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Introductionto bilateria 2012

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Bilateria are animals that exhibit bilateral symmetry, meaning their left and right sides are mirror images if divided down the middle. They have three main tissue layers, a digestive tract with separate mouth and anus, a coelom or body cavity lined with mesothelium, and a centralized nervous system. Bilateria include most familiar animals and can be found in oceans, on land, and in freshwater.

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B IL A T E R A L S YM M E T R Y
In t r o d u c t io n t o B ila t e r ia Protostome Bilateria Subkingdom: Eumetazoa • Tissues, symmetry, digestive tract, muscles and nerves Group Bilateria Bilateral symmetry, triploblastic, organs and organ system
Introductionto bilateria 2012
B ila t e r a l S ym m e tr y B ila t e r ia n - Organisms having Bilateral Symmetry Animals that are similar to the front and back, upside and downside. An animal is considered to have Bilateral Symmetry if only one plane of bisection of the midsagittal or midplane produces right and left mirror halves. Streamlining is allowed by Bilateral Symmetry.
E n c o u n t e r in g R e s ourc e s Most animals, including Humans, are bilaterally symmetric. They belong to the group called Bilateria. Bilateral Symmetry is also known as Plane Symmetry. Bilateral Symmetry may have evolved when radial animals began to move up the surface. The oldest known bilateral animal is the Ve r n a n im a lia c u la .
E x a m p le s dddd
B ila t e r ia B o d y D e s ig n Bilateral Symmetry Cephalized • Sensory organs concentrated in the head Triploblastic Three basic tissue layers
B ila t e r a l S ym m e tr y
B ila t e r a l A n im a l L in e s Must have evolved in Precambrian First fossils are Cambrian Spiralian (3rd Cleave Division is spiral)
Introductionto bilateria 2012
Introductionto bilateria 2012
C e p h a liz a t io n The differentiation of the front/anterior end of an organism into a definite head is called Cephalization. It is considered an evolutionary advancement, and is accompanied by the concentration of nerve tissues as well as feeding organisms at the head region with the purpose of integrating actions/movements in the nervous system.
Ta r g e t i n g R e s ourc e s Cephalization allows the anterior end of the animal to first encounter food, predators and other external factors concerning their environment. This is because the brain as well as sensory organs can be found on the anterior end. This helps protect and alarms the organism 24/7.
M o t ile B a c t e r ia Many, however, not all bacteria is able to display motility (ex. self-propelled motion) under circumstances. There are many different types of motility: Flagella (sing. Flagellum) Copious Slime Internal Structure (ex. Axial Filament)
S e s s ile B a c t e r ia Bacteria that is not freely able to move about.
M u s c u la t u r e Bilaterians have complete digestive tracts along with a separate mouth and anus. (Except for some red forms of bilaterians.) They have an internal body cavity called a Coelome. They are Triploblastic which means they have three tissue layers consisting of the: ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.
C o m p a r t m e n t a liz a t io n Compartmentalization or Cellular Compartments comprise of all the closed parts within the Cytosol of the (Eukaryotic) cell of an organism. It has 5 types namely the: Nuclear compartments including the nucleus. Intercisternal Space Organelles Cytosol
R e g u la t e d C o mp a rtme nts Epithelia is maintains the regulated compartments Coelenteron or the gut has evolved in cnidarians and has multiple functions in the taxon. The bilaterian gut is dedicated to digestion. Therefore other spaces must assume the responsibility for the other functions. Hemal System = new role for the connective tissue.
C o e lo m s A new fluid filled cavity It is lined by Mesothelium or Middle Epithelium Contains a third regulated compartment It is filled with a fluid called Coelomic Fluid Functions as a Hydrostat, Transport, Excretion, Reproduction Animals with coeloms are called Coelomates
C o e lo m F o r m a t io n
A lt e r n a t iv e C o e lo m ic C o n d it io n s
B ila t e r ia Most animals are considered to be Bilaterians. They are also known to be the most familiar. They can be found almost anywhere: seas, land, freshwater and even on air. It is important to consider separately the small and large Biletarians.
D e v e lo p m e n t : C le a v a g e Radial/Regulative: Cleavage planes are either parallel or perpendicular to the polar axis of the egg. Spiral/Determinate: Cleavage planes are oblique to the polar axis of the egg. Bilateral/Determinate: Cleavage planes are oblique to the polar axis of the egg.
C n id a r ia Comes from the Greek word “Cnidos” which means stinging nettle Diverse in form Armed with stinging cells called Nematocysts; inherited from a common ancestor Lives in the world’s oceans
H e m a l S ys te m A system of tubes and ducts which morphologically parallels that of the water vascular system in echinoderms, but lies just orally to it. Its function is not known, but it seems clear that it does not perform roles typically associated with a blood-vascular system in other animals. Possible functions ascribed to it are internal defense and endocrine, but direct evidence for either is lacking.
B ila t e r ia B o d y F e a ture s Bilateral Symmetry Triploblasty A Coelome A Through-Gut CNS or Central Nervous System

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Introductionto bilateria 2012

  • 1. B IL A T E R A L S YM M E T R Y
  • 2. In t r o d u c t io n t o B ila t e r ia Protostome Bilateria Subkingdom: Eumetazoa • Tissues, symmetry, digestive tract, muscles and nerves Group Bilateria Bilateral symmetry, triploblastic, organs and organ system
  • 4. B ila t e r a l S ym m e tr y B ila t e r ia n - Organisms having Bilateral Symmetry Animals that are similar to the front and back, upside and downside. An animal is considered to have Bilateral Symmetry if only one plane of bisection of the midsagittal or midplane produces right and left mirror halves. Streamlining is allowed by Bilateral Symmetry.
  • 5. E n c o u n t e r in g R e s ourc e s Most animals, including Humans, are bilaterally symmetric. They belong to the group called Bilateria. Bilateral Symmetry is also known as Plane Symmetry. Bilateral Symmetry may have evolved when radial animals began to move up the surface. The oldest known bilateral animal is the Ve r n a n im a lia c u la .
  • 6. E x a m p le s dddd
  • 7. B ila t e r ia B o d y D e s ig n Bilateral Symmetry Cephalized • Sensory organs concentrated in the head Triploblastic Three basic tissue layers
  • 8. B ila t e r a l S ym m e tr y
  • 9. B ila t e r a l A n im a l L in e s Must have evolved in Precambrian First fossils are Cambrian Spiralian (3rd Cleave Division is spiral)
  • 12. C e p h a liz a t io n The differentiation of the front/anterior end of an organism into a definite head is called Cephalization. It is considered an evolutionary advancement, and is accompanied by the concentration of nerve tissues as well as feeding organisms at the head region with the purpose of integrating actions/movements in the nervous system.
  • 13. Ta r g e t i n g R e s ourc e s Cephalization allows the anterior end of the animal to first encounter food, predators and other external factors concerning their environment. This is because the brain as well as sensory organs can be found on the anterior end. This helps protect and alarms the organism 24/7.
  • 14. M o t ile B a c t e r ia Many, however, not all bacteria is able to display motility (ex. self-propelled motion) under circumstances. There are many different types of motility: Flagella (sing. Flagellum) Copious Slime Internal Structure (ex. Axial Filament)
  • 15. S e s s ile B a c t e r ia Bacteria that is not freely able to move about.
  • 16. M u s c u la t u r e Bilaterians have complete digestive tracts along with a separate mouth and anus. (Except for some red forms of bilaterians.) They have an internal body cavity called a Coelome. They are Triploblastic which means they have three tissue layers consisting of the: ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.
  • 17. C o m p a r t m e n t a liz a t io n Compartmentalization or Cellular Compartments comprise of all the closed parts within the Cytosol of the (Eukaryotic) cell of an organism. It has 5 types namely the: Nuclear compartments including the nucleus. Intercisternal Space Organelles Cytosol
  • 18. R e g u la t e d C o mp a rtme nts Epithelia is maintains the regulated compartments Coelenteron or the gut has evolved in cnidarians and has multiple functions in the taxon. The bilaterian gut is dedicated to digestion. Therefore other spaces must assume the responsibility for the other functions. Hemal System = new role for the connective tissue.
  • 19. C o e lo m s A new fluid filled cavity It is lined by Mesothelium or Middle Epithelium Contains a third regulated compartment It is filled with a fluid called Coelomic Fluid Functions as a Hydrostat, Transport, Excretion, Reproduction Animals with coeloms are called Coelomates
  • 20. C o e lo m F o r m a t io n
  • 21. A lt e r n a t iv e C o e lo m ic C o n d it io n s
  • 22. B ila t e r ia Most animals are considered to be Bilaterians. They are also known to be the most familiar. They can be found almost anywhere: seas, land, freshwater and even on air. It is important to consider separately the small and large Biletarians.
  • 23. D e v e lo p m e n t : C le a v a g e Radial/Regulative: Cleavage planes are either parallel or perpendicular to the polar axis of the egg. Spiral/Determinate: Cleavage planes are oblique to the polar axis of the egg. Bilateral/Determinate: Cleavage planes are oblique to the polar axis of the egg.
  • 24. C n id a r ia Comes from the Greek word “Cnidos” which means stinging nettle Diverse in form Armed with stinging cells called Nematocysts; inherited from a common ancestor Lives in the world’s oceans
  • 25. H e m a l S ys te m A system of tubes and ducts which morphologically parallels that of the water vascular system in echinoderms, but lies just orally to it. Its function is not known, but it seems clear that it does not perform roles typically associated with a blood-vascular system in other animals. Possible functions ascribed to it are internal defense and endocrine, but direct evidence for either is lacking.
  • 26. B ila t e r ia B o d y F e a ture s Bilateral Symmetry Triploblasty A Coelome A Through-Gut CNS or Central Nervous System