1. Cognitive interviews use two techniques to improve witness recall: (1) context reinstatement, which asks witnesses to mentally reinstate the context of the event, and (2) reporting everything, which encourages witnesses to report all details regardless of perceived importance.
2. A brain scan showing different areas of the brain activating for verbal versus visual tasks relates to the working memory model, which proposes separate subsystems for verbal and visual information. Appropriate tasks could be a word recall test for verbal and a pattern recognition test for visual.
3. Eyewitness testimony is fallible due to factors like suggestive questioning, unconscious transference, and decay of memory over time. Reliability can be improved through techniques that reduce
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PSYA1 June 2009
1. Centre Number Candidate Number For Examiner’s Use
Surname
Other Names
Examiner’s Initials
Candidate Signature
Question Mark
General Certificate of Education 1
Advanced Subsidiary Examination
June 2009 2
3
Psychology PSYA1 4
(Specification A) 5
6
Unit 1 Cognitive Psychology, Developmental Psychology and
Research Methods 7
8
Wednesday 13 May 2009 9.00 am to 10.30 am
TOTAL
You will need no other materials.
Time allowed
1 hour 30 minutes
Instructions
Use black ink or black ball-point pen.
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page.
Answer all questions.
You must answer the questions in the spaces provided. Answers written
in margins or on blank pages will not be marked.
Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want
to be marked.
If you need extra paper, use the Supplementary Answer Sheets.
Information
The marks for questions are shown in brackets.
The maximum mark for this paper is 72.
Question 4 should be answered in continuous prose. You may use the
space provided to plan your answer. In Question 4, you will be marked
on your ability to:
– use good English
– organise information clearly
– use specialist vocabulary where appropriate.
(JUN09PSYA101)
G/K44360 6/6/6/3 PSYA1
2. Areas outside
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SECTION A: COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND RESEARCH METHODS
Answer all questions.
Total for this question: 6 marks
1 Cognitive interviews have been developed to improve witness recall. Identify and explain
two techniques used in the cognitive interview.
Technique 1 ................................................................................................................................
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Technique 2 ................................................................................................................................
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(3 marks + 3 marks)
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Total for this question: 6 marks
2 A brain scan shows that one area of the brain is more active when a person is doing a verbal
task. However, when this person is doing a visual task, a different area of the brain is more
active.
2 (a) Explain how this could relate to the working memory model. Refer to different parts
of the working memory model in your answer.
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2 (b) Give an example of an appropriate verbal task and an appropriate visual task which
could be used during the brain scan.
Verbal task ........................................................................................................................
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Visual task ........................................................................................................................
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(1 mark + 1 mark)
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Total for this question: 12 marks
3 Some psychology students read about an experiment which suggested that organisation is a
useful strategy for improving memory. The students carried out an experiment to investigate
the effects of organisation on word recall. They made up a list of 50 items that could be
bought in a supermarket. The participants were teachers at their school. One group of
participants saw the words organised into categories such as fruit, vegetables, dairy products
and cleaning materials. The other group saw the same words presented randomly.
The results are given in Table 1 below.
Table 1 The number of words correctly recalled by participants who saw the organised
list and participants who saw the random list
Organised List Random List
20 15
15 13
18 19
45 14
24 20
23 10
28 21
21 6
25 22
30 25
Measure of central tendency
Measure of dispersion
3 (a) Identify a suitable measure of central tendency that could be used with these data.
Justify your answer.
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(2 marks)
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3 (b) The psychology students decided to use a volunteer sample. Suggest one way in which
this sample could be obtained.
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(2 marks)
3 (c) Suggest one possible extraneous variable in this study.
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(1 mark)
3 (d) Suggest one way in which the students could control for this extraneous variable.
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3 (e) The psychology students wanted to carry out an experiment to investigate the
effectiveness of a different strategy for memory improvement.
For this further experiment, suggest the following:
3 (e) (i) an appropriate strategy for memory improvement;
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(2 marks)
3 (e) (ii) an appropriate experimental design;
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(1 mark)
3 (e) (iii) operationalised independent and dependent variables.
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(2 marks)
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Total for this question: 12 marks
4 Outline and evaluate research into the effects of anxiety on the accuracy of eyewitness
testimony.
You may use this space to plan your answer
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SECTION B: DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY AND RESEARCH METHODS
Answer all questions.
Total for this question: 13 marks
5 A recent study recorded the amount of time that children spent in day care from birth to four
years, and asked each child’s mother to rate her child for aggression and disobedience. The
study found that, as the time spent in day care went up, the mothers’ rating of aggression and
disobedience also went up.
5 (a) What kind of correlation is this research showing?
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(1 mark)
5 (b) Outline one strength and one weakness of using correlational research to investigate
the effects of day care.
Strength .............................................................................................................................
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Weakness ..........................................................................................................................
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The researchers also found that children who experienced better quality day care had fewer
behavioural problems than children who experienced lower quality day care.
5 (c) Outline two characteristics of high quality day care.
Characteristic 1 ................................................................................................................
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Characteristic 2 ................................................................................................................
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5 (d) What have studies shown us about the effects of day care on peer relations?
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Total for this question: 4 marks
6 (a) What is meant by the term attachment?
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(2 marks)
6 (b) Tick two of the boxes below to indicate which of the following statements relate to
Bowlby’s evolutionary theory of attachment.
A Attachment takes place during a critical period or not at all.
B Infants become attached to the person who feeds them.
C Infants are innately programmed to form an attachment.
D Attachments are based on the principles of classical and
operant conditioning.
(2 marks)
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Total for this question: 12 marks
7 Research has suggested that institutionalisation can have negative effects on children. In the
1990s, many children were found living in poor quality orphanages in Romania. Luca had
lived in one of these orphanages from birth. When he was four years old, he was adopted
and he left the orphanage to live in Canada. His development was then studied for a number
of years.
7 (a) Outline possible negative effects of institutionalisation on Luca.
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Question 7 continues on the next page
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7 (b) The scenario above is an example of a case study. Outline one strength and one
limitation of this research method.
Strength .............................................................................................................................
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Limitation .........................................................................................................................
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7 (c) Disruption of attachment can occur when children experience separation from their
attachment figure during their early childhood.
Outline one study of the effects of disruption of attachment.
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Total for this question: 7 marks
8 By observing interactions between the infants and their mothers in a Strange Situation, Mary
Ainsworth was able to identify different types of attachment.
8 (a) Describe possible demand characteristics in this research.
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8 (b) How does the behaviour of securely attached infants differ from that of insecurely
attached infants?
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END OF QUESTIONS
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