaming agents
7.Wetting agents
8.Catalyst or oxygen carrier
9.Oxidizing and reducing agents

1. Dyestuff and pigments:
Dyes or dyestuff may be defined as colorants in which the coloring substance is dissolved in
liquid, are absorbed into the material to which they are put in an application for.
Pigments consist of extremely fine particles of ground coloring matter suspended in liquid
which forms a paint film that actually bonds to the surface it is applied to
2. Thickner:
Thickener is a thick mass which imparts stickiness and plasticity to the print paste so that it
may be applied on the fabric surface without bleeding or spreading and be capable of
maintaining the design out lines.
Thickener gives the required viscosity to the printing paste; prevent premature reactions
between the chemicals contained in the print paste.
3. Acids and alkalis:
Acid: Organic acid
Alkali: Sodium and potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate etc.
These control PH and fix dye on the fabric
4.Carrier and swelling agent.
These accelerate the rate of dye penetration by fibre polymer, swell the fibre and reduce
crystallinity.
Swelling agents: Resorcinol, phenol, polyethylene glycol etc.
Carrier: Diphenyl
5.Solvents Or Solution Acids Or Dispersing Agents.
This prevent aggregation of the dye stuff molecules in the highly concentrated paste of the
dye, solution aids increase the solubility of insoluble dyestuff, solvents increase the color

value of the prints, assist dye penetration and helps to get bright design. Ex: Diethylene
glycol, acetin, urea, gycerine etc.
6.Wetting agent.
Substances which reduce the surface tension of water, thereby allowing it to wet a surface
easily, which are otherwise non wettable are known as wetting agents or surface active
agents, e.g. TRO, olive oil, castor oil etc.
7.Oxidising and Reducing agent.
Oxidizing agents develop final color in steaming or in the subsequent after treatment, assist in
color fixation etc. e.g. sodium chlorate, potassium chlorate, sodium nitrite etc.
Reducing agents destroy color of the fabric. E.g. sodium hydro-sulfite, stanus chloride etc.
8.Catalyst Or Oxygen Carrier
These prevent fibre damage, during steaming; accelerate the final color development by
oxidation. E.g. Potassium ferrocyanide, copper, sulphide etc.
9.De-Foaming Agents
De-foaming agents prevent the formation of foam during printing. E.g. silicone defoamers,
sulphated oil etc.

STUDY OF THICKNERS
Thickener is a thick mass which imparts stickiness and plasticity to the print paste so that it
may be applied on the fabric surface without bleeding or spreading and be capable of
maintaining the design out lines.
Functions or object of thickeners
1. To give the required viscosity to the printing paste.
2. To prevent premature reactions between the chemicals contained in the print paste.
3. To hold the ingredients of the print paste on the fabrics
Four significantly different approaches may be used to produce thickeners, using:
1. A low concentration of a polymer of high relative molecular mass (r.m.m.)
2. A high concentration of a material of lower r.m.m. or of highly branched chain
structure
3. An emulsion of two immiscible liquids, similar to the emulsions used as cosmetic
creams, or a foam of air in a liquid
4. A dispersion of a finely divided solid, such as bentonite.

Classification of thickner
Thickners
NATURAL MODIFIED NATURALS SYNTHETIC
VINYLS ACRYLICS
STARCH DERIVATIVE GUM DERIVATIVE
1- BRITISH GUM 1- MEPRO GUM
2- CARBOXY METHYLSTARCH 2- INDALCA GUM
3- METHYLSTARCH CELLULOSE DERIVATIVE
1-CARBOXY METHYLCELLULOSE
2- HYDROXY METHYLCELLULOSE
CEREDS STARCH PLANTS EXTRUDES ROOTS AND SEEDS SEAWEEDS
1-MAIZESTARCH 1- ARABIC GUM 1- GUAR GUM
SOD.ALGINATE
2- WHEAT STARCH 2- GUM TRAGACANTH 2- LOCUST BEAN GUM
NATURAL THICKNERS
All natural, aqueous-based polymeric thickeners are derived from polysaccharides with the
most common being sourced from cellulose (wood, cotton) and starch (corn, potato). Other
important polysaccharide sources include seaweed, plant seeds/roots, and those derived from
fermentation. Most natural-based thickeners are either soluble or swellable polymers that
bind or immobilize water to create structure or viscosity.

Cellulosics are the most commercially important and diverse class of natural-based thickeners
with numerous anionic, cationic, and nonionic versions available. All derivatives are
produced by first solubilizing cellulose with sodium hydroxide and then reacting with the
functionalizing chemical.
Starch:
Both wheat starch and maize starch is used by M thickeners. When starch is most widely
used. A 10% the paste is prepared by taking 100g of starch,
Made into a smooth slurry with cold water followed by the addition of 4ml castor oil and 900
ml water, it is boiled with continuous stirring till a thick paste is obtained.
The paste is then cooled under continuous stirring. If It is not stirring while cooling, it may
form a jelly which is of no use in printing.
Gum Tragacanth (Gum Dragon):
A 6% paste of this gum is usually propend by taking 60 g of gum (in the form of dry honey
scales or leaves) in 940 ml of cold water and allowing.
It to stand for 2 to 3 days with occasional stirring. its a homogeneous paste is not obtained,
then the mixture is boiled with stirring until the gum is dissolved giving a homogeneous
pesto.
This is cooled while stirring and then strained. The paste is not affected by alkali.
Starch-tragacanth Paste:
This paste is prepared by mixing 100 g of wheat starch with 300 ml of water and 600 g of
gum tragacanth paste (6%) under stirring and boiling for half an hour with constant stirring.
It is then cooled and strained. No other gum works well with starch except gum tragacanth
because starch paste is spoiled by other natural gums.
Gum Arabic (Gum Senegal):
A 50% paste of the gum is prepared by soaking the gum in water for several hours and at
rained; the paste is slightly acetic and is neutralized before use.
It is the most common thickener used in block and screen printing
Locust Bean Gum:

A 3% paste of this gum is prepared by sprinkling the gum over cold water when it swells; it is
then boiled till it forms a smooth homogenous pate. Only sufficient
paste require for use is prepared at a lime as it has poured keeping qualities.
It is coagulated by alkali and this property la utilized in lash age' process in the printing of vat
dyes.
Guar Gum:
This gum is cheaper than gum tragacanth and is obtained from the seed of gaur plants. A %2
V solution gives is a trick paste, It is prepared by sprinkling the dry powder over water under
constant stirring and is allowed to thicken at least for Iwo hours.
It is non-ionic in nature which is responsible for its constant viscosity over a pH range of 1 to
10.5 and Its compatibly with dyes and chemicals.
Its derivatives are used in printing synthetic fabrics. Meypro gum is a modified guar gum;
5% of the paste of Mapro gum CRX is prepared by boiling the gum in the water of 20
minutes. It is resistant to acids and alkalis.
Indalca Gums:
These are modified guar gum thickeners suitable tor screens printing. Both hand and
machine printing.
They are manufactured by India gum industries ltd. there are three series of this gum viz.
indica U series indica AG series an indica Pa series. The percentage of paste to be prepared
varies from 5 to 9. The paste is prepared by adding the powder to cold water under high
speed stirring for 1/2 hour and leaving it: over right.
The pastes are usually alkaline and are made acidic by acetic, formic, tartaric, or citric acid.
Nafka Crystal Gum:
This gum is similar to gum Arabic but it has 3 to 4 times the thickening power of natural
gums. A 20% past is prepared by dissolving the gum in cold water and allowing t 10 stands
overnight. It is widely used for printing polyester, nylon and acetate rayon and in roller and
screen printing of all fibers, the pate is very stable.
British Gum or Dextin:
This is obtained from starch by converting by hydrolysis into soluble dextrin, A 5% paste is
prepared by boiling the product with water under constant stirring for about 1/2 hour Light
British Gum i.e. yellow dextrin contains little starch which is not converted whereas dark
British gum has the whole of starch converted it to dextrin,

Sodium Alginate:
This is obtained from sea weed and had assumed great importance because of its use in the
printing of reactive dye with which it does not react
It gives a viscous solution in water with low adhesive power. Acid makes the paste thinner. It
is, th9rafore, used where neutral or alkaline thickening is required. A 6%paste of alginate is
prepared by sprinkling the powder over the cold or warm water under the high-speed stirrer.
It is also used in combination with emulsions of kerosene as thickeners. It is the market under
various trade names such as Lanitux, ProtakP. Manutax and Algogel, Protakyp is special
alginate resistant to alkali and is therefore suitable for use in the printing of rapid fast and
raping a dye
CHEMICAL THICKNERS /synthetic
thickener.
Polyacrylic acid
They are also popular as thickening, dispersing, suspending, and emulsifying agents in
pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and paints. Cross-linked polyacrylic acid has also been used in
the processing of household products, including floor cleaners.
PTE
Thcikner PTE is a high quality, concentration thickener for pigment printing specifically for
the Textile Printing Industry . Thickener PTE is suitable for thickening pigment printing paste
as well as for printing on cotton and all synthetic textiles.
Polyvinyl alcohol.
Modified Natural Thickeners
Carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC)
As suspending agent of printing paste, CELSOL CMC mainly used in printing and dyeing.It
has good viscosity stability,Good distribution uniformity of DS (degree of substitution),Good

fluidity of solution in the color paste system, Higher washable performance in the washing
process after printing and dyeing ,
. With high degree substitution, Sodium Carboxy Methyl Cellulose CMC can be used as the
thickener in various textile printing color paste, and it has the excellent antiacid and antisalt.
Methyl cellulose
Methyl cellulose is a thickener commonly used in printing.The water is thickened with
methyl cellulose so that it will support fabric printing which is floated on top of it.
Hydroxy methyl cellulose
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) are cellulose ethers that have had hyrdroxyl groups
on the cellulose chain substituted for a methoxy or hydroxypropyl group. HPMC is used as a
thickener, binder, and film former in agrochemicals, coatings, ceramics, adhesives, inks, and
various other applications.
Emulsion Thickeners
Here viscosity is maintained by making emulsions of any of the following types.
•oil/water
Dispersion of Hydrocarbons oil in continuous aqueous paste (oil comes outside convex
surface)
•water/oil
Dispersion aqueous Paste in hydrocarbon oil water phase comes outside ,convex surface
(lighter material comes up,pseudo plastic flow)
METHOD OF PRINTING
1- DIRECT PRINTING
2- DISCHARGE PRINTING
3- RESIST PRINTING
DIRECT PRINTING
 This style is also referred as “steam style” because in most of the cases the
printing fabric is steamed to fixed the colur
 In this style the colour is directly applied to the fabric in the form of a paste
containing the colouring matter, thickner or binder and required ingredients and
after printing and drying the colour is fixed by steaming or curing or thrmofixing
or treatrment with chemicals
 Most classes of dyestuff are printed on the fabric by the direct style like mordant
colour , vegetable colour , pigments and certain minerals colour are also applied to
the fabric by diectcolour.

 The printed effect produced by flock printing , damask printing
 Foam printing and bubble printing are all obtained by direct styles.
DISCHARGE PRINTING
In this method, the fabric is printed on a dyed fabric. The printing paste used in this method
contains a discharging agent, which will bleach or destroy the colour from the dyed fabric in
the printed areas. The resulting white area is brighten the overall design. Sometimes the base
colour is removed and another colour is printed in its place. The discharging agent is an
oxidizing or reducing agent capable of discharging colours by oxidation and reduction.
Potassium chlorate or sodium chlorate (oxidizing agents) and stannous chloride (reducing
agent) are commonly used discharging agents. The effects produced are very striking as the
white area obtained brightens the overall design. This style of printing enabled intricate and
fine designs to be printed on the fabric. If the fabric is not thoroughly washed after printing,
the strength of the fabric may be affected due to the use of discharging agents. The
advantages of discharge style of printing produces light, bright colour on a dark background,
printing is sharp and fine and easier to work. However the major disadvantages of this
method is the cost involved.
.
RESIST PRINTING
In this method, the bleached fabric is first printed with a substance like wax, rice paste, china
clay or chemicals such as acids, alkalis and salts that resist dye penetration and fixation. The
printed fabric is then dipped in cold dye bath, so that the resisting agent remains unaffected
and only the areas free of the resist agent are coloured. After dyeing process, the resist paste
is removed, leaving white or light coloured patterns on a dark background. Batik, tie and dye
are examples of resist printing. The durability of the fabric is not affected by the resist
method.

Screen printing
In this printing method, fabric is spread on large table and design screen is placed on the
fabric. The screen consists of wooden frame covered with nylon or silk cloth and the
technique is called as silk screen printing. Lacquer is applied on the screen to make the areas
except design opaque so that printing paste is transferred through the design only. Based on
the number of colours, many numbers of screens are prepared to complete the design. The
printed portion should be allowed to dry before placing the second screen. When screens are
placed properly, they will produce a complete design.
Advantages
Whole width of fabric is printed at once and so the process is faster than block
printing
Screens can be preserved for future use
Disadvantages
Preparation of screen is a time consuming process
Preservation of screen needs extra care
A small damage in the screen will spoil the entire printing
The design is created by painting or making non-design portions of the screen opaque, thus
preventing the print paste from passing through. The areas where the print paste passes

through will create a printed pattern. The screen is placed in contact with the fabric to be
printed and the print paste is forced through the screen by a squeegee. The squeegee is used
to spread the dye evenly through the screen. It is moved across the screen, forcing the print
paste through the mesh openings. It helps in making a clean image on the printed surface. A
screen is prepared for each colour of the design. There are two types of screen printing
namely Flat screen printing and Rotary screen printing.
Flat Screen Printing or Hand Screen Printing
It is done by hand. The design is copied onto a series of very fine, flat screens, one for each
colour to be printed. Lacquer or other impermeable substance is applied to all parts of the
screen that are not part of its design. Each screen is fitted onto a wooden or metal frame. The
fabric to be printed is spread onto a long table. A screen is set over the fabric and the printing
paste is poured on the screen and forced through its unblocked areas onto the fabric with a
squeegee. The screen is then moved to the next section of the fabric and the operation is
repeated until the entire fabric is printed. This process is repeated for each colour of the
design. Hand screen printing is time-consuming and limited to short length of fabrics.
Automatic Flat Screen Printing
In this method, the process is automated and therefore faster. Here the fabric moves on a wide
rubberized belt. The screens are placed above the belt. As the fabric moves, the screens are
automatically lowered to the cloth and the appropriate colour is applied with automatically
regulated squeegees. The cloth is dried in an oven.
Advantages
Prints upto twenty colours in one run
High production rate
Produce brighter and cleaner shades
Produces designs consisting of squares, circles and ovals
Disadvantage
High cost
Selection of dyes is limited
Poor colourfastness
Not suitable for all types of fabrics
ROTARY SCREEN PRINTING

Fully-automatic flat screen printing is not continuous yet. Rotary-screen printing on the other
hand is continuous. Rotating screens are used which are automatically fed (by means of
pumps) with paste from inside. Driving the screens can be done at either side.
The value of continuous rotary-screen printing first became apparent in the 1960s. The
hollow screens, each applying the appropriate motif, are arranged sequentially as in roller
printing, but they are aligned over a moving horizontal blanket that carries the fabric between
the two.
As the fabric moves forward the screens rotate and apply the color. One arrangement for the
delivery of print paste is shown in cross-section in the following figure:.
After Treatment Of Printing Goods
The treatment which followsafterpriontring and drying of material is called after treatment .
after the printing and drying of the cloth the dyestuffs and the chemicals are present in dry
thickner film deposited on the cloth surface and the dye is not at transferred to the cloth .
This is done by either ageing or steaming or high temp. steaming.this is a critical step of
printing and this is done properly ,loss of colour value ,spreading of colour beyond the
boundaries of design ,appearance etc.
Various types of agers and steamers machines are used depend on the type of the fabric and
type of dyes used during printing.
AGEING PROCESS
Ageing consist of exposing printing goods more or less prolonged action of steam at
atmospheric pressure to assist in the diffusion and fixation of dyes .this can be done by
following ways.
1- By hanging the goods in large ageing or hanging room.
2- By passing them through an ageing chamber continuously where the required
condition and temp. of humidity are maintained.
3- By a short steaming in continuous steamager in the presence of moist or super
heated steam.
The ageing rooms may be 25-40 feet in length and the printed cloth may be hang in long
loops from a series of wooden bars. The heat is supplied from line steam pipes arranged at tha
base of the walls. By using wet and dry bulb thermometers and adjusting the steam supply.
The required humidity can be maintained in the ager. Goods may be kept in this ager for 1-6
days.

Rapid Ager
This rapid ager machine is used for large production and the ageing has to be done in a short
time.
This machine consists of an iron chamber.
The ager is supplied with low pressure steam through a perforated pipes.
The cloth is aged at 65C to 95C in the rapid ager dependinding on the class of dye and style
of printing.
Ageing can be done for about 3 min.
It is not suitable for light weight.
Star Ager
Rapid ager are not suitable for light weighted fabrics as the stress exerted on the fabric at
elevated temperature leads to fabrics distortion. Maximum colour yield is not obtained at
Rapid Ager steaming is therefore, carried out in cottage steamer or star ager .here steaming
produces full colour yield and bright prints.
Cottage Steamer
A cottage steamer is used when the printed fabrics isto be steamed for varying periods and
varying temperature. It is an improved version of Rapid ager. It contists of cylindrical
chamber with gable ends to allow condensed water to run down the sides of the root without
falling on the fabric. The printed cloth is suspended from rollers in full width in loop form
and is carried on the frame work of portable wagon .
Pigment Printing
substance in particulate from that is substantially insoluble in a medium but which can be
mechanically dispersed in this medium to modify its color and light – scattering properties.
In other words, Pigments are insoluble coloring matter mostly mineral origin have been used
for the coloration of metal wood, stone, and textile material.
Pigment
Pigments are colors which do not dissolve and penetrate into the fibres. They have not to be
applied together with a film forming binder. More than 50% of all printing colors are pigment
types. It represents an alternative to direct printing. In this system there is no need to carry

out a steaming process, as steaming is replaced by polymerization (generally carried out
simultaneously with drying)
This type of printing process is very simple, low-cost and can be carried out easily on all
types of fabrics, particularly on blends, since pigments can adhere to all fibres; there is no
need to use dyes of different color classes. On the other hand, the adhesives, which bind the
pigment to the fabric, can give serious problems when the fabric hand varies. For prints with
a low coverage ratio, the hand variation can be acceptable but it is not when the coverage
ratio is high or at least for all uses. Furthermore, the pigment lies on the surface and has low
fastness to friction (this depends mainly upon the type and quantity of binding agent and
upon the polymerization degree). Some valid alternatives to this type of printing can give
special effects such as printing with swelling agents (generally synthetic polyurethane-base
pastes are used), with covering pigments and glitter (metal powders or particles of plastic
materials) etc..
Advantages of pigment Printing
•Applicable to natural and synthetic fibre.
•Wide range of color can be produced.
•Can be used for dope dyeing for filament yarn.
•Easily applicable.
•Less expensive.
•Maximum output of goods because of the elimination of washing-off, quick sampling and
high printing speed.
•It presents the fewest problems for the printer of all the coloration processes, with regard to
labor costs, equipment and reliability of production.
•Properly produced pigment prints, using selected products, have an unsurpassed fastness to
light and good general fastness properties.
•Extremely well suited for color resist effects, for example, under azoic and reactive dyes.
•From the economical point of view, pigment printing, using pastes free from white spirit, is
more acceptable than any other systems, excepting transfer printing methods

Disadvantages of pigment Printing
•Not controllable for the binder film.
•Use of solvent like kerosene, spirit etc can produce problems like flammability, odor,
pollution etc.
•The jamming up of equipment and air and water pollution is observed.
•Wet and rubbing fastness is average.
•The handle of the printed goods is often unduly hard because of the large amounts of
external cross linking agents.
•Are sensitive to crushing during roller printing and pigment printing needs shallow
engravings on screen printing.
•The original surface of the textile material is covered by the binder film. This is occasionally
aesthetically effective but usually undesirable
Pigment printed swatch.

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