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Introduction to research

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Thangamani Ramalingam
Thangamani Ramalingam

This document provides an introduction to research methodology. It discusses the meaning of research, objectives of research such as gaining new insights or testing hypotheses. It also covers motivation in research, types of research approaches like quantitative vs qualitative, and the typical steps in the research process from formulating a problem to analyzing data. Finally, it discusses criteria for good research and some common problems researchers face in India such as lack of scientific training or resources.

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A . T H A N G A M A N I R A M A L I N G A M P T, M S C ( P S Y ) , P G D R M , A C s p s s M I A P INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH
SYLLABUS • Introduction to Research methodology Meaning of research, objectives of research, Motivation in research, Types of research & research approaches, Research methods vs. methodology, Criteria for good research, Problems encountered by researchers in India.
MEANING OF RESEARCH • Research as a scientific and systematic search • A careful investigation or inquiry • “A systematic investigation, including research development, testing and evaluation, designed to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge” • The word research is derived from the Middle French "recherche", which means "to go about seeking", The earliest recorded use of the term was in 1577.
OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH The purpose of research • To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights ( exploratory or formulative research studies); • To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or a group( descriptive research studies) • To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is associated with something else (diagnostic research studies) • To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables ( hypothesis-testing research studies). • Aims: Are broad statements of desired outcomes, or the general intentions of the research, which 'paint a picture' of your research project.(hope to achieve at the end of the project) • Objectives, on the other hand, should be specific statements that define measurable outcomes.( steps taken to achieve the desired outcome).
MOTIVATION IN RESEARCH • Desire to get a research degree along with its consequential benefits; • Desire to face the challenge in solving the unsolved problems, i.e., concern over practical problems initiates research; • Desire to get intellectual joy of doing some creative work; • Desire to be of service to society; • Desire to get respectability.
TYPES OF RESEARCH • Primary research or secondary research (new to everyone Vs new to researcher) • Descriptive vs. Analytical • Applied vs. Fundamental • Quantitative vs. Qualitative • Conceptual vs. Empirical • one-time research or longitudinal research • clinical or diagnostic research • conclusion-oriented and decision-oriented • field-setting research or laboratory research or simulation research Types of Research • Basic Research • Applied Research • Problem oriented Research • Problem solving Research • Quantitative Research • Qualitative Research
TYPES OF RESEARCH • 1. Descriptive research 2. Analytical research 3. Fundamental research 4. Conceptual research 5. Empirical research 6. One time research or longitudinal research 7. Field-setting research or laboratory research or simulation research 8. Clinical or diagnostic research 9. Exploratory research 10.Historical research 11.conclusion oriented research 12.case study research 13.short term research
RESEARCH APPROACHES • Quantitative approach and the qualitative approach • Inferential approach • Experimental approach • Simulation approach
RESEARCH PROCESS Research problem/Question Review of the related literature Formulating hypotheses Research design Data collection Data analysis/results Interpretation of results Solution and conclusion
RESEARCH PROCESS • (1) formulating the research problem; (2) extensive literature survey; (3) developing the hypothesis; (4) preparing the research design; (5) determining sample design; (6) collecting the data; (7) execution of the project; (8) analysis of data; (9) hypothesis testing; (10) generalisations and interpretation, and (11) preparation of the report or presentation of the results, i.e., formal write-up of conclusions reached.
CRITERIA FOR GOOD RESEARCH • Good research is systematic • Good research is logical • Good research is empirical • Good research is replicable
PROBLEMS OF RESEARCH • The lack of a scientific training in the methodology of research • Insufficient interaction • Research studies overlapping one another are undertaken quite often for want of adequate information(biased) • Library management and functioning is not satisfactory at many places • Problems of collection of data and conceptualization may occur. • Repetition problems. • Outdated and insufficient information system may cause problems. • Sometimes lack of resources becomes an obstacle. • Non availability of trained researchers. • Absence of code of conduct.
Introduction to research

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Introduction to research

  • 1. A . T H A N G A M A N I R A M A L I N G A M P T, M S C ( P S Y ) , P G D R M , A C s p s s M I A P INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH
  • 2. SYLLABUS • Introduction to Research methodology Meaning of research, objectives of research, Motivation in research, Types of research & research approaches, Research methods vs. methodology, Criteria for good research, Problems encountered by researchers in India.
  • 3. MEANING OF RESEARCH • Research as a scientific and systematic search • A careful investigation or inquiry • “A systematic investigation, including research development, testing and evaluation, designed to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge” • The word research is derived from the Middle French "recherche", which means "to go about seeking", The earliest recorded use of the term was in 1577.
  • 4. OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH The purpose of research • To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights ( exploratory or formulative research studies); • To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or a group( descriptive research studies) • To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is associated with something else (diagnostic research studies) • To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables ( hypothesis-testing research studies). • Aims: Are broad statements of desired outcomes, or the general intentions of the research, which 'paint a picture' of your research project.(hope to achieve at the end of the project) • Objectives, on the other hand, should be specific statements that define measurable outcomes.( steps taken to achieve the desired outcome).
  • 5. MOTIVATION IN RESEARCH • Desire to get a research degree along with its consequential benefits; • Desire to face the challenge in solving the unsolved problems, i.e., concern over practical problems initiates research; • Desire to get intellectual joy of doing some creative work; • Desire to be of service to society; • Desire to get respectability.
  • 6. TYPES OF RESEARCH • Primary research or secondary research (new to everyone Vs new to researcher) • Descriptive vs. Analytical • Applied vs. Fundamental • Quantitative vs. Qualitative • Conceptual vs. Empirical • one-time research or longitudinal research • clinical or diagnostic research • conclusion-oriented and decision-oriented • field-setting research or laboratory research or simulation research Types of Research • Basic Research • Applied Research • Problem oriented Research • Problem solving Research • Quantitative Research • Qualitative Research
  • 7. TYPES OF RESEARCH • 1. Descriptive research 2. Analytical research 3. Fundamental research 4. Conceptual research 5. Empirical research 6. One time research or longitudinal research 7. Field-setting research or laboratory research or simulation research 8. Clinical or diagnostic research 9. Exploratory research 10.Historical research 11.conclusion oriented research 12.case study research 13.short term research
  • 8. RESEARCH APPROACHES • Quantitative approach and the qualitative approach • Inferential approach • Experimental approach • Simulation approach
  • 9. RESEARCH PROCESS Research problem/Question Review of the related literature Formulating hypotheses Research design Data collection Data analysis/results Interpretation of results Solution and conclusion
  • 10. RESEARCH PROCESS • (1) formulating the research problem; (2) extensive literature survey; (3) developing the hypothesis; (4) preparing the research design; (5) determining sample design; (6) collecting the data; (7) execution of the project; (8) analysis of data; (9) hypothesis testing; (10) generalisations and interpretation, and (11) preparation of the report or presentation of the results, i.e., formal write-up of conclusions reached.
  • 11. CRITERIA FOR GOOD RESEARCH • Good research is systematic • Good research is logical • Good research is empirical • Good research is replicable
  • 12. PROBLEMS OF RESEARCH • The lack of a scientific training in the methodology of research • Insufficient interaction • Research studies overlapping one another are undertaken quite often for want of adequate information(biased) • Library management and functioning is not satisfactory at many places • Problems of collection of data and conceptualization may occur. • Repetition problems. • Outdated and insufficient information system may cause problems. • Sometimes lack of resources becomes an obstacle. • Non availability of trained researchers. • Absence of code of conduct.