The document discusses various sources that broadcast journalists use to gather news and information, including contacts, press releases, news conferences, courts, government bodies, politicians, communities, tip-offs, other media outlets, and citizen journalists. It emphasizes the importance of cultivating reliable sources and verifying information from multiple sources to maintain impartiality and accuracy in reporting. Broadcast journalists must make judgments based on professional experience in selecting newsworthy stories and framing the news agenda.
Slide show prepared for a series of lectures on the media and American politics for PS 101 American Government at the University of Kentucky, Fall 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Lecturer.
This document outlines 9 principles of journalism according to Ani Asatiani's public relations course. The principles are: 1) Journalism's first obligation is to truth 2) Its first loyalty is to citizens 3) Its essence is discipline of verification 4) It must maintain independence 5) It serves as an independent monitor of power 6) It provides a forum for public criticism 7) It makes the significant interesting 8) It keeps news comprehensive and proportional 9) Its practitioners exercise personal conscience. The document then provides further explanation and context for each principle.
The document discusses various aspects of media coverage of American politics. It addresses what constitutes "the media", what types of events tend to get covered, and the importance of high-quality information for democracy. It also examines sources that Americans use to get their political information, the impact of media concentration, and whether the media has a liberal or conservative bias. Finally, it discusses the different roles media can play in a democracy, such as common carrier, watchdog, signaler and public representative.
This document discusses what makes a news story newsworthy according to media researchers Johan Galtung and Marie Holmboe Ruge. They analyzed international news stories and identified news values that influenced whether a story received widespread coverage. These news values were organized into three categories: impact, audience identification, and pragmatics of media coverage. Impact factors included the number of people affected, frequency or suddenness of an event, negativity, unexpectedness, and clarity. Audience identification considered personalization, meaningfulness to the audience, and references to elite nations and persons. Pragmatics of coverage examined consonance with media expectations, continuity of ongoing stories, and variety in story composition.
Fic0114 lecture 9 newsgathering & reportingPhilip Gan
1. The document provides an overview of key concepts in mass communication and journalism, including theories of the press, news values, types of news stories, and how the digital revolution has impacted news gathering and reporting.
2. It discusses the rise of citizen journalism, blogs, and hyperlocal news online. New tools and convergence of skills have also affected reporting in the digital age.
3. While audiences for news have declined across most media, the internet has increased options for customizing news from various sources. Print, broadcast, and online journalism each have strengths and weaknesses in informing the public.
This document discusses building relationships between the media and police. It begins by introducing the author and their background. It then explores the common perceptions that police and media have of each other, such as the police viewing media as nosy and sensationalizing while media views police as selfish with information. The document outlines what constitutes media and different types. It explains how media determines news and what they want from police. Finally, it provides tips for how police can build strong relationships with media through open communication, prompt responses, sharing news, and maintaining contact.
The document discusses the culture of journalism and how it has changed with new technologies. It covers several topics:
1. Journalism has cut back on investigative reporting due to budget cuts. Neutrality used to be valued but partisanship is rising, especially online and on cable news.
2. News media face ethical dilemmas around deception, privacy invasions, and conflicts of interest. Journalists also struggle with balancing objectivity with advocacy.
3. New technologies like television and the internet have disrupted traditional print journalism and blurred lines between mediums. Visuals now play a larger role. Alternative models like public journalism aim to better serve democracy.
The document discusses the role and influence of media in society. It examines how Americans get their news from various sources like newspapers, radio, television and the internet. It also looks at how media ownership has become concentrated in large corporations and the implications this has on political news coverage and democracy. The influence of advertising and profits on media content is also addressed.
This document discusses several key topics related to social networks and online communities:
1. It defines different types of online communities including personal communities, cybercommunities, and how relationships and connections can form within these spaces.
2. It also discusses important aspects that define a community such as membership, influence, needs fulfillment, and emotional connection.
3. The document then examines the concept of a personal community and identifies three defining properties - numbers, constancy, and involvement. It provides examples to illustrate these different properties.
This document discusses media management in criminal investigations. It provides guidance on properly handling media during police work like investigations. It outlines policies on media relations and releasing information to the public. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the media and their role, as well as establishing proper protocols for sharing information, especially during crisis situations. The goal is to enhance cooperation between police and media while ensuring the integrity of investigations and protecting privacy.
This document provides an overview of journalism, including:
1. It defines journalism as the process of gathering, verifying, editing, and presenting news and information to society. Journalism is both an art and a science that aims to inform readers about current events.
2. It discusses different types of journalism categorized by medium (print, broadcast, online) and subject matter (investigative, photo, sports, etc.).
3. It outlines qualities of good journalists like communication skills, persistence, observation skills, and creativity. Journalists have a responsibility to pursue truth, serve citizens, maintain independence, and act as monitors of power.
News is difficult to define as it has many variables. News must be factual but not all facts are news, and it may include opinions of authorities. There are two main types of news: hard news which is important and timely, often about government or politics, and soft news which entertains and appeals more to emotions. For a story to be considered news, it must be factual, interesting to readers, and recent. Reporters aim for objectivity and balance by including all significant details.
The document discusses the influence of mass media on politics and policymaking. It describes how media shape public opinion and the political agenda by influencing what issues are considered important. It traces the development of media politics from print media to broadcast television to new technologies like cable news channels and the internet. The media are biased toward dramatic stories and images in their pursuit of large audiences and advertising profits.
News can be categorized as hard news, soft news, or investigative reports. Hard news consists of important public events and facts, while soft news appeals more to human interest. Investigative reports uncover significant public matters through non-routine research. When presenting news bulletins on television and radio, reporters must process items concisely to engage viewers and consider newsworthiness, appeal, and legal/ethical standards depending on the time of broadcast. Anchors may further analyze and connect news to provide context.
This document defines journalism and discusses its various types and functions. It provides definitions of journalism in terms of collecting, editing and publishing news through various media. It also outlines the main functions of journalism as informing the public, influencing public opinion, entertaining, and promoting community welfare. The document discusses the key qualities of a good journalist such as being resourceful, objective, and conscientious. It also outlines various types of journalism like fashion, news, celebrity, investigative, sports, citizen, and environmental journalism. The document discusses some challenges faced by journalists like threats, attacks, censorship and issues relating to media relations.
This document summarizes an interaction program on principles of ethical journalism held on World Press Freedom Day, May 3, 2018. It was organized by the Faculty of Humanities at Darchula Multiple Campus in Nepal. The event discussed four key principles of ethical journalism according to the Society of Professional Journalists and UNESCO: seek truth and report it, minimize harm, act independently, and be accountable and transparent. World Press Freedom Day was established by the UN to celebrate fundamental press freedoms, evaluate press freedom globally, and pay tribute to journalists who died on the job.
Media plays an important role in modern democracy by allowing free expression and an informed public. Under the First Amendment, citizens have freedom of speech and press across printed and digital media. The media helps form public opinions by providing information on current events and issues from diverse sources. However, media bias can also distort information and influence views through selective reporting or speculative coverage driven by commercial interests rather than accuracy.
This document discusses several factors that influence what stories and events are deemed newsworthy and selected for coverage in the news media. It examines concepts like news values, audience interests, gatekeeping, bias, ideology and consensus.
News values that determine newsworthiness include frequency, negativity, unexpectedness, personalization, reference to elite nations/persons, conflict and continuity. The audience also influences the news through their interest in stories that signal risk, threat or relevance to their security, prosperity or well-being.
The media acts as a gatekeeper by deciding what information gets published or broadcast. Coverage can be affected by political, religious or personal biases of journalists and media organizations. Ideology refers to the
The document provides an overview of the field of journalism, including its history and various types of journalism jobs. It describes the roles of newspaper reporters, investigative reporters, foreign correspondents, broadcast journalists, photojournalists, sports journalists, and online journalists. It also discusses the dangers of journalism work and necessary traits for journalists like inquisitiveness, high ethics, and impartiality.
This document discusses various factors that influence what stories are deemed newsworthy and selected for publication in the news media. It explores how both media organizations and audiences impact news selection. Key determinants of newsworthiness include whether a story signals risk or threat, contains elements of change and uncertainty, and is relevant to the security of individuals or social groups. The media act as gatekeepers by deciding what information passes through to the public based on potential biases. Dominant ideologies also shape which news stories are given more or less attention and prominence.
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Join educators from the US and worldwide at this year’s conference, themed “Strategies for Proficiency & Acquisition,” to learn from top experts in world language teaching.
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As artificial intelligence continues to evolve, understanding the complexities and regulations regarding AI risk management is more crucial than ever.
Amongst others, the webinar covers:
• ISO/IEC 42001 standard, which provides guidelines for establishing, implementing, maintaining, and continually improving AI management systems within organizations
• insights into the European Union's landmark legislative proposal aimed at regulating AI
• framework and methodologies prescribed by ISO/IEC 23894 for identifying, assessing, and mitigating risks associated with AI systems
Presenters:
Miriama Podskubova - Attorney at Law
Miriama is a seasoned lawyer with over a decade of experience. She specializes in commercial law, focusing on transactions, venture capital investments, IT, digital law, and cybersecurity, areas she was drawn to through her legal practice. Alongside preparing contract and project documentation, she ensures the correct interpretation and application of European legal regulations in these fields. Beyond client projects, she frequently speaks at conferences on cybersecurity, online privacy protection, and the increasingly pertinent topic of AI regulation. As a registered advocate of Slovak bar, certified data privacy professional in the European Union (CIPP/e) and a member of the international association ELA, she helps both tech-focused startups and entrepreneurs, as well as international chains, to properly set up their business operations.
Callum Wright - Founder and Lead Consultant Founder and Lead Consultant
Callum Wright is a seasoned cybersecurity, privacy and AI governance expert. With over a decade of experience, he has dedicated his career to protecting digital assets, ensuring data privacy, and establishing ethical AI governance frameworks. His diverse background includes significant roles in security architecture, AI governance, risk consulting, and privacy management across various industries, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: June 26, 2024
Tags: ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, EU AI Act, ISO/IEC 23894
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Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
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2. Muhammad Raqib Mohd
Sofian
Senior Lecturer, Communication
Program, Faculty of Leadership &
Management, Universiti Sains Islam
Malaysia
Journalism, Media studies,
Representation of Islam
m.raqib@usim.edu.my
3. INTRODUCTION
Digital age: news bulletins and programmes that used
to be on TV and radio sets are now available on your
laptop, mobile phone and tabs.
The news demand: on your finger tip.
Transformation: people are move to the new trend –
downloading film and TV programmes and read news
on PC/HP/Tab’s screens.
4. INTRODUCTION (CONT.)
Public access: almost anyone can produce a video
report and put it on a website for anyone to view.
Limitation: the advance of technology is not journalism
Broadcast journalism: gather and publish news and
information.
5. INTRODUCTION (CONT.)
Good journalism: storytelling is at the heart of good
journalism.
Challenge: broadcast journalist NOT citizen journalist
Broadcast journalism: make judgments based on
professional experience.
Content provider: Journalists’ job but…
6. THE NEWSMAKERS
Who? – Journalist – set/frame the news agenda
Source: preferred, which is reliable.
News value: careful, journalist may spin the angle of
the news.
7. ESSENTIAL SKILLS
Skills: writing and storytelling
Source: preferred, which is reliable.
Value added: always be curious!
Interest: news and current affairs
‘on air miles’: help to become comfortable in front of the
mic.
Working hours: expecting long hours.
To succeed: need determination and persistence.
Tang on to people: learn from experience
Don’t be afraid: start from bottom and work all way up.
8. NEWSWORTHY
1. Timelines:-
The word news means exactly that - things which are new.
Topics which are current are good news.
Consumers are used to receiving the latest updates, and there is so much news
about that old news is quickly discarded.
A story with only average interest needs to be told quickly if it is to be told at all.
If it happened today, it's news.
If the same thing happened last week, it's no longer interesting.
1. Proximity:-
Stories which happen near to us have more significance.
The closer the story to home, the more newsworthy it is.
For someone living in France, a major plane crash in the USA has a similar news
value to a small plane crash near Paris.
Note that proximity doesn't have to mean geographical distance.
Stories from countries with which we have a particular bond or similarity have the
same effect.
For example, Australians would be expected to relate more to a story from a distant
Western nation than a story from a much closer Asian country.
9. NEWSWORTHY
3. Prominence:-
Famous people get more coverage just because they are famous.
If you break your arm it won't make the news, but if the Queen of England
breaks her arm it's big news.
4. Conflict:-
Controversy and open clashes are newsworthy, inviting attention on their
own, almost regardless of what the conflict is over.
Conflict reveals underlying causes of disagreement between individuals and
institutions in a society.
3. Unusualness:-
The unusual, unorthodox, or unexpected attracts attention.
Boxer Mike Tyson’s disqualification for biting off a piece of Evander
Holyfield’s ear moves the story from the sports pages and the end of a
newscast tot he front pages and the top of the newscast.
10. NEWSWORTHY
6. Impact:-
The significance, importance, or consequence of an event or trend;
the greater the consequence, and the larger the number of people for whom
an event is important the greater the newsworthiness.
7. Currency:-
Occasionally something becomes an idea whose time has come.
The matter assumes a life of its own, and for a time assumes momentum in
news reportage.
8. Significance
The number of people affected by the story is important.
A plane crash in which hundreds of people died is more significant than a crash
killing a dozen.
9. Human interest:-
Those stories that have more of an entertainment factor versus any of the above
- not that some of the other news values cannot have an entertainment value.
11. THEORIES OF THE NEWS PRODUCTION
The audience may be the ultimate judge of news
content – they’ll switch off if they don’t like what
they hear – but they don’t decide what is
newsworthy.
There has been a lot of questions on the
relationship between journalists and their sources.
There are many ways of getting the story.
12. NEWS SOURCES
Traditionally
Reporters and their contacts
Calls and voice banks
Press releases
Pressure groups
Staged events
Agencies and freelances
Wire services
Monitoring other media
13. NEWS SOURCES
Contacts
Contacts are very important for journalist
It could be anyone who might be a source of news
All journalists keep a contacts book (have back-up list)
Stay in touch with your contacts – cultivate them
Don’t compromise impartiality
Anonymously information – need to be checked with other
sources before it can be broadcast.
14. NEWS SOURCES
Calls
Routine check calls to the emergency services
Call regularly
Always try to speak to a real person (the press officer) –
recorded information is second-best.
adopt a friendly telephone manner and develop a
rapport with the person on the other end of the line.
This is an old-fashioned of gathering the news but it is a
good relationship between the media and the
emergency services.
15. NEWS SOURCES
Freelances and Agencies
Freelance reporters, either self-employed or working for
agencies, are an important source of news copy and
story tip-offs for most news organizations.
The Freelancers also known as ‘stringers’ or
correspondents.
They will cover news that the broadcasters can’t afford
to send their own reporters, e.g. court cases.
Freelancers are the reporters, photographers or
videographers.
16. NEWS SOURCES
Press Releases
Supplied by pressure group, politicians, government,
and community organizations, sports clubs – in fact,
anyone who has a story to tell.
Each contains a potential news story but not all will be
worth following up.
Maintain the objectivity when considering press release.
Electronic press releases – one way info, and need a
strong on-screen disclaimer.
17. NEWS SOURCES
News Conferences
Press conferences are set-piece events staged by
organizations wanting to make news.
Organized by government, pressure groups, celebrities
and sport stars – controlled by the organization (news).
Try to find the story behind the ‘spin’
Use media events as a chance to and improve your
contact.
18. NEWS SOURCES
Protests and Demonstrations
-Demos focus attention on issues, but don’t be
manipulated.
-Consult editorial guidelines if you are concerned that
the protestors, or even the BJ might be breaking the
law.
-In Malaysia this is always organised by NGOs or
opponent parties.
-An ethical dilemma – the organiser will let the press
informed in advance for publicity.
19. NEWS SOURCES
News Processing
An Editor’s (assignment) tasks – rewrite press releases
or make new versions of stories that other people have
gathered and written.
The news or the information received will be questioned
– need to check it out with primary sources wherever
possible.
In TV – teamwork – reporters, senior correspondent,
producer, assistant producer – need a research
especially from wires.
20. NEWS SOURCES
Courts and Tribunals
- Journalists learn the rules governing the various court
cases and tribunals.
- Check court listings regularly.
- Prepare for a court visit as you would for any media
event.
- Know the law on court reporting and contempt – no
video camera is allowed – be imaginative.
- Be aware of the broadcasters’ problems (TV) face when
reporting court proceeding.
21. NEWS SOURCES
Government Bodies
- Every government department has its own teams of
press officer.
- Has to be beware, because political influence- they
might ask you to ‘spin’ the story.
- Cultivate national and local politicians and government
officials as contacts.
22. NEWS SOURCES
Politicians
Source for news through press releases or press
conferences.
Important for them to promote themselves, but as a
journalist, see whether it is worth to report.
Remain politically impartial.
Remember the need for balances reporting.
Know the guidelines on election coverage.
23. NEWS SOURCES
Councils
Local government is a prime source of controversy, a
mainstay of local news reporting.
Headlines – planning rows, controversial policy
decisions and corruption.
The coverage from local government suits for raising
public awareness of citizens’ rights is part of their brief.
24. NEWS SOURCES
Communities
Any news from schools, voluntary residents’
associations, clubs, societies and special interest
groups.
Try to find stories from groups who are not normally
represented in the media.
Cultivate local contacts.
25. NEWS SOURCES
Tip-Offs
Tip-offs to journalists take many forms.
A tip might be information from:
Trusted freelances
A call from a member of public
anonymous tip-offs
Beware of anonymous sources – need 2nd source for the
story
Off the record
Question the motives of people offering tip-offs
Understand the meaning of ‘off-the-record’
Protect your sources.
26. NEWS SOURCES
Other News Media
Reading newspapers, watching TV, listening to radio,
checking news blogs, etc.
Know what the competition doing – check them out
regularly
Never use other media organizations’ information
without checking it.
Be confident – don’t let other media set your agenda.
Always aim to be first – and accurate.
27. NEWS SOURCES
Interactive News/Citizen Journalist
Interactive news as a source – check facts wherever possible
– use secondary sources.
Citizen journalists are valuable news source – as a witness for
an accidents (Tsunami), events, etc.
Blogs (amateur) – beware of hoaxer – if in doubt, leave it out.
Blogs by journalists – to engage with audience.
Citizen journalists – challenging – copyright.
Learn which internet sites that can be trusted – maintain
objectivity – don’t get caught up in rumour.
28. NEWS SOURCES
Forward Planning
Forward planning is essential to any news operation.
The diary is the central point of reference for the
newsroom.
Keep the diary up-to-date.
Apply early for accreditation to events.
Know whereto find your press passes.
29. NEWS SOURCES
Freedom of Information
Beware of the laws – The Media Right, etc.
Extra caution is needed when using information from the
public.
Check the health and safety implications – amateur will
danger themselves.
Study the ‘skills’ – for ethical, cautious and newsworthy.
The press officers are potential contacts.
The roles of of Press Officer might be different with Public Relation Officer (PRO).
The Press officer is more reliable than PRO who normally are paid by an organization that may want them to apply ‘spin’ to the information given.