Introduction to education By Hina Kaynat
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There are three main cognitive learning styles - visual, auditory, and kinesthetic. Each style has different characteristics about how information is processed and learned. Visual learners prefer using images and seeing information, auditory learners retain information through hearing and speaking, and kinesthetic learners like using hands-on approaches. Understanding your preferred learning style can help maximize studying by using techniques tailored to each individual.
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Introduction to education By Hina Kaynat
- 51. THREE LEARNING STYLES Everyone processes and learns new information in different ways. There are three main cognitive learning styles: visual, auditory, and kinesthetic. The common characteristics of each learning style listed below can help you understand how you learn and what methods of learning best fits you. Understanding how you learn can help maximize time you spend studying by incorporating different techniques to custom fit various subjects, concepts, and learning objectives. Each preferred learning style has methods that fit the different ways an individual may learn best. VISUAL • Uses visual objects such as graphs, charts, pictures, and seeing information • Can read body language well and has a good perception of aesthetics • Able to memorize and recall various information • Tends to remember things that are written down • Learns better in lectures by watching them Tips for Visual Learner • Turn notes into pictures, charts, or maps • Avoid distractions (windows, doorways, etc.) • Learn the big picture first and then focus on the details • Make mind and concept maps instead of outlines • Color code parts of new concepts in your notes • Use flash cards when trying to study vocabulary AUDITORY • Retains information through hearing and speaking • Often prefers to be told how to do things and then summarizes the main points out loud to help with memorization • Notices different aspects of speaking • Often has talents in music and may concentrate better with soft music playing in the background Tips for Auditory Learner • Record lectures and then listen to them • Repeat material out loud and in your own words • Discuss materials in your study groups • Read textbooks aloud • Listen to wordless background music while studying KINESTHETIC • Likes to use the hands-on approach to learn new material • Is generally good in math and science • Would rather demonstrate how to do something rather than verbally explain it • Usually prefers group work more than others Tips for Kinesthetic Learner • Take study breaks often • Learn new material while doing something active (e.g., read a textbook while on a treadmill) • Chew gum while studying • Work while standing • Try to take classes with instructors who encourage demonstrations and fieldwork Adapted from: Cuyamaca College. (2003). Visual learning. Retrieved July 3, 2008, from: http://www.cuyamaca.edu/eops/DSPS/resourcesvis.asp Landsberger, J. (n.d.). Study guides and strategies: Visual/spatial learning. Retrieved July 3, 2008, from: http://www.studygs.net/visual.htm Wong, L. (2006). Essential study skills (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. http://blc.new.uc.iupui.edu/academic-enrichment/study-skills/learning-styles/3-learning-styles 30
- 52. Overview of Learner & Learning Styles Many people recognize that each person prefers different learning styles and techniques. Learning styles group common ways that people learn. Everyone has a mix of learning styles. Some people may find that they have a dominant style of learning, with far less use of the other styles. Others may find that they use different styles in different circumstances. There is no right mix. Nor are your styles fixed. You can develop ability in less dominant styles, as well as further develop styles that you already use well. Many people recognize that each person prefers different learning styles and techniques. Learning styles group common ways that people learn. Everyone has a mix of learning styles. Some people may find that they have a dominant style of learning, with far less use of the other styles. Others may find that they use different styles in different circumstances. There is no right mix. Nor are your styles fixed. You can develop ability in less dominant styles, as well as further develop styles that you already use well. Using multiple learning styles and �multiple intelligences� for learning is a relatively new approach. This approach is one that educators have only recently started to recognize. Traditional schooling used (and continues to use) mainly linguistic and logical teaching methods. It also uses a limited range of learning and teaching techniques. Many schools still rely on classroom and book-based teaching, much repetition, and pressured exams for reinforcement and review. A result is that we often label those who use these learning styles and techniques as �bright.� Those who use less favored learning styles often find themselves in lower classes, with various not-so-complimentary labels and sometimes lower quality teaching. This can create positive and negative spirals that reinforce the belief that one is "smart" or "dumb". By recognizing and understanding your own learning styles, you can use techniques better suited to you. This improves the speed and quality of your learning. The Seven Learning Styles • Visual (spatial):You prefer using pictures, images, and spatial understanding. • Aural (auditory-musical): You prefer using sound and music. • Verbal (linguistic): You prefer using words, both in speech and writing.
- 53. • Physical (kinesthetic): You prefer using your body, hands and sense of touch. • Logical (mathematical): You prefer using logic, reasoning and systems. • Social (interpersonal): You prefer to learn in groups or with other people. • Solitary (intrapersonal): You prefer to work alone and use self-study. Why Learning Styles? Understand the basis of learning styles Your learning styles have more influence than you may realize. Your preferred styles guide the way you learn. They also change the way you internally represent experiences, the way you recall information, and even the words you choose. We explore more of these features in this chapter. Research shows us that each learning style uses different parts of the brain. By involving more of the brain during learning, we remember more of what we learn. Researchers using brain-imaging technologies have been able to find out the key areas of the brain responsible for each learning style. For example: • Visual: The occipital lobes at the back of the brain manage the visual sense. Both the occipital and parietal lobes manage spatial orientation. • Aural: The temporal lobes handle aural content. The right temporal lobe is especially important for music. • Verbal: The temporal and frontal lobes, especially two specialized areas called Broca�s and Wernicke�s areas (in the left hemisphere of these two lobes). • Physical: The cerebellum and the motor cortex (at the back of the frontal lobe) handle much of our physical movement. • Logical: The parietal lobes, especially the left side, drive our logical thinking. • Social: The frontal and temporal lobes handle much of our social activities. The limbic system (not shown apart from the hippocampus) also influences both the social and solitary styles. The limbic system has a lot to do with emotions, moods and aggression. • Solitary: The frontal and parietal lobes, and the limbic system, are also active with this style. What are the different types of learners? As mentioned above, for a long-time people have been sorted into certain categories of learning. The main categories our experts mentioned were: ❑ Visual learners ❑ Auditory (or aural) learners ❑ Kinesthetic (or hands-on) learners
- 54. ❑ Reading and writing learners Visual learners Visual learners absorb information best when they can visualize relationships and ideas. Maps, charts, diagrams and even essays work well for visual learners. When instructors illustrate or diagram their lectures on a whiteboard, visual learners may find they remember the information much better. Auditory learners Auditory learners are all ears. They tend to prefer listening to information rather than reading it or seeing it visually displayed. Auditory learners may speak and read slowly. They tend to be linear thinkers and may repeat things they hear out loud. When it comes to studying, an auditory learner might remember material best if they talk about it with someone else, since it will be easier to recall a conversation than a visual image of words on a page. Kinesthetic learners Kinesthetic learners are the most hands-on learning type. They learn best by doing and may get fidgety if forced to sit for long periods of time. Kinesthetic learners do best when they can participate in activities or solve problems in a hands-on manner. Sometimes even being physically engaged (tossing a ball, knitting) will help them retain information better. They tend to remember what they do best. Reading & writing learners Reading and writing learners are extremely comfortable with the written word. They prefer to consume information by reading texts and can further absorb information by condensing and rephrasing it. The traditional college textbook and annotation process works well for the reading/writing learning style.
- 64. Types of Assessment Formative Assessment It is an essential part of teaching and learning. It does not add to the final marks given for the unit; instead, it put into learning through given advice. Also, it points out what is good about the work and what is not? Similarly, it also affects what the students and teacher will plan in the future for learning. Summative Assessment It shows the amount of learners’ success in meeting the assessment. Also, it contributes to the final marks given for the unit. These are conducted at the end of units. In Addition, it provides data for selection for the next level. The logic and dependability of summative assessment are of great importance. It can also provide information that has formative value. Diagnostic Assessment Just like formative assessment, diagnostic assessments intended to improve learner’s knowledge. Besides, it looks backward rather than looking forward. It reviews what the learner knows and difficulty that they are facing in learning. Not diagnosing these difficulties could limit their participation in learning. Often used when a problem arises or before it.
- 65. Differences between Formative & Summative Assessment: