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IP address - Past, Present and Future presented by Paul Wilson

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APNIC
APNIC

Paul Wilson, Director General of APNIC delivered a keynote presentation on 'IP address - Past, Present and Future' at MyNOG 11 held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia on the 5 June 2024.

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1 IP Addressing: Past, Present and Future MyNOG 11 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 5 June 2024
2 2 Coming up… • The Past: Origins • The Present: Transition • The Future: Good news! • About APNIC
3 The Past: Origins
4 Allocation Where do IP Addresses come from? Standards Allocation Assignment RIR More on all of this later.
5 Allocation Where do IP Addresses come from? Standards
6 6 Early days: 1981 – 1992 “The assignment of numbers is also handled by Jon. If you are developing a protocol or application that will require the use of a link, socket, port, protocol, or network number please contact Jon to receive a number assignment.” (RFC 790) 1981:
7 7 Boom times: 1992 – 2001 “It has become clear that … these problems are likely to become critical within the next one to three years.” (RFC1366, Gerich) “…it is [now] desirable to consider delegating the registration function to an organization in each of those geographic areas.” (RFC 1338) 1992:
8 8 Boom times: 1992 – 2001 RIR requirements defined (RFC 1466, Gerich) 1993:
9 9 Maturity: 2000s… 1999: Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) 2004: Number Resource Organisation (NRO)
10 10 What do RIRs do? • Internet number resource management – IP addresses: IPv4 and IPv6; and Autonomous System Numbers – Resource allocation, registration (“whois”), transfer – Resource Resource certification (RPKI, ROA publication) • Policy development process – Coordination and support of PDP – Open Policy Meetings – Global policy process (via ASO and ICANN) • Public representation and advocacy – Governmental and inter-Governmental spaces – Defense of the Internet and its multistakeholder governance
11 11 Regional Internet Registries today
12 12 Hierarchical Address Delegation (IPv6) RIR /12 /12 = 68 B addresses* Allocation /29 /29 = 500K addresses* Sub-allocation /32 /32= 64K addresses* Assignment /64 /48 /48 = 1 address* */48
13 Policy Development Process 13 APNIC 57 OPM Join on https://orbit.apnic.net
14 14 Policy in use : IPv4 Routing Table – Prefixes http://bgp.potaroo.net/as1221/bgp-active.html
15 The Present: Transition
16 IPv4 exhaustion… APNIC internal http://www.potaroo.net/tools/ipv4
17 17 IPv4 exhaustion… • IANA pool expired in 2011 – RIR regional supplies followed (2012 to 2017) – Only APNIC has remaining supply (after reclamation in 2023) • Delaying the inevitable… – Address sharing, Network Address Translation (NAT), CGNAT – RIR-registered transfers (sales or leases) • Trading in the remains… – Purchase and leasing – Chaotic white/grey/black markets – Price: 10 to 1,000x the price of registration
18 18 The need for IPv6… • One reason: more IP addresses – Other benefits are minor • The Internet will keep growing – Broadband, wifi, 4G, 5G… – Internet of Things • IPv6 is the only viable option – Enable sustainable growth of the Internet – Without IPv6 the future isn’t great • But will it work? – Yes, eventually…
19 19 IPv6 address space • IPv4: 32-bit address – 232 = 4,294,967,296 – The number of stars in the observable universe • IPv6: 128-bit address – 2128 = 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,37 4,607,431,768,211,456 – Each of those stars contains an entire IPv4 Internet
20 Extn 202 Public Private 02 6262 9898 Address sharing and NAT Phone Network PBX Internet 202.12.29.32 NAT 192.168.1.1
21 Internet NAT 192.168.1.1 Carrier Grade NAT (CGN) 1Gb / user per month $40 / user per year +Y ms latency +X ms latency CGN 10.0.0.202 202.12.29.32
22 Global routing tables IPv4 IPv6 200,000 1,000,000
23 23 Latency: Global routing IPv4 IPv6
24 Latency: Global routing AS Path length – Global average
25 25 Latency: IPv4 v IPv6 12ms 1ms 4.3ms - 5.5ms 3.7ms 2.8ms 6.8ms
26 26 IPv4 market price https://auctions.ipv4.global/prior-sales Peak: $60 / address Today: ~$40 / address
27
28 2
29 2
30 30 What drives deployment? • Motivations – Supply of addresses: numbering, management, mergers – Cost of IPv4 (USD $40/address) vs cost of IPv6 (miniscule) – Cost of IPv4 NAT (USD $40/user/year?) vs no cost for native IPv6 – Efficiency of technology and routing -> Lower latency – Competition and the network effect • Doubts – Human capacity – Business risks, security and other FUD… – … natural resistance to change.
31 The Future: Good News!
32 32 Good news… 43% IPv6 capability in Asia https://stats.labs.apnic.net/ipv6
33 33 More good news…. https://www.google.com/intl/en/ipv6/statistics.html 45% of Google traffic
34 34 The global picture https://stats.labs.apnic.net/ipv6 79% 44% 43% 49% 56% 33% 34% 71%
35 35 Malaysian IPv6 capability 70% IPv6 capability
36 36 Malaysia’s Top 5
37 37 Malaysia’s Top 10 AS13335 CLOUDFLARENET 98.29% 21,449 AS4818 DIGIIX-AP DiGi Telecommunications Sdn. Bhd. 83.22% 1,100,974 AS9534 MAXIS-AS1-AP Binariang Berhad 82.24% 1,497,195 AS45960 YTLCOMMS-AS-AP YTL COMMUNICATIONS SDN BHD 77.31% 105,615 AS10030 CELCOMNET-AP Celcom Axiata Berhad 75.87% 1,036,108 AS9930 TTNET-MY TIME dotCom Berhad 71.26% 217,102 AS38322 TTSSB-MY TM TECHNOLOGY SERVICES SDN. BHD. 69.23% 82,005 AS38466 UMOBILE-AS-AP U Mobile Sdn Bhd 68.50% 833,431 AS4788 TTSSB-MY TM TECHNOLOGY SERVICES SDN. BHD. 58.99% 2,206,887 AS56231 ASTRO-MY-AS-AP MEASAT Broadcast Network Systems 15.58% 64,154
38 38 Latency: IPv4 v IPv6 12ms 1ms 4.3ms - 5.5ms 3.7ms 2.8ms 6.8ms 25ms https://stats.labs.apnic.net/v6perf
39 39
40 40 Where are we on the IPv6 curve? 4 0% 100% ?
41 41 Where are YOU on the IPv6 curve? 4 0% 100% ?
42 More about APNIC
43 43 APNIC • The RIR for the Asia Pacific region, since 1993 – For a ”Global, Open, Stable and Secure Internet” • Delegates and manages Internet number resources – IPv4 and IPv6 addresses – AS numbers • Agency for Internet development – Training, infrastructure, advocacy • Membership-based, not-for-profit – Community self-regulatory body – Open, Neutral, Transparent, Trusted
44 44 NIRs in the APNIC region • National registries existed prior to APNIC… – JPNIC, CNNIC, KRNIC*, TWNIC*, AUNIC, NZNIC • Some NIRs formed later – VNNIC, IRINN, IDNIC • Some dissolved after APNIC formed – AUNIC, NZNIC • NIR functions – “Agent” for RIR services according to APNIC policies – Interfacing with APNIC: Operations, Services and PDP – Other activities according to role and need • “The economic conditions and benefits for the establishment of new NIRs have declined, and new NIRs are no longer sustainable” – APNIC EC, 2024
45 45 What else does APNIC do? • Information products and services – APNIC Labs, APNIC Blog, Ping – Tools: Rex, DASH, Netox • Representation – Defense of the Internet and its multistakeholder governance – Liaison: IETF, ICANN, ITU, APT, PITA, OECD, APEC TEL… • Infrastructure support – IXPs and DNS rootservers • Internet development – APNIC Academy – APNIC Foundation (2016) – Asia Pacific Internet Development Trust (2021)
46
47 47 https://rex.apnic.net
48 https://dash.apnic.net
49 49 Technical Community 2023 • 41 community events – 25 NOGs: Sponsorship, speakers, training and technical support • 22 security events – 4 threat sharing events – BtCIRT, KrCERT/CC, CERT VU, CERT NZ, Fiji CERT, MNCERT/CC – Mentoring at FIRST Annual Conference 2023 FIRST Annual Conference 2023 bdNOG 17
50 50 APNIC Academy 2023 • Instructor-led training – 30+ events (incl 16 NOGs) – 40 online tutorials • New online, self-paced courses – Cybersecurity Fundamentals – Introduction to BGP • Virtual Labs – 11 new DNS, BGP, RPKI, IXPs etc – RPKI and Linux labs updated • 33 Volunteer, 10 Retained CTs Instructor-led Self-paced Courses Face-to-face: 80 Online/Hybrid: 108 2,816 completions; 5,999 hours Students 4,782 9,743 new 34,333 total Virtual Labs 21,064 labs 25,548 hours LANOG 1.0
51 apnic.academy
52 52 APNIC Foundation https://apnic.foundation
53 53 isif.asia
54
55 55 arena-pac.net
56 56 APNIC 58 • Wellington, New Zealand, with Pacific IGF – Workshops: 30 August to 2 September – Conference: 4 to 6 September 2024 – Fellowships available! https://conference.apnic.net/58
57 That’s all folks! Questions? http://www.apnic.net

More Related Content

IP address - Past, Present and Future presented by Paul Wilson

  • 1. 1 IP Addressing: Past, Present and Future MyNOG 11 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 5 June 2024
  • 2. 2 2 Coming up… • The Past: Origins • The Present: Transition • The Future: Good news! • About APNIC
  • 4. 4 Allocation Where do IP Addresses come from? Standards Allocation Assignment RIR More on all of this later.
  • 5. 5 Allocation Where do IP Addresses come from? Standards
  • 6. 6 6 Early days: 1981 – 1992 “The assignment of numbers is also handled by Jon. If you are developing a protocol or application that will require the use of a link, socket, port, protocol, or network number please contact Jon to receive a number assignment.” (RFC 790) 1981:
  • 7. 7 7 Boom times: 1992 – 2001 “It has become clear that … these problems are likely to become critical within the next one to three years.” (RFC1366, Gerich) “…it is [now] desirable to consider delegating the registration function to an organization in each of those geographic areas.” (RFC 1338) 1992:
  • 8. 8 8 Boom times: 1992 – 2001 RIR requirements defined (RFC 1466, Gerich) 1993:
  • 9. 9 9 Maturity: 2000s… 1999: Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) 2004: Number Resource Organisation (NRO)
  • 10. 10 10 What do RIRs do? • Internet number resource management – IP addresses: IPv4 and IPv6; and Autonomous System Numbers – Resource allocation, registration (“whois”), transfer – Resource Resource certification (RPKI, ROA publication) • Policy development process – Coordination and support of PDP – Open Policy Meetings – Global policy process (via ASO and ICANN) • Public representation and advocacy – Governmental and inter-Governmental spaces – Defense of the Internet and its multistakeholder governance
  • 12. 12 12 Hierarchical Address Delegation (IPv6) RIR /12 /12 = 68 B addresses* Allocation /29 /29 = 500K addresses* Sub-allocation /32 /32= 64K addresses* Assignment /64 /48 /48 = 1 address* */48
  • 13. 13 Policy Development Process 13 APNIC 57 OPM Join on https://orbit.apnic.net
  • 14. 14 14 Policy in use : IPv4 Routing Table – Prefixes http://bgp.potaroo.net/as1221/bgp-active.html
  • 17. 17 17 IPv4 exhaustion… • IANA pool expired in 2011 – RIR regional supplies followed (2012 to 2017) – Only APNIC has remaining supply (after reclamation in 2023) • Delaying the inevitable… – Address sharing, Network Address Translation (NAT), CGNAT – RIR-registered transfers (sales or leases) • Trading in the remains… – Purchase and leasing – Chaotic white/grey/black markets – Price: 10 to 1,000x the price of registration
  • 18. 18 18 The need for IPv6… • One reason: more IP addresses – Other benefits are minor • The Internet will keep growing – Broadband, wifi, 4G, 5G… – Internet of Things • IPv6 is the only viable option – Enable sustainable growth of the Internet – Without IPv6 the future isn’t great • But will it work? – Yes, eventually…
  • 19. 19 19 IPv6 address space • IPv4: 32-bit address – 232 = 4,294,967,296 – The number of stars in the observable universe • IPv6: 128-bit address – 2128 = 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,37 4,607,431,768,211,456 – Each of those stars contains an entire IPv4 Internet
  • 20. 20 Extn 202 Public Private 02 6262 9898 Address sharing and NAT Phone Network PBX Internet 202.12.29.32 NAT 192.168.1.1
  • 21. 21 Internet NAT 192.168.1.1 Carrier Grade NAT (CGN) 1Gb / user per month $40 / user per year +Y ms latency +X ms latency CGN 10.0.0.202 202.12.29.32
  • 24. 24 Latency: Global routing AS Path length – Global average
  • 25. 25 25 Latency: IPv4 v IPv6 12ms 1ms 4.3ms - 5.5ms 3.7ms 2.8ms 6.8ms
  • 27. 27
  • 28. 28 2
  • 29. 29 2
  • 30. 30 30 What drives deployment? • Motivations – Supply of addresses: numbering, management, mergers – Cost of IPv4 (USD $40/address) vs cost of IPv6 (miniscule) – Cost of IPv4 NAT (USD $40/user/year?) vs no cost for native IPv6 – Efficiency of technology and routing -> Lower latency – Competition and the network effect • Doubts – Human capacity – Business risks, security and other FUD… – … natural resistance to change.
  • 32. 32 32 Good news… 43% IPv6 capability in Asia https://stats.labs.apnic.net/ipv6
  • 37. 37 37 Malaysia’s Top 10 AS13335 CLOUDFLARENET 98.29% 21,449 AS4818 DIGIIX-AP DiGi Telecommunications Sdn. Bhd. 83.22% 1,100,974 AS9534 MAXIS-AS1-AP Binariang Berhad 82.24% 1,497,195 AS45960 YTLCOMMS-AS-AP YTL COMMUNICATIONS SDN BHD 77.31% 105,615 AS10030 CELCOMNET-AP Celcom Axiata Berhad 75.87% 1,036,108 AS9930 TTNET-MY TIME dotCom Berhad 71.26% 217,102 AS38322 TTSSB-MY TM TECHNOLOGY SERVICES SDN. BHD. 69.23% 82,005 AS38466 UMOBILE-AS-AP U Mobile Sdn Bhd 68.50% 833,431 AS4788 TTSSB-MY TM TECHNOLOGY SERVICES SDN. BHD. 58.99% 2,206,887 AS56231 ASTRO-MY-AS-AP MEASAT Broadcast Network Systems 15.58% 64,154
  • 38. 38 38 Latency: IPv4 v IPv6 12ms 1ms 4.3ms - 5.5ms 3.7ms 2.8ms 6.8ms 25ms https://stats.labs.apnic.net/v6perf
  • 39. 39 39
  • 40. 40 40 Where are we on the IPv6 curve? 4 0% 100% ?
  • 41. 41 41 Where are YOU on the IPv6 curve? 4 0% 100% ?
  • 43. 43 43 APNIC • The RIR for the Asia Pacific region, since 1993 – For a ”Global, Open, Stable and Secure Internet” • Delegates and manages Internet number resources – IPv4 and IPv6 addresses – AS numbers • Agency for Internet development – Training, infrastructure, advocacy • Membership-based, not-for-profit – Community self-regulatory body – Open, Neutral, Transparent, Trusted
  • 44. 44 44 NIRs in the APNIC region • National registries existed prior to APNIC… – JPNIC, CNNIC, KRNIC*, TWNIC*, AUNIC, NZNIC • Some NIRs formed later – VNNIC, IRINN, IDNIC • Some dissolved after APNIC formed – AUNIC, NZNIC • NIR functions – “Agent” for RIR services according to APNIC policies – Interfacing with APNIC: Operations, Services and PDP – Other activities according to role and need • “The economic conditions and benefits for the establishment of new NIRs have declined, and new NIRs are no longer sustainable” – APNIC EC, 2024
  • 45. 45 45 What else does APNIC do? • Information products and services – APNIC Labs, APNIC Blog, Ping – Tools: Rex, DASH, Netox • Representation – Defense of the Internet and its multistakeholder governance – Liaison: IETF, ICANN, ITU, APT, PITA, OECD, APEC TEL… • Infrastructure support – IXPs and DNS rootservers • Internet development – APNIC Academy – APNIC Foundation (2016) – Asia Pacific Internet Development Trust (2021)
  • 46. 46
  • 49. 49 49 Technical Community 2023 • 41 community events – 25 NOGs: Sponsorship, speakers, training and technical support • 22 security events – 4 threat sharing events – BtCIRT, KrCERT/CC, CERT VU, CERT NZ, Fiji CERT, MNCERT/CC – Mentoring at FIRST Annual Conference 2023 FIRST Annual Conference 2023 bdNOG 17
  • 50. 50 50 APNIC Academy 2023 • Instructor-led training – 30+ events (incl 16 NOGs) – 40 online tutorials • New online, self-paced courses – Cybersecurity Fundamentals – Introduction to BGP • Virtual Labs – 11 new DNS, BGP, RPKI, IXPs etc – RPKI and Linux labs updated • 33 Volunteer, 10 Retained CTs Instructor-led Self-paced Courses Face-to-face: 80 Online/Hybrid: 108 2,816 completions; 5,999 hours Students 4,782 9,743 new 34,333 total Virtual Labs 21,064 labs 25,548 hours LANOG 1.0
  • 54. 54
  • 56. 56 56 APNIC 58 • Wellington, New Zealand, with Pacific IGF – Workshops: 30 August to 2 September – Conference: 4 to 6 September 2024 – Fellowships available! https://conference.apnic.net/58