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Iraq War

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Z
zmiers

The global economy was already weak before the Iraq war due to issues like the East Asia crisis and September 11th attacks. The run-up to the war further weakened the global economy and political system as economic globalization had outpaced the development of international political institutions. While the end of the Iraq war resolved some immediate tensions, it did not address the underlying weaknesses in the global economy or long-standing problems in the Middle East like credibility of leaders and debt issues.

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THE GLOBAL ECONOMY IN THE AFTERMATH OF THE IRAQ WAR JOSEPH STIGLITZ ISMA ANNUAL CONFERENCE MADRID 27 JUNE 2003
THE GLOBAL ECONOMY WAS WEAK BEFORE THE IRAQ WAR THE RUN-UP TO THE WAR WEAKENED IT FURTHER BUT THE RESOLUTION OF THE WAR DID NOT RESOLVE THE UNDERLYING WEAKNESSES THE GLOBAL ECONOMY REMAINS WEAK
THE RUN-UP TO THE WAR EXPOSED FURTHER WEAKNESSES IN THE GLOBAL GEO-POLITICAL SYSTEM WEAKNESSES EVIDENCED EARLIER AS ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION HAD OUTPACED POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION
THE END OF THE WAR HAS NOT RESOLVED TENSIONS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND HAS BROUGHT TO THE FORE CERTAIN LONG STANDING PROBLEMS CREDIBILITY OF POLITICAL LEADERSHIP PROBLEMS OF DEBT
I. STATE OF THE GLOBAL ECONOMY Marked change in perspective in the last five years East Asia crisis, Russian crisis, Latin American crises September 11: Concerns about terrorism, secret bank accounts Iraq War: Disruption to multilateral system, uncertainty about oil pricesMarked change in perspective in the last five years East Asia crisis, Russian crisis, Latin American crises September 11: Concerns about terrorism, secret bank accounts Iraq War: Disruption to multilateral system, uncertainty about oil prices
Marked change in perspective in the last five years From euphoria of New Economy to worries about global slowdown, From the Roaring 90s to the malaise of the new millennium Bursting of dot.com bubble, broader global stock market declines Corporate, banking, accounting scandals in U.S., elsewhere Recession in U.S., Germany, Japan—first global recession of new era of globalization
I. STATE OF THE GLOBAL ECONOMY US WENT INTO RECESSION IN MARCH 2001 STILL A LARGE, AND GROWING, GAP BETWEEN ACTUAL PERFORMANCE AND POTENTIAL
PROSPECTS FOR THE U.S. ECONOMY WEAK Economic mismanagement in U.S Anemic response to corporate, accounting, banking scandals A tax cut that failed to provide adequate stimulus, Return of soaring fiscal deficits—put strong demands on global capital markets Continued growth in trade deficits
Economic mismanagement in U.S PRESENTS MAJOR UNCERTAINTIES Will the world be willing to continue to finance these deficits Potential changes in sentiments could have major effects on exchange rates Only weaknesses in Europe, elsewhere have prevented further decline in dollar Large changes in exchange rates can be negative sum: U.S. gains on exports But weaknesses in financial markets may more than offset these gains Europe hurt doubly: stronger exchange rate, weaker American, global economy
I. STATE OF THE GLOBAL ECONOMY: EUROPE’S HANDS ARE TIED Stability pact limits scope for fiscal stimulus ECB has difficult task balancing different economic situations in different parts of the continent But narrow focus on inflation, problems of earlier decades, has meant that it has failed to respond to current situation, contributing to weakness in Europe
EUROPE’S HANDS ARE TIED Full impact of strong Euro on exports may not be felt for months Large changes in exchange rates can leave both Europe and America the loser Weaker dollar may lead investors to pull money out, leaving a weaker U.S. stock market, U.S. economy Stronger Euro will make exports harder, imports from countries tied to dollar (like China) easier
I. STATE OF THE GLOBAL ECONOMY Japan mired in structural problems, political stalemate
STATE OF THE GLOBAL ECONOMY: Emerging markets mixed picture LATIN AMERICA CHINA RUSSIA ELSEWHERE
Emerging markets mixed picture Major recessions, depressions in Latin America Brazil weathered storm, but at what cost? And how stable? Argentina on road to recovery, without the IMF
Emerging markets mixed picture China has had robust growth, but Weak dollar has contributed to China’s competitive advantage Widespread blame on China for U.S. trade deficit (as in earlier disputes with Japan) Widespread blame on China by developing countries (Mexico, and seeming failure of NAFTA) Will China’s position be sustainable? But low (competitive) exchange has been important for China’s growth and employment creation—important for political stability
Emerging markets mixed picture Russia: slower growth as effect of earlier devaluation wears off and oil prices decline, continued problems in establishing market economy India: impressive growth, worrisome fiscal deficits Korea: impressive recovery, redirection of economy
Weak state of global economy Consequences High level of global uncertainty Marked slowdown in capital flows to emerging markets And even in FDI There are normal restorative forces, they move slowly, government is not doing as much as it could
II. THE RUN-UP TO THE WAR EXPOSED FURTHER WEAKNESSES IN THE GLOBAL GEO-POLITICAL SYSTEM
Economic globalization outpaced political globalization Rules, institutions governing globalization largely set by advanced industrial countries, special interests in those countries, for their own advantage Inequitable: developing countries not only have not reaped “fair share” of benefits, in some cases worse off
Economic globalization outpaced political globalization Failure to address problems of global financial architecture Still succession of crises, one after another Developing countries still have to bear risk Bankruptcy reform moved into deep freeze
Economic globalization outpaced political globalization And new worries about those that countries that have been left by the side In Africa, middle east Bypassed by globalization Growing poverty, despair In Africa—devastation of AIDS
Economic globalization outpaced political globalization American unilateralism Evidenced earlier in response to global warming, strategic arms, international criminal court
Economic globalization outpaced political globalization Impending breakdown of Doha round of trade negotiations? Key role of agriculture for developing countries Intellectual property—drugs, biopiracy New issues—competition, investment
Economic globalization outpaced political globalization New impediments to globalization Iraq War did not solve problem of global terrorism New visa requirements and security precautions Backlash against globalization?
III. THE END OF THE WAR HAS NOT RESOLVED TENSIONS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND BROUGHT TO THE FORE CERTAIN LONG STANDING PROBLEMS CREDIBILITY OF POLITICAL LEADERSHIP PROBLEMS OF DEBT
PROBLEMS POST WAR Iraq Reconstruction Challenge: Creating a viable market economy with Large debt overhang War destruction Movement from socialism to a market economy
PROBLEMS POST WAR Movement from socialism to a market economy Badly managed elsewhere Major advantage over Russia: existence of entrepreneurial class Major disadvantage: lack of human capital Risks: American ideological approach, rapid privatization Low receipts to government Asset stripping Viewed as illegitimate
PROBLEMS POST WAR Debt overhang U.S. position: Russia and France should foregive debts Earlier contracts not “legitimate,” can be abrogated America has made its “contribution”: $80 Billion spent on war But U.S. opposes systematic procedure for bank restructuring Elsewhere has insisted on contracts being honored
Debt overhang Fundamental questions raised Should there be an international “rule of law”—or should such questions be decided on an ad hoc basis? Odiose debts and illegitimate contracts: Are there principles which should guide such judgments, or should such questions be decided on an ad hoc basis? Lack of clear answers contributes to market uncertainty
NEW OPTIMISM Growing recognition of the importance of, need for, international rule of law
NEW OPTIMISM Growing recognition of the importance of, need for, international rule of law
NEW OPTIMISM Growing recognition of special problems confronting Africa
NEW OPTIMISM In many emerging markets, new popular leadership, trying to avoid extremes of earlier generations, a balance between government and the market

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Iraq War

  • 1. THE GLOBAL ECONOMY IN THE AFTERMATH OF THE IRAQ WAR JOSEPH STIGLITZ ISMA ANNUAL CONFERENCE MADRID 27 JUNE 2003
  • 2. THE GLOBAL ECONOMY WAS WEAK BEFORE THE IRAQ WAR THE RUN-UP TO THE WAR WEAKENED IT FURTHER BUT THE RESOLUTION OF THE WAR DID NOT RESOLVE THE UNDERLYING WEAKNESSES THE GLOBAL ECONOMY REMAINS WEAK
  • 3. THE RUN-UP TO THE WAR EXPOSED FURTHER WEAKNESSES IN THE GLOBAL GEO-POLITICAL SYSTEM WEAKNESSES EVIDENCED EARLIER AS ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION HAD OUTPACED POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION
  • 4. THE END OF THE WAR HAS NOT RESOLVED TENSIONS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND HAS BROUGHT TO THE FORE CERTAIN LONG STANDING PROBLEMS CREDIBILITY OF POLITICAL LEADERSHIP PROBLEMS OF DEBT
  • 5. I. STATE OF THE GLOBAL ECONOMY Marked change in perspective in the last five years East Asia crisis, Russian crisis, Latin American crises September 11: Concerns about terrorism, secret bank accounts Iraq War: Disruption to multilateral system, uncertainty about oil pricesMarked change in perspective in the last five years East Asia crisis, Russian crisis, Latin American crises September 11: Concerns about terrorism, secret bank accounts Iraq War: Disruption to multilateral system, uncertainty about oil prices
  • 6. Marked change in perspective in the last five years From euphoria of New Economy to worries about global slowdown, From the Roaring 90s to the malaise of the new millennium Bursting of dot.com bubble, broader global stock market declines Corporate, banking, accounting scandals in U.S., elsewhere Recession in U.S., Germany, Japan—first global recession of new era of globalization
  • 7. I. STATE OF THE GLOBAL ECONOMY US WENT INTO RECESSION IN MARCH 2001 STILL A LARGE, AND GROWING, GAP BETWEEN ACTUAL PERFORMANCE AND POTENTIAL
  • 8. PROSPECTS FOR THE U.S. ECONOMY WEAK Economic mismanagement in U.S Anemic response to corporate, accounting, banking scandals A tax cut that failed to provide adequate stimulus, Return of soaring fiscal deficits—put strong demands on global capital markets Continued growth in trade deficits
  • 9. Economic mismanagement in U.S PRESENTS MAJOR UNCERTAINTIES Will the world be willing to continue to finance these deficits Potential changes in sentiments could have major effects on exchange rates Only weaknesses in Europe, elsewhere have prevented further decline in dollar Large changes in exchange rates can be negative sum: U.S. gains on exports But weaknesses in financial markets may more than offset these gains Europe hurt doubly: stronger exchange rate, weaker American, global economy
  • 10. I. STATE OF THE GLOBAL ECONOMY: EUROPE’S HANDS ARE TIED Stability pact limits scope for fiscal stimulus ECB has difficult task balancing different economic situations in different parts of the continent But narrow focus on inflation, problems of earlier decades, has meant that it has failed to respond to current situation, contributing to weakness in Europe
  • 11. EUROPE’S HANDS ARE TIED Full impact of strong Euro on exports may not be felt for months Large changes in exchange rates can leave both Europe and America the loser Weaker dollar may lead investors to pull money out, leaving a weaker U.S. stock market, U.S. economy Stronger Euro will make exports harder, imports from countries tied to dollar (like China) easier
  • 12. I. STATE OF THE GLOBAL ECONOMY Japan mired in structural problems, political stalemate
  • 13. STATE OF THE GLOBAL ECONOMY: Emerging markets mixed picture LATIN AMERICA CHINA RUSSIA ELSEWHERE
  • 14. Emerging markets mixed picture Major recessions, depressions in Latin America Brazil weathered storm, but at what cost? And how stable? Argentina on road to recovery, without the IMF
  • 15. Emerging markets mixed picture China has had robust growth, but Weak dollar has contributed to China’s competitive advantage Widespread blame on China for U.S. trade deficit (as in earlier disputes with Japan) Widespread blame on China by developing countries (Mexico, and seeming failure of NAFTA) Will China’s position be sustainable? But low (competitive) exchange has been important for China’s growth and employment creation—important for political stability
  • 16. Emerging markets mixed picture Russia: slower growth as effect of earlier devaluation wears off and oil prices decline, continued problems in establishing market economy India: impressive growth, worrisome fiscal deficits Korea: impressive recovery, redirection of economy
  • 17. Weak state of global economy Consequences High level of global uncertainty Marked slowdown in capital flows to emerging markets And even in FDI There are normal restorative forces, they move slowly, government is not doing as much as it could
  • 18. II. THE RUN-UP TO THE WAR EXPOSED FURTHER WEAKNESSES IN THE GLOBAL GEO-POLITICAL SYSTEM
  • 19. Economic globalization outpaced political globalization Rules, institutions governing globalization largely set by advanced industrial countries, special interests in those countries, for their own advantage Inequitable: developing countries not only have not reaped “fair share” of benefits, in some cases worse off
  • 20. Economic globalization outpaced political globalization Failure to address problems of global financial architecture Still succession of crises, one after another Developing countries still have to bear risk Bankruptcy reform moved into deep freeze
  • 21. Economic globalization outpaced political globalization And new worries about those that countries that have been left by the side In Africa, middle east Bypassed by globalization Growing poverty, despair In Africa—devastation of AIDS
  • 22. Economic globalization outpaced political globalization American unilateralism Evidenced earlier in response to global warming, strategic arms, international criminal court
  • 23. Economic globalization outpaced political globalization Impending breakdown of Doha round of trade negotiations? Key role of agriculture for developing countries Intellectual property—drugs, biopiracy New issues—competition, investment
  • 24. Economic globalization outpaced political globalization New impediments to globalization Iraq War did not solve problem of global terrorism New visa requirements and security precautions Backlash against globalization?
  • 25. III. THE END OF THE WAR HAS NOT RESOLVED TENSIONS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND BROUGHT TO THE FORE CERTAIN LONG STANDING PROBLEMS CREDIBILITY OF POLITICAL LEADERSHIP PROBLEMS OF DEBT
  • 26. PROBLEMS POST WAR Iraq Reconstruction Challenge: Creating a viable market economy with Large debt overhang War destruction Movement from socialism to a market economy
  • 27. PROBLEMS POST WAR Movement from socialism to a market economy Badly managed elsewhere Major advantage over Russia: existence of entrepreneurial class Major disadvantage: lack of human capital Risks: American ideological approach, rapid privatization Low receipts to government Asset stripping Viewed as illegitimate
  • 28. PROBLEMS POST WAR Debt overhang U.S. position: Russia and France should foregive debts Earlier contracts not “legitimate,” can be abrogated America has made its “contribution”: $80 Billion spent on war But U.S. opposes systematic procedure for bank restructuring Elsewhere has insisted on contracts being honored
  • 29. Debt overhang Fundamental questions raised Should there be an international “rule of law”—or should such questions be decided on an ad hoc basis? Odiose debts and illegitimate contracts: Are there principles which should guide such judgments, or should such questions be decided on an ad hoc basis? Lack of clear answers contributes to market uncertainty
  • 30. NEW OPTIMISM Growing recognition of the importance of, need for, international rule of law
  • 31. NEW OPTIMISM Growing recognition of the importance of, need for, international rule of law
  • 32. NEW OPTIMISM Growing recognition of special problems confronting Africa
  • 33. NEW OPTIMISM In many emerging markets, new popular leadership, trying to avoid extremes of earlier generations, a balance between government and the market