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Introduction-of-Geology.pdf

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This document discusses the role of geology in civil engineering. It begins with defining geology and its various branches including geochemistry, geologist, geological survey, and geological maps. It then discusses the different branches of geology such as physical geology, crystallography, mineralogy, petrology, structural geology, and stratigraphy. The document emphasizes that civil engineering geology involves applying geological knowledge to ensure safety, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness of engineering projects. Finally, it outlines the key roles of geology for civil engineering projects, which include providing construction materials, assisting with soil conservation and river/coastal works, aiding tunneling and road works, informing dam, bridge and building designs, assessing groundwater, creating geological

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Engineering Geology
Table of contents What is Geology? Branches of Geology Importance of Geology in CE Role of Geology in CE 01 02 03 04
What is Geology? • Geology is derived from Greek word geo means Earth and logos means science. • Geology is the study of solid Earth. It is known as Earth Science. • Geology includes the investigation of the rocks forming the Earth (petrology) and of how they are distributed (structure) and their constituents (mineralogy and crystallography). • Geology feels the pulse of the earth which we are living on.
Geochemistry • is a study of the chemistry of rocks and the distribution of major and trace elements in rocks, rock suites, and minerals.
Geologist • the people who contribute their part through the discovery of new deposits of rocks and minerals of economic value.
Geological Survey • systematic investigation of the geology beneath a given piece of ground for the purpose of creating a geological map.
Geological Map • is a special purpose map made to show various geological features. Three types of map: topographic, cross-sectional and structural. 1. Topographic Map- which is a map where locations of equal elevations are connected by lines. Contour lines- lines that connected the elevations of locations.
2. Cross-sectional map-shows the section from the side. Section line- is a straight line drawn on a topographic map. 3. Structural map-shows the geologic features of an area including features such as the type of rocks and geologic structures that are in area.
Geophysics • the twin science of geology. A set of techniques has been evolved for exploring the distribution of rocks
Engineering Practice with Rocks and Soils in India 1. Prehistoric Time- Stone Age Indians were knowledgeable in selecting hard and durable stones. They developed techniques for making tools and weapons of various designs from these stones for their domestic use and hunting. 2. Early Historic Time- Many engineering structures were built in India during the early historic times. Megasthense (nearly 300 BC), the Greek ambassador to India wrote about the presence of sluice structures constructed for distribution of water to the people.
Different Branches of Geology 1. Physical Geology 2. Crystallography 3. Mineralogy 4. Petrology 5. Structural Geology 6. Stratigraphy 7. Paleontology 8. Historical Geology 9. Economic Geology 10. Mining Geology 11. Civil Engineering Geology 12. Hydrology 13. Indian Geology 14. Resources Engineering 15. Photo Geology
1. Physical Geology • as a branch of geology, it deals with the various process of physical agents such as wind, water, glaciers and sea waves run on these agents go on modifying the surface of the earth continuously.
ETD (erosion, transportation & deposition) • this cyclic process is important in modifying the surface of the earth. The study of physical geology plays a vital role in civil engineering thus: 1. It reveals the constructive and destructive processes of the physical agents at a particular site/ place. 2. It helps in selecting a suitable site physically, chemically and mechanically.
2. Crystallography • as a branch of geology, it deals with the study of crystals. Crystal- is a regular polyhedral form bounded by smooth surfaces.
3. Mineralogy • as a branch of geology, it deals with the study of minerals. Mineral- defined as a naturally occurring homogenous solid, inorganically forced, having a definite chemical composition.
4. Petrology • as a branch of geology, it deals with the study of rocks. Rock- defined as the aggregation of minerals found in the earth’s crust. Different rocks: igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic. The study of petrology is most important for civil engineering in the selection of suitable rocks for building stones, road metals and etc.
5. Structural Geology • as a branch of geology, it deals with the study of structures found in rocks. Also known as tectonic geology or simply tectonics
6. Stratigraphy • as a branch of geology, it deals with the study of stratified rocks and their correlation.
7. Paleontology • as a branch of geology, it deals with the study of fossils and the ancient remains of plants and animals.
8. Historical Geology • as a branch of geology, it deals the study of both stratigraphy and paleontology.
9. Economic Geology • as a branch of geology, it deals with the study of minerals, rocks and materials of economic importance like coal and petroleum.
10. Mining Geology • as a branch of geology, it deals with the study of application of geology to mining engineering in such a way that the selection of suitable sites for quarrying and mines can be determined.
11. Hydrology • as a branch of geology, it deals with the studies of both quality and quantify of water that are present in the rocks in the different states.
12. Indian Geology • as a branch of geology, it deals with the study of our motherland in connection with the coal/ petroleum, physiography, stratigraphy and economic mineral of India.
13. Resources Engineering • as a branch of geology, it deals with the study of water, land, solar energy, atmosphere, mineral, forests and etc.
14. Photo Geology • as a branch of geology, it deals with the study of aerial photographs.
15. Civil Engineering Geology • as a branch of geology, it deals with all the geological problems that arise in the field of civil engineering along with suitable treatments.
15. Civil Engineering Geology 1. Involves the application of knowledge of geosciences to ensure safety, efficacy and economy of engineering projects. 2. Essential for proper location, planning, design, construction operation and maintenance of engineering structures. 3. Engineering geology is associated wit the assessment and implementation of corrective measures for a wide variety of natural and man-made hazards.
Importance of Geology for Civil Engineering
Importance of Geology for Civil Engineering ● Knowledge of engineering geology is crucial to detect potential geological problems of a project and to identify their rational solutions. ● Engineering geology contributes to the development activity of a country that necessitates construction of high dams, large reservoirs, long tunnels, railways, highways, and several other engineering structures. ● It provides constant help to civil engineering activities by identifying geological defects and suggesting measures for their rectification. ● Engineering geology strives to achieve stability, safety, and economy in constructing civil engineering structures.
The Role of Geology for Civil Engineering
1. Systematic knowledge of the construction materials, their structure and their properties. 2. Erosion, transportation and deposition (ETD) help: -Soil conservation -River control -Coastal and harbor works 3. Tunneling, road works, cut works 4. Dams, bridges and buildings 5. Knowledge of groundwater 6. Geological maps for planning projects 7. Faults, joints, beds and their solution Role of Geology for Civil Engineering
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Introduction-of-Geology.pdf

  • 2. Table of contents What is Geology? Branches of Geology Importance of Geology in CE Role of Geology in CE 01 02 03 04
  • 3. What is Geology? • Geology is derived from Greek word geo means Earth and logos means science. • Geology is the study of solid Earth. It is known as Earth Science. • Geology includes the investigation of the rocks forming the Earth (petrology) and of how they are distributed (structure) and their constituents (mineralogy and crystallography). • Geology feels the pulse of the earth which we are living on.
  • 4. Geochemistry • is a study of the chemistry of rocks and the distribution of major and trace elements in rocks, rock suites, and minerals.
  • 5. Geologist • the people who contribute their part through the discovery of new deposits of rocks and minerals of economic value.
  • 6. Geological Survey • systematic investigation of the geology beneath a given piece of ground for the purpose of creating a geological map.
  • 7. Geological Map • is a special purpose map made to show various geological features. Three types of map: topographic, cross-sectional and structural. 1. Topographic Map- which is a map where locations of equal elevations are connected by lines. Contour lines- lines that connected the elevations of locations.
  • 8. 2. Cross-sectional map-shows the section from the side. Section line- is a straight line drawn on a topographic map. 3. Structural map-shows the geologic features of an area including features such as the type of rocks and geologic structures that are in area.
  • 9. Geophysics • the twin science of geology. A set of techniques has been evolved for exploring the distribution of rocks
  • 10. Engineering Practice with Rocks and Soils in India 1. Prehistoric Time- Stone Age Indians were knowledgeable in selecting hard and durable stones. They developed techniques for making tools and weapons of various designs from these stones for their domestic use and hunting. 2. Early Historic Time- Many engineering structures were built in India during the early historic times. Megasthense (nearly 300 BC), the Greek ambassador to India wrote about the presence of sluice structures constructed for distribution of water to the people.
  • 11. Different Branches of Geology 1. Physical Geology 2. Crystallography 3. Mineralogy 4. Petrology 5. Structural Geology 6. Stratigraphy 7. Paleontology 8. Historical Geology 9. Economic Geology 10. Mining Geology 11. Civil Engineering Geology 12. Hydrology 13. Indian Geology 14. Resources Engineering 15. Photo Geology
  • 12. 1. Physical Geology • as a branch of geology, it deals with the various process of physical agents such as wind, water, glaciers and sea waves run on these agents go on modifying the surface of the earth continuously.
  • 13. ETD (erosion, transportation & deposition) • this cyclic process is important in modifying the surface of the earth. The study of physical geology plays a vital role in civil engineering thus: 1. It reveals the constructive and destructive processes of the physical agents at a particular site/ place. 2. It helps in selecting a suitable site physically, chemically and mechanically.
  • 14. 2. Crystallography • as a branch of geology, it deals with the study of crystals. Crystal- is a regular polyhedral form bounded by smooth surfaces.
  • 15. 3. Mineralogy • as a branch of geology, it deals with the study of minerals. Mineral- defined as a naturally occurring homogenous solid, inorganically forced, having a definite chemical composition.
  • 16. 4. Petrology • as a branch of geology, it deals with the study of rocks. Rock- defined as the aggregation of minerals found in the earth’s crust. Different rocks: igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic. The study of petrology is most important for civil engineering in the selection of suitable rocks for building stones, road metals and etc.
  • 17. 5. Structural Geology • as a branch of geology, it deals with the study of structures found in rocks. Also known as tectonic geology or simply tectonics
  • 18. 6. Stratigraphy • as a branch of geology, it deals with the study of stratified rocks and their correlation.
  • 19. 7. Paleontology • as a branch of geology, it deals with the study of fossils and the ancient remains of plants and animals.
  • 20. 8. Historical Geology • as a branch of geology, it deals the study of both stratigraphy and paleontology.
  • 21. 9. Economic Geology • as a branch of geology, it deals with the study of minerals, rocks and materials of economic importance like coal and petroleum.
  • 22. 10. Mining Geology • as a branch of geology, it deals with the study of application of geology to mining engineering in such a way that the selection of suitable sites for quarrying and mines can be determined.
  • 23. 11. Hydrology • as a branch of geology, it deals with the studies of both quality and quantify of water that are present in the rocks in the different states.
  • 24. 12. Indian Geology • as a branch of geology, it deals with the study of our motherland in connection with the coal/ petroleum, physiography, stratigraphy and economic mineral of India.
  • 25. 13. Resources Engineering • as a branch of geology, it deals with the study of water, land, solar energy, atmosphere, mineral, forests and etc.
  • 26. 14. Photo Geology • as a branch of geology, it deals with the study of aerial photographs.
  • 27. 15. Civil Engineering Geology • as a branch of geology, it deals with all the geological problems that arise in the field of civil engineering along with suitable treatments.
  • 28. 15. Civil Engineering Geology 1. Involves the application of knowledge of geosciences to ensure safety, efficacy and economy of engineering projects. 2. Essential for proper location, planning, design, construction operation and maintenance of engineering structures. 3. Engineering geology is associated wit the assessment and implementation of corrective measures for a wide variety of natural and man-made hazards.
  • 30. Importance of Geology for Civil Engineering ● Knowledge of engineering geology is crucial to detect potential geological problems of a project and to identify their rational solutions. ● Engineering geology contributes to the development activity of a country that necessitates construction of high dams, large reservoirs, long tunnels, railways, highways, and several other engineering structures. ● It provides constant help to civil engineering activities by identifying geological defects and suggesting measures for their rectification. ● Engineering geology strives to achieve stability, safety, and economy in constructing civil engineering structures.
  • 32. 1. Systematic knowledge of the construction materials, their structure and their properties. 2. Erosion, transportation and deposition (ETD) help: -Soil conservation -River control -Coastal and harbor works 3. Tunneling, road works, cut works 4. Dams, bridges and buildings 5. Knowledge of groundwater 6. Geological maps for planning projects 7. Faults, joints, beds and their solution Role of Geology for Civil Engineering