Psychologists have studied the effects of institutionalization on children. Research has found that children raised in institutions show delays in cognitive and social development compared to children raised by families. However, some studies found that children can recover from the negative effects if moved to a family environment early. Overall, the research suggests that living in an institution can harm child development, but early intervention may help mitigate these effects.
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PSYA1 June 2010
1. Centre Number Candidate Number For Examiner’s Use
Surname
Other Names
Examiner’s Initials
Candidate Signature
Question Mark
General Certificate of Education 1
Advanced Subsidiary Examination
June 2010 2
3
Psychology PSYA1 4
(Specification A) 5
Unit 1 Cognitive Psychology, Developmental Psychology and 6
Research Methods 7
Monday 7 June 2010 1.30 pm to 3.00 pm 8
9
You will need no other materials.
TOTAL
Time allowed
1 hour 30 minutes
Instructions
Use black ink or black ball-point pen.
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page.
Answer all questions.
You must answer the questions in the spaces provided. Do not write
outside the box around each page or on blank pages.
Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want
to be marked.
If you need extra space for your answer(s), use the lined pages at the
end of this book. Write the question number against your answer(s).
Information
The marks for questions are shown in brackets.
The maximum mark for this paper is 72.
Question 9 should be answered in continuous prose.
You may use the space provided to plan your answer.
In Question 9, you will be marked on your ability to:
– use good English
– organise information clearly
– use specialist vocabulary where appropriate.
(Jun10psya101)
G/J53143 6/6/6 PSYA1
2. 2 Do not write
outside the
box
Section A Cognitive Psychology and Research Methods
Answer all questions in the spaces provided.
Total for this question: 3 marks
1 This is a diagram of Atkinson and Shiffrin’s multi-store model of memory.
C
A B
From the following list, select the appropriate labels for A, B and C. Write A, B or C in
the three correct boxes.
Secondary memory
Long-term memory
Recognition
Rehearsal loop
Central executive
Sensory memory
Short-term memory
(3 marks)
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3. 3 Do not write
outside the
box
Total for this question: 5 marks
2 Describe strategies for memory improvement.
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(5 marks)
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4. 4 Do not write
outside the
box
Total for this question: 11 marks
3 A researcher carried out an experiment to investigate how many numbers could be held
in short-term memory. The participants were 15 children and 15 adults. Participants
were asked to repeat lists of random numbers, in the correct order, as soon as they
were read out by the researcher. For example, when the researcher said, “3, 4, 2, 8”
the participant immediately repeated “3, 4, 2, 8”. When the researcher then said,
“7, 5, 9, 6, 4” the participant immediately repeated “7, 5, 9, 6, 4”. One number was
added to the list each time until participants were unable to recall the list correctly.
Each participant’s maximum digit span was recorded.
3 (a) Write an appropriate non-directional hypothesis for this experiment.
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(2 marks)
3 (b) Explain why the researcher used an independent groups design for this experiment.
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(2 marks)
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5. 5 Do not write
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3 (c) Frequency distribution of the maximum number of digits
correctly recalled by children and adults
6
Key
Adults
5 Children
4
Frequency 3
2
1
0
0 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Maximum number of digits
Write the mode for each group in the table below.
Age group Mode
Children
Adults
(2 marks)
3 (d) What does the frequency distribution show about the results?
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(3 marks)
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3 (e) Do the results of this experiment support the findings of other research into the capacity
of short-term memory? Explain your answer.
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(2 marks)
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Total for this question: 4 marks
4 Describe one way in which psychologists have investigated the duration of short-term
memory. In your answer, you should include details of stimulus materials used, what
participants were asked to do and how duration was measured.
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7. 7 Do not write
outside the
box
Total for this question: 13 marks
5 An American space shuttle exploded soon after it was launched. All of the astronauts
on board were killed. Crowds of people were watching, including friends and relatives
of the astronauts. Six months after the explosion, a student decided to investigate the
accuracy of some of the eyewitnesses’ memory of this event.
5 (a) Outline how the student could have used a cognitive interview to investigate this event.
Include at least one example of what the participants would be asked to do.
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(4 marks)
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Question 5 continues on the next page
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(07)
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8. 8 Do not write
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5 (b) Explain how anxiety might have affected eyewitness testimony of this event. Refer to
psychological research in your answer.
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(6 marks)
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5 (c) Explain why it might be better to carry out research into eyewitness testimony in the
real world, rather than in a laboratory.
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(3 marks) 13
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9. 9 Do not write
outside the
box
Section B Developmental Psychology and Research Methods
Answer all questions in the spaces provided.
Total for this question: 12 marks
6 Ainsworth identified different types of attachment in children, including secure and
insecure attachment.
6 (a) Identify two characteristics of an insecurely attached child.
Characteristic One ...........................................................................................................
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Characteristic Two ...........................................................................................................
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(2 marks)
A psychologist investigated the relationship between type of attachment in childhood
and success in later adult relationships. He published a questionnaire in a local
newspaper. The participants were people who read the newspaper, filled in the
questionnaire and sent it to the psychologist. Participants’ answers to the questions
were used to decide whether they had been securely or insecurely attached as
children. The participants who were identified as securely attached children were more
likely to have successful adult relationships than those identified as insecurely attached
children.
6 (b) Identify the sampling technique used in this study. Outline one weakness of using this
sampling method.
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(3 marks)
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6 (c) Identify one ethical issue the researcher would need to consider in this research.
Suggest how the researcher could deal with this ethical issue.
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(3 marks)
6 (d) Questionnaires and interviews are both self-report techniques. Explain one advantage
and one disadvantage of using a questionnaire rather than an interview.
Advantage ........................................................................................................................
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Disadvantage ...................................................................................................................
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(4 marks)
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11. 11 Do not write
outside the
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Total for this question: 6 marks
7 Observation in a Strange Situation has been used to investigate cultural variations in
attachment.
7 (a) Give one advantage of using observation in psychological research.
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(2 marks)
7 (b) Outline what research has shown about cultural variations in attachment.
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12. 12 Do not write
outside the
box
Total for this question: 6 marks
8 Both of Ali’s parents work full time, so they have decided to put him into day care.
They do not have any relatives or friends who could care for Ali, but there are several
types of day care available locally.
8 (a) Name two different forms of day care which might be suitable for Ali.
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(2 marks)
8 (b) What advice would you give to Ali’s parents to help them choose the most suitable day
care for Ali?
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(4 marks)
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13. 13 Do not write
outside the
box
Total marks for this question: 12 marks
9 Psychologists have studied children who have lived in institutions such as orphanages.
Outline and evaluate research into the effects of institutionalisation.
You may use this space to plan your answer
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