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IRJET - Delineation of Groundwater Potential Zones in Hard Rock Terrain Area using Geospatial and Vertical Electrical Resistivity Technique

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IRJET Journal
IRJET Journal

This document describes a study that used geospatial and geophysical techniques to delineate groundwater potential zones in the hard rock terrain of Mahrauni block, Lalitpur district, Uttar Pradesh, India. Thematic layers like slope, lineaments, hydrogeomorphology, overburden thickness, weathered zone thickness and depth to hard rock were generated using remote sensing, geophysical vertical electrical sounding, and GIS analysis. These layers were weighted and overlaid to classify the study area into very good, good, moderate and poor potential zones. The generated groundwater potential map agreed with field observations of well yields, demonstrating the capability of the integrated approach for groundwater exploration.

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International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 07 Issue: 07 | July 2020 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2020, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3681 DELINEATION OF GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL ZONES IN HARD ROCK TERRAIN AREA USING GEOSPATIAL AND VERTICAL ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY TECHNIQUE Aniket Khare1 V.J. Ganvir2 Mod Hasim3 1Student, Remote Sensing Applications Centre Lucknow U.P. 2Scientist- SE & Head GWRD, Remote Sensing Applications Centre, Lucknow U.P. 3Student, Remote Sensing Applications Centre Lucknow U.P. ---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - Present study is carried out to delineate groundwater potential zones in Mahrauni block of Lalitpur district, Uttar Pradesh. This area ischaracterized byhardrock terrain, and the groundwater in this regionislimited in buried pediplains within the weathered and fracture zone. Groundwater potential zone is found in weathered and fractured zone thickness. As most of the surface water in this region dries up in summer season, so ground water resources needs to be developed. Survey of India toposheets and satellite imagery along with otherdataandfieldobservationdatahave been utilized to prepare various thematic layers viz. slope, lineament, hydro-geomorphological units. With the help of VES technique overburden thickness map, weathered zone thickness map and depth to hard rock map are prepared. Schlumberger setup is used to study physical properties and also to identify vertical and horizontal variations of sub surface features on earth. All the thematicmapthatinfluences groundwater occurrence has been analyzed and integrated based on weight assignment in ArcGIS. To delineate possible groundwater potential zones, the weighted index overlay approach was applied. The result shows that the area can be classified into different zones of groundwater potential, i.e., very good, good, moderate and poor. The map prepared for potential groundwater zones also help in detailed ground- based hydrogeological surveys which ultimately lead to the selection of suitable Tube well sites. Thus, the above analysis clearly demonstrated the capabilities of Remote Sensing, Geophysics and GIS technique in demarcating the potential groundwater zones. Keywords: Remote sensing, Groundwater prospect, weatheredzoneandfractured zonethickness,VESstudy, Geo-electric parameters, Schlumberger configuration, ArcGIS, weighted index overlay. 1. INTRODUCTION Generally ground water in hard rock terrain region is found at secondary porosity zone, weathered zone and fractured zones. In recent times,many researcherssuchasChaudhary et al. (1996), Dr. Jyoti Sarup et al. (2011) have used the approach of remote sensing and GIS for demarcating groundwater potential zones. Groundwater exploration is gaining more and more importanceinourcountryowning to the ever increasing demand for water supplies, especially in areas with inadequate surface water supplies. Remote sensing and GIS play a vital role in identification of groundwater potential zones [7]. The analysis of satellite data along with adequate ground truth knowledge makes it possible to define and outline various characteristicssuchas geological structure, geomorphic characteristics and their hydraulic character, which can serve as direct or indirect indicators of groundwater presence. The study area is characterized by hard rock terrain and the groundwater in this region is confined withintheweathered and fractured zone [2]. Also, unplanned excessive pumping of ground water add up to the misery of the farmers and their domestic needs as it is an agricultural area. 2. STUDY AREA Mahrauni block is in Lalitpur District of Uttar Pradesh, India as depicted in Figure No.1. The location coordinates are: Top: 78°44′ 57″E, 24°39′ 51″N, Bottom: 78°41′ 23″E, 24°22′ 16″N,Left:78°35′ 26″E,24°30′ 14″N,Right: 78°58′ 27″E, 24°29′ 29″N. The total geographical area is 725 square kilometres. Geologically the block is predominantly hard rock terrain underlain by Bundelkhand granitic and gneissic complex [1]. It is mainlyanagricultural area andhas least forest cover in terms of area. The climate is sub-humid and it is characterized by a hot dry summer and cold winter. The slope is towards north and northeast. The study area of Mahrauni block, Lalitpur district is selected because it is a hard rock terrain area and a problematic area and is mostly dependent upon ground water as surface water dries up in summer season in this region. Cropproductionandlivestock rearing provide more than 90 percent of rural incomeinthis region.
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 07 Issue: 07 | July 2020 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2020, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3682 Figure 1: Location Map of the study area 3. METHODOLOGY Survey of India (SOI) topographical map (54 L/10, 54 L/11, 54 L/14, 54 L/15, at 1:50,000scale)aregeo referencedusing the known ground control points (GCP) on it. Satellite imagery from IRS P6 LISS-III on a scale of 1:50,000 are later geo referenced with respect to SOI topographical maps. Slope map has been prepared from SRTM DEM30mimagery using spatial analyst tool in ArcGIS. Also, Lineament density and hydro geomorphology have been prepared using satellite data and proper ground truth. Geophysical instrument DDR3 resistivity meter and Oregon 650 GPS are used for field survey. Vertical change in resistivityissecured by performing vertical electrical soundings (VES) utilizing Schlumberger electrode setup. The overburden thickness map, weathered zone thickness map and depth to hard rock map were prepared after analysing field data using Ip2Win software. After preparing all maps, we use weighted index overlay study. This method allows combining, weight and ranking several different types of information and visualizing it so we can evaluate multiple factors at once. During weighted overlay analysis, weightage has beengiven for each individual parameter of each thematic map, Chart 1: Methodology used for the research work 3. DIFFERENT THEMATIC LAYERS PREPARED Figure 2: Hydro-geomorphology Map
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 07 Issue: 07 | July 2020 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2020, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3683 Figure 3: Slope Map Figure 4: Lineament density Map Figure 5: Overburden thickness Map Figure 6: Weathered zone thickness Map
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 07 Issue: 07 | July 2020 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2020, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3684 Figure 8: Depth to hard rock Map 4. WEIGHTAGE OF DIFFERENT THEMATIC LAYERS Chart 2: Weightage chart 5. CONCLUSION In order to delineate the groundwater potential zones, in general, different thematic laters viz: hydrogeomorphology, lineament density, slopehavebeenusedtointegratewithout considering the subsurface lithology. This provides a broad idea about the groundwater potential of the area. Presently groundwater potential zones have been demarcated by integration of weathered zone thickness and overburden thickness derived by vertical electrical resistivity survey with above thematic layers, through GIS techique. The groundwater potential map generated through this technique was verified with the yield data to acertain the validity of the study and found that is is in agreement with yield data. This illustrates that the approach outlined has merits and can be succesfully used with approptiate modifications. The above study has demonstrated the capability of using remotesensing,geoelectrical data andGIS for demarcation of different groundwater potential zones, especially in diverse geological setup. This gives more realistic groundwater potential map of an area, which may be used for any groundwater developmentand management programme. Figure 9: Groundwater potential Map 6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The author is thankful to Dr. Sudhakar Shukla,Scientist-SE& Head School of Geoinformatics and Director, R.S.A.C. U.P. for their technical support in completion of this study.
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 07 Issue: 07 | July 2020 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2020, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3685 7. REFERENCES [1] Aquifer mapping and Ground watermanagementreportof Lalitpur district, U.P. by Central Ground Water Board, 2017. [2] Das Sujit. “Delineation of groundwater potential zone in hard rock terrain in Gangajalghati block, Bankura district, India using remote sensing and GIS techniques”. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment December 2017, Volume 3, Issue 4, pp 1589–1599. [3] Dr. S. Vidhya Lakshmi Y. Vinay Kumar Reddy. “Identification of Groundwater Potential Zones Using GIS and Remote Sensing”. International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Volume 119 No. 17 2018, 3195-3210. [4] Ganvir V.J., Singh Arjun, Kumar Pushpesh, Singh Amaresh Kr, Kumar Vineet. “Analysis of Electricalresistivity dataforthe delineation of ground water prospective zones at Karchana block of Allahabad district. U.P. India”. InternationalJournalof Advanced Multidisciplinary Scientific Research (IJAMSR) ISSN:2581-4281 Volume 1, Issue 7, September, 2018. [5] Ganvir V.J., Amaresh kr singh, Pushpesh kumar, Miss Nandita Singh. “Groundwater PotentialzonesInvestigationin hard rock terrain using integrated study of Remote Sensing, Geoelectrical and GIS Techniques - A case study of Mandwara block, Lalitpur district U.P. India”. ISRS Geomatics Shillong chapter North Eastern Applications Centre Union, Shillong, Innovation in Geospatial Technology to sustainable development with special emphasis on NER 20-22 Nov 2019. [6] Nag S.K. and Anindita Kundu. “DelineationofGroundwater Potential Zones in Hard Rock Terrain in Kashipur Block, Purulia District, West Bengal, using Geospatial Techniques”. International Journal Water Resources 2016, 6:1 [7] Partha C R, Swetharani V J , Dipa Malik, Prashanth V, Mallika P. “Identification of Groundwater Potential Zone in Southern Part of Bangalore East Taluk using Remote Sensing and GIS”. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) | Volume III, Issue I, January 2018|ISSN 2454-6194. [8] Saraf A, Choudhary PR (1998). “Integratedremotesensing and GIS for ground water exploration and identification of artificial recharge site”. International Journal of Remote Sensing 19: 1825-1841. [9] Sarup Dr. Jyoti, Tiwari Manish K, Khatediya Vardichand. “DELINEATE GROUNDWATER PROSPECT ZONES AND IDENTIFICATION OF ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE SITESUSINGGEOSPATIALTECHNIQUE”. InternationalJournal of advance technology and engineeringresearch 1(1), pp6-20. [10] Shivaji Govind P, Nitin Mahadeo M. “Identification of groundwater recharge potential zones for a watershed using remote sensing and GIS”. International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences Volume 4, No3 2014.

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IRJET - Delineation of Groundwater Potential Zones in Hard Rock Terrain Area using Geospatial and Vertical Electrical Resistivity Technique

  • 1. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 07 Issue: 07 | July 2020 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2020, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3681 DELINEATION OF GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL ZONES IN HARD ROCK TERRAIN AREA USING GEOSPATIAL AND VERTICAL ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY TECHNIQUE Aniket Khare1 V.J. Ganvir2 Mod Hasim3 1Student, Remote Sensing Applications Centre Lucknow U.P. 2Scientist- SE & Head GWRD, Remote Sensing Applications Centre, Lucknow U.P. 3Student, Remote Sensing Applications Centre Lucknow U.P. ---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - Present study is carried out to delineate groundwater potential zones in Mahrauni block of Lalitpur district, Uttar Pradesh. This area ischaracterized byhardrock terrain, and the groundwater in this regionislimited in buried pediplains within the weathered and fracture zone. Groundwater potential zone is found in weathered and fractured zone thickness. As most of the surface water in this region dries up in summer season, so ground water resources needs to be developed. Survey of India toposheets and satellite imagery along with otherdataandfieldobservationdatahave been utilized to prepare various thematic layers viz. slope, lineament, hydro-geomorphological units. With the help of VES technique overburden thickness map, weathered zone thickness map and depth to hard rock map are prepared. Schlumberger setup is used to study physical properties and also to identify vertical and horizontal variations of sub surface features on earth. All the thematicmapthatinfluences groundwater occurrence has been analyzed and integrated based on weight assignment in ArcGIS. To delineate possible groundwater potential zones, the weighted index overlay approach was applied. The result shows that the area can be classified into different zones of groundwater potential, i.e., very good, good, moderate and poor. The map prepared for potential groundwater zones also help in detailed ground- based hydrogeological surveys which ultimately lead to the selection of suitable Tube well sites. Thus, the above analysis clearly demonstrated the capabilities of Remote Sensing, Geophysics and GIS technique in demarcating the potential groundwater zones. Keywords: Remote sensing, Groundwater prospect, weatheredzoneandfractured zonethickness,VESstudy, Geo-electric parameters, Schlumberger configuration, ArcGIS, weighted index overlay. 1. INTRODUCTION Generally ground water in hard rock terrain region is found at secondary porosity zone, weathered zone and fractured zones. In recent times,many researcherssuchasChaudhary et al. (1996), Dr. Jyoti Sarup et al. (2011) have used the approach of remote sensing and GIS for demarcating groundwater potential zones. Groundwater exploration is gaining more and more importanceinourcountryowning to the ever increasing demand for water supplies, especially in areas with inadequate surface water supplies. Remote sensing and GIS play a vital role in identification of groundwater potential zones [7]. The analysis of satellite data along with adequate ground truth knowledge makes it possible to define and outline various characteristicssuchas geological structure, geomorphic characteristics and their hydraulic character, which can serve as direct or indirect indicators of groundwater presence. The study area is characterized by hard rock terrain and the groundwater in this region is confined withintheweathered and fractured zone [2]. Also, unplanned excessive pumping of ground water add up to the misery of the farmers and their domestic needs as it is an agricultural area. 2. STUDY AREA Mahrauni block is in Lalitpur District of Uttar Pradesh, India as depicted in Figure No.1. The location coordinates are: Top: 78°44′ 57″E, 24°39′ 51″N, Bottom: 78°41′ 23″E, 24°22′ 16″N,Left:78°35′ 26″E,24°30′ 14″N,Right: 78°58′ 27″E, 24°29′ 29″N. The total geographical area is 725 square kilometres. Geologically the block is predominantly hard rock terrain underlain by Bundelkhand granitic and gneissic complex [1]. It is mainlyanagricultural area andhas least forest cover in terms of area. The climate is sub-humid and it is characterized by a hot dry summer and cold winter. The slope is towards north and northeast. The study area of Mahrauni block, Lalitpur district is selected because it is a hard rock terrain area and a problematic area and is mostly dependent upon ground water as surface water dries up in summer season in this region. Cropproductionandlivestock rearing provide more than 90 percent of rural incomeinthis region.
  • 2. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 07 Issue: 07 | July 2020 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2020, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3682 Figure 1: Location Map of the study area 3. METHODOLOGY Survey of India (SOI) topographical map (54 L/10, 54 L/11, 54 L/14, 54 L/15, at 1:50,000scale)aregeo referencedusing the known ground control points (GCP) on it. Satellite imagery from IRS P6 LISS-III on a scale of 1:50,000 are later geo referenced with respect to SOI topographical maps. Slope map has been prepared from SRTM DEM30mimagery using spatial analyst tool in ArcGIS. Also, Lineament density and hydro geomorphology have been prepared using satellite data and proper ground truth. Geophysical instrument DDR3 resistivity meter and Oregon 650 GPS are used for field survey. Vertical change in resistivityissecured by performing vertical electrical soundings (VES) utilizing Schlumberger electrode setup. The overburden thickness map, weathered zone thickness map and depth to hard rock map were prepared after analysing field data using Ip2Win software. After preparing all maps, we use weighted index overlay study. This method allows combining, weight and ranking several different types of information and visualizing it so we can evaluate multiple factors at once. During weighted overlay analysis, weightage has beengiven for each individual parameter of each thematic map, Chart 1: Methodology used for the research work 3. DIFFERENT THEMATIC LAYERS PREPARED Figure 2: Hydro-geomorphology Map
  • 3. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 07 Issue: 07 | July 2020 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2020, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3683 Figure 3: Slope Map Figure 4: Lineament density Map Figure 5: Overburden thickness Map Figure 6: Weathered zone thickness Map
  • 4. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 07 Issue: 07 | July 2020 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2020, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3684 Figure 8: Depth to hard rock Map 4. WEIGHTAGE OF DIFFERENT THEMATIC LAYERS Chart 2: Weightage chart 5. CONCLUSION In order to delineate the groundwater potential zones, in general, different thematic laters viz: hydrogeomorphology, lineament density, slopehavebeenusedtointegratewithout considering the subsurface lithology. This provides a broad idea about the groundwater potential of the area. Presently groundwater potential zones have been demarcated by integration of weathered zone thickness and overburden thickness derived by vertical electrical resistivity survey with above thematic layers, through GIS techique. The groundwater potential map generated through this technique was verified with the yield data to acertain the validity of the study and found that is is in agreement with yield data. This illustrates that the approach outlined has merits and can be succesfully used with approptiate modifications. The above study has demonstrated the capability of using remotesensing,geoelectrical data andGIS for demarcation of different groundwater potential zones, especially in diverse geological setup. This gives more realistic groundwater potential map of an area, which may be used for any groundwater developmentand management programme. Figure 9: Groundwater potential Map 6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The author is thankful to Dr. Sudhakar Shukla,Scientist-SE& Head School of Geoinformatics and Director, R.S.A.C. U.P. for their technical support in completion of this study.
  • 5. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 07 Issue: 07 | July 2020 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2020, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3685 7. REFERENCES [1] Aquifer mapping and Ground watermanagementreportof Lalitpur district, U.P. by Central Ground Water Board, 2017. [2] Das Sujit. “Delineation of groundwater potential zone in hard rock terrain in Gangajalghati block, Bankura district, India using remote sensing and GIS techniques”. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment December 2017, Volume 3, Issue 4, pp 1589–1599. [3] Dr. S. Vidhya Lakshmi Y. Vinay Kumar Reddy. “Identification of Groundwater Potential Zones Using GIS and Remote Sensing”. International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Volume 119 No. 17 2018, 3195-3210. [4] Ganvir V.J., Singh Arjun, Kumar Pushpesh, Singh Amaresh Kr, Kumar Vineet. “Analysis of Electricalresistivity dataforthe delineation of ground water prospective zones at Karchana block of Allahabad district. U.P. India”. InternationalJournalof Advanced Multidisciplinary Scientific Research (IJAMSR) ISSN:2581-4281 Volume 1, Issue 7, September, 2018. [5] Ganvir V.J., Amaresh kr singh, Pushpesh kumar, Miss Nandita Singh. “Groundwater PotentialzonesInvestigationin hard rock terrain using integrated study of Remote Sensing, Geoelectrical and GIS Techniques - A case study of Mandwara block, Lalitpur district U.P. India”. ISRS Geomatics Shillong chapter North Eastern Applications Centre Union, Shillong, Innovation in Geospatial Technology to sustainable development with special emphasis on NER 20-22 Nov 2019. [6] Nag S.K. and Anindita Kundu. “DelineationofGroundwater Potential Zones in Hard Rock Terrain in Kashipur Block, Purulia District, West Bengal, using Geospatial Techniques”. International Journal Water Resources 2016, 6:1 [7] Partha C R, Swetharani V J , Dipa Malik, Prashanth V, Mallika P. “Identification of Groundwater Potential Zone in Southern Part of Bangalore East Taluk using Remote Sensing and GIS”. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) | Volume III, Issue I, January 2018|ISSN 2454-6194. [8] Saraf A, Choudhary PR (1998). “Integratedremotesensing and GIS for ground water exploration and identification of artificial recharge site”. International Journal of Remote Sensing 19: 1825-1841. [9] Sarup Dr. Jyoti, Tiwari Manish K, Khatediya Vardichand. “DELINEATE GROUNDWATER PROSPECT ZONES AND IDENTIFICATION OF ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE SITESUSINGGEOSPATIALTECHNIQUE”. InternationalJournal of advance technology and engineeringresearch 1(1), pp6-20. [10] Shivaji Govind P, Nitin Mahadeo M. “Identification of groundwater recharge potential zones for a watershed using remote sensing and GIS”. International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences Volume 4, No3 2014.