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Ks2008 Semanticweb In Action

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Rinke Hoekstra
Rinke Hoekstra

The document discusses the Semantic Web, including its languages (RDF, RDFS, OWL, Turtle), storage and querying (SPARQL), integration (RDFa, GRDDL), browsing and visualization (Fresnel lenses), and mashups (Yahoo Pipes). It also covers reasoning with OWL and potential applications like legal assessment. While the technologies exist, broader adoption on the web is still developing.

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The SemanticWeb in Action Kennissystemen, December 2008 Rinke Hoekstra
Overview The Semantic Web Languages and Integration Storage and Querying Browsing and Viewing Mashups Reasoning (OWL in Action) ... does it really exist? 12/16/09
The Semantic Web Ideology Identity is everything Partial solutions are great too! Layer cake 12/16/09 OWL
Languages: RDF notations Different ways of writing RDF RDF/XML RDF/XML Abbrev N3 Turtle only allows valid RDF-graphs Ntriple one triple per line, fully qualified URI’s. 12/16/09
Languages: RDF(S)/XML Code Example. <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf=“http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#” xmlns:rdfs=&quot;http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/&quot; xmlns:uva=“http://www.uva.nl/rdf#” xmlns=“http://www.uva.nl/people”> <rdf:Description rdf:ID=“#radboud”> <rdf:type rdf:resource=“http://www.uva.nl/rdf#AssociateProfessor”/> <uva:name>Radboud Winkels</uva:name> <uva:teaches rdf:resource=“http://www.uva.nl/courses#ks2008”/> </rdf:Description> <uva:Course rdf:about=“http://www.uva.nl/courses#ks2008”/> <rdfs:Class rdf:about=“http://www.uva.nl/rdf#AssociateProfessor”> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource=“http://www.uva.nl/rdf#StaffMember”/> </rdfs:Class> <rdf:Property rdf:about=“http://www.uva.nl/rdf#teaches”> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource=“http://www.uva.nl/rdf#Professor”/> <rdfs:range rdf:resource=“http://www.uva.nl/rdf#Course”/> </rdf:Property> </rdf:RDF> 12/16/09
Languages: Turtle @prefix rdf:<http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#>. @prefix rdfs:<http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/>. @prefix uva:<http://www.uva.nl/rdf#>. @prefix courses:<http://www.uva.nl/courses#>. @prefix :<http://www.uva.nl/people#>. uva:AssociateProfessor a rdfs:Class; rdfs:subClassOf uva:StaffMember. uva:teaches a rdf:Property; rdfs:domain uva:AssociateProfessor; rdfs:range uva:Course. :radboud a uva:AssociateProfessor; uva:name ”Radboud Winkels”^^xsd:string; uva:teaches courses:ks2008. courses:ks2008 a uva:Course. 12/16/09
Languages: Important Message Multiple Syntaxes! RDF statements are: Triples <subject, predicate,object> Distributed Always about something else ... but can be about other RDF triples as well. Metadata 12/16/09
Integration How to add this ‘meta’ to my ‘data’? Three options: Old fashioned HTML: <link rel='meta' type='application/rdf+xml' href='http://www.leibnizcenter.org/~hoekstra/foaf.rdf' title='FOAF'> HTTP 303 `see other’ http://www.w3.org/TR/swbp-vocab-pub/ Inline (RDFa/GRDDL) 12/16/09
Integration: 303 See Other (Demo) http://www.metalex.eu/metalex 12/16/09
Integration: Inline RDFa Attributes on XHTML elements http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml-rdfa-primer GRDDL Gleaning Resource Descriptions from Dialects of Languages Explicit reference to (XSL) transformation http://www.w3.org/TR/grddl/ 12/16/09
Integration: RDFa Example In XHTML: <?xml version=&quot;1.0&quot; encoding=&quot;UTF-8&quot;?> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC &quot;-//W3C//DTD XHTML+RDFa 1.0//EN&quot; &quot;http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/DTD/xhtml-rdfa-1.dtd&quot;> <html xmlns:cal=&quot;http://www.w3.org/2002/12/cal/ical#&quot;> <head><title>Jo's Friends and Family Blog</title></head> <body> <p instanceof=&quot;cal:Vevent&quot;> I'm holding <span property=&quot;cal:summary&quot;>one last summer Barbecue</span>, on <span property=&quot;cal:dtstart&quot; content=&quot;20070916T1600-0500&quot;> September 16th at 4pm. </span> </p> </body> </html> In RDF: _:blanknode0 rdf:type cal:Vevent; cal:summary ”one last summer Barbecue&quot;; cal:dtstart &quot;20070916T1600-0500&quot; . 12/16/09
Integration: GRDDL In HTML/XML instance documents: <html xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml&quot; xmlns:grddl='http://www.w3.org/2003/g/data-view#' grddl:transformation=&quot;glean_title.xsl http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/grddl-wg/td/getAuthor.xsl”> In XML Schema documents: <xsd:annotation> <xsd:appinfo> <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#&quot;> <rdf:Description rdf:about=&quot;http://www.metalex.eu/latest&quot;> <grddl:namespaceTransformation rdf:resource=”http://www.metalex.eu/grddl/metalex2owl.xsl&quot; /> </rdf:Description> </rdf:RDF> </xsd:appinfo> </xsd:annotation> 12/16/09
Storage (on the web) As documents .rdf, .n3, .turtle, .html In a RDF triple-store Sesame ( http://www.openrdf.org ) Jena/Joseki ( http://jena.sourceforge.net ) RDF(S)/OWL reasoning Jena’s OntModel Sesame OWLIM Sail module SPARQL Endpoints Results as JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) http:/ /darius. leibnizcenter.org: 8080 /openrdf-sesame 12/16/09
Querying Many languages SPARQL, nRQL, SeRQL, etc. SPARQL: http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-sparql-query/ Example PREFIX course: <http://www.uva.nl/courses#> PREFIX uva: <http://www.uva.nl/rdf#> SELECT ?name WHERE { ?x uva:teaches course:ks2007. ?x uva:name ?name } ?x binds with <http://www.uva.nl/people#radboud> ?name binds with “Radboud Winkels”^^xsd:string 12/16/09
Browsing and Viewing How to unlock your RDF/OWL to users? Custom applications (PizzaFinder) Generic RDF Browsers (Faceted Browsing) How to present your RDF/OWL to users? Custom applications (TopBraid Geo) Generic RDF Visualisation (Fresnel Lenses) 12/16/09
Browsing: Facets Multi-dimensional search User filters available information Context dependent Facet UI element Values of a property Number of results Query building 12/16/09
Browsing MIT Longwell http://simile.mit.edu/longwell/demo/libraries /facet http://slashfacet.semanticweb.org Flamenco RDFBrowser Exhibit http://simile.mit.edu/exhibit LENA OpenAcademia http://vu.openacademia.org 12/16/09
Viewing Tables are boring! Different data? Different presentation: URI/URL Images Strings Coordinates Filtering data Aggregating data 12/16/09
Viewing: Fresnel RDF specification of What data to present, and How to present it http://www.w3.org/2005/04/fresnel-info Lenses Group information (class membership, SPARQL result) Formats Specify how property values should be rendered 12/16/09
Viewing: Fresnel lens :foafPersonDefaultLens rdf:type fresnel:Lens ; fresnel:purpose fresnel:defaultLens ; fresnel:classLensDomain foaf:Person ; fresnel:group :foafGroup ; fresnel:showProperties ( foaf:name foaf:surname foaf:depiction ) . :knowsLens rdf:type fresnel:Lens ; fresnel:classLensDomain foaf:Person ; fresnel:group :foafGroup ; fresnel:showProperties ( foaf:name foaf:surname foaf:mbox [ rdf:type fresnel:PropertyDescription ; fresnel:property foaf:knows ; fresnel:sublens :foafPersonDefaultLens ] ) . 12/16/09
Viewing: Fresnel format :foafGroup rdf:type fresnel:Group ; fresnel:stylesheetLink <http://www.example.org/example.css> . :depictFormat rdf:type fresnel:Format ; fresnel:propertyFormatDomain foaf:depiction ; fresnel:label fresnel:none ; fresnel:value fresnel:image ; fresnel:valueStyle &quot;imageWithThickBorder&quot;^^fresnel:styleClass ; fresnel:group :foafGroup . :urlFormat rdf:type fresnel:Format ; fresnel:propertyFormatDomain foaf:homepage ; fresnel:propertyFormatDomain foaf:mbox ; fresnel:value fresnel:externalLink ; fresnel:labelStyle &quot;basicLabel&quot;^^fresnel:styleClass ; fresnel:valueStyle &quot;basicUrl&quot;^^fresnel:styleClass ; fresnel:group :foafGroup . 12/16/09
Longwell 12/16/09
/facet 12/16/09
Mashups Combining arbitrary sources of data Potluck http://simile.mit.edu/potluck Yahoo Pipes http://pipes.yahoo.com 12/16/09
Yahoo Pipes Editing 12/16/09
Yahoo Pipes Result 12/16/09
OWL in Action What OWL can do … Traditional Straightforward classification tasks Extensions Explanation & Justification Probabilistic Reasoning Advanced (Law) Temporal reasoning (Klarman et al., 2008) Legal reasoning (van de Ven et al., 2008) 12/16/09
Legal assessment Case input Individual case description Match Case is matched against a set of norms Resolve conflicts Where multiple norms apply, the system determines whether and which norms have priority over others Final verdict
University library regulations Norms qualify a situation 1a ) Students registered at this university are allowed to check out a book from this library 1b ) Students registered at other universities are allowed to check out a book from this library provided that they are enrolled in at least one course given at this university. 1c ) Students who have checked out more than five books are not allowed to check out another book. Expected subsumption hierarchy: Art1c ⊑ Art1a, Art1c ⊑ Art1b Amy C  { Amy :Student, book_1 :Library_Book, … , book_6 :Library_Book Amy checks_out book_1, … , Amy checks_out book_6 }
Norms in LKIF Core
A Default Norm 0) Default: Checking out books is disallowed. Default_GC ⊑ Generic_Case ⊑ ∃ disallowed_by.{defaultnorm} ≡ ∃ checks_out.Library_Book   Default_Norm ⊑ Prohibition ⊑ ∀ disallows.Default_GC ≡ {defaultnorm}
Article 1a 1a ) Students registered at this university are allowed to check out a book from this library. Art1a_GC ⊑ Generic_Case ⊑ ∃ allowed_by.art1a ≡ Registered_Student ⊓ ∃ checks_out.Library_Book   Art1a_Permission ⊑ Permission ⊑ ∀ allows.Art1a_GC ≡ {art1a}
Article 1c 1c ) Students who have checked out more than five books are not allowed to check out another book. Art1c_GC_F ⊑ Generic_Case ⊑ ∃ dis allowed_by.{art1c} ≡ Registered_Student ⊓ ≥ 6 checks_out.Library_Book Art1c_GC_P ⊑ Generic_Case ⊑ ∃ allowed_by.{art1c} ≡ Registered_Student ⊓ ∃checks_out.Library_Book ≤ 5 checks_out.Library_Book Art1c_Prohibition ⊑ Prohibition ⊑ ∀ dis allows.Art1c_GC_F ⊓ ∀ allows.Art1c_GC_P ≡ {art1c}
Judging Amy
Million dollar question ... does the SemanticWeb really exist? Semantics: yes Web: mwoah Friend-of-a-Friend (FOAF) RSS feeds (pingbacks etc.) Web 2.0: Tagging + Mashups Reasoning? Local, ‘in the box’ But: MaRVIN ( http://www.larkc.eu/marvin/ ) However The nuts ‘n bolts are ready, And we’ve got the data! 12/16/09
Resources http://www.w3.org RDF(S), N3, OWL, SPARQL, RDFa, GRDDL, XML, XMLSchema, XSLT, CSS, XPath, fresnel... http://www.semanticweb.org /facet, other resources http://www.planetrdf.com Aggregated RSS feed of the cool & famous NEW: OWL 2 http://www.w3.org/2007/OWL/ 12/16/09

More Related Content

Ks2008 Semanticweb In Action

  • 1. The SemanticWeb in Action Kennissystemen, December 2008 Rinke Hoekstra
  • 2. Overview The Semantic Web Languages and Integration Storage and Querying Browsing and Viewing Mashups Reasoning (OWL in Action) ... does it really exist? 12/16/09
  • 3. The Semantic Web Ideology Identity is everything Partial solutions are great too! Layer cake 12/16/09 OWL
  • 4. Languages: RDF notations Different ways of writing RDF RDF/XML RDF/XML Abbrev N3 Turtle only allows valid RDF-graphs Ntriple one triple per line, fully qualified URI’s. 12/16/09
  • 5. Languages: RDF(S)/XML Code Example. <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf=“http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#” xmlns:rdfs=&quot;http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/&quot; xmlns:uva=“http://www.uva.nl/rdf#” xmlns=“http://www.uva.nl/people”> <rdf:Description rdf:ID=“#radboud”> <rdf:type rdf:resource=“http://www.uva.nl/rdf#AssociateProfessor”/> <uva:name>Radboud Winkels</uva:name> <uva:teaches rdf:resource=“http://www.uva.nl/courses#ks2008”/> </rdf:Description> <uva:Course rdf:about=“http://www.uva.nl/courses#ks2008”/> <rdfs:Class rdf:about=“http://www.uva.nl/rdf#AssociateProfessor”> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource=“http://www.uva.nl/rdf#StaffMember”/> </rdfs:Class> <rdf:Property rdf:about=“http://www.uva.nl/rdf#teaches”> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource=“http://www.uva.nl/rdf#Professor”/> <rdfs:range rdf:resource=“http://www.uva.nl/rdf#Course”/> </rdf:Property> </rdf:RDF> 12/16/09
  • 6. Languages: Turtle @prefix rdf:<http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#>. @prefix rdfs:<http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/>. @prefix uva:<http://www.uva.nl/rdf#>. @prefix courses:<http://www.uva.nl/courses#>. @prefix :<http://www.uva.nl/people#>. uva:AssociateProfessor a rdfs:Class; rdfs:subClassOf uva:StaffMember. uva:teaches a rdf:Property; rdfs:domain uva:AssociateProfessor; rdfs:range uva:Course. :radboud a uva:AssociateProfessor; uva:name ”Radboud Winkels”^^xsd:string; uva:teaches courses:ks2008. courses:ks2008 a uva:Course. 12/16/09
  • 7. Languages: Important Message Multiple Syntaxes! RDF statements are: Triples <subject, predicate,object> Distributed Always about something else ... but can be about other RDF triples as well. Metadata 12/16/09
  • 8. Integration How to add this ‘meta’ to my ‘data’? Three options: Old fashioned HTML: <link rel='meta' type='application/rdf+xml' href='http://www.leibnizcenter.org/~hoekstra/foaf.rdf' title='FOAF'> HTTP 303 `see other’ http://www.w3.org/TR/swbp-vocab-pub/ Inline (RDFa/GRDDL) 12/16/09
  • 9. Integration: 303 See Other (Demo) http://www.metalex.eu/metalex 12/16/09
  • 10. Integration: Inline RDFa Attributes on XHTML elements http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml-rdfa-primer GRDDL Gleaning Resource Descriptions from Dialects of Languages Explicit reference to (XSL) transformation http://www.w3.org/TR/grddl/ 12/16/09
  • 11. Integration: RDFa Example In XHTML: <?xml version=&quot;1.0&quot; encoding=&quot;UTF-8&quot;?> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC &quot;-//W3C//DTD XHTML+RDFa 1.0//EN&quot; &quot;http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/DTD/xhtml-rdfa-1.dtd&quot;> <html xmlns:cal=&quot;http://www.w3.org/2002/12/cal/ical#&quot;> <head><title>Jo's Friends and Family Blog</title></head> <body> <p instanceof=&quot;cal:Vevent&quot;> I'm holding <span property=&quot;cal:summary&quot;>one last summer Barbecue</span>, on <span property=&quot;cal:dtstart&quot; content=&quot;20070916T1600-0500&quot;> September 16th at 4pm. </span> </p> </body> </html> In RDF: _:blanknode0 rdf:type cal:Vevent; cal:summary ”one last summer Barbecue&quot;; cal:dtstart &quot;20070916T1600-0500&quot; . 12/16/09
  • 12. Integration: GRDDL In HTML/XML instance documents: <html xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml&quot; xmlns:grddl='http://www.w3.org/2003/g/data-view#' grddl:transformation=&quot;glean_title.xsl http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/grddl-wg/td/getAuthor.xsl”> In XML Schema documents: <xsd:annotation> <xsd:appinfo> <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#&quot;> <rdf:Description rdf:about=&quot;http://www.metalex.eu/latest&quot;> <grddl:namespaceTransformation rdf:resource=”http://www.metalex.eu/grddl/metalex2owl.xsl&quot; /> </rdf:Description> </rdf:RDF> </xsd:appinfo> </xsd:annotation> 12/16/09
  • 13. Storage (on the web) As documents .rdf, .n3, .turtle, .html In a RDF triple-store Sesame ( http://www.openrdf.org ) Jena/Joseki ( http://jena.sourceforge.net ) RDF(S)/OWL reasoning Jena’s OntModel Sesame OWLIM Sail module SPARQL Endpoints Results as JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) http:/ /darius. leibnizcenter.org: 8080 /openrdf-sesame 12/16/09
  • 14. Querying Many languages SPARQL, nRQL, SeRQL, etc. SPARQL: http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-sparql-query/ Example PREFIX course: <http://www.uva.nl/courses#> PREFIX uva: <http://www.uva.nl/rdf#> SELECT ?name WHERE { ?x uva:teaches course:ks2007. ?x uva:name ?name } ?x binds with <http://www.uva.nl/people#radboud> ?name binds with “Radboud Winkels”^^xsd:string 12/16/09
  • 15. Browsing and Viewing How to unlock your RDF/OWL to users? Custom applications (PizzaFinder) Generic RDF Browsers (Faceted Browsing) How to present your RDF/OWL to users? Custom applications (TopBraid Geo) Generic RDF Visualisation (Fresnel Lenses) 12/16/09
  • 16. Browsing: Facets Multi-dimensional search User filters available information Context dependent Facet UI element Values of a property Number of results Query building 12/16/09
  • 17. Browsing MIT Longwell http://simile.mit.edu/longwell/demo/libraries /facet http://slashfacet.semanticweb.org Flamenco RDFBrowser Exhibit http://simile.mit.edu/exhibit LENA OpenAcademia http://vu.openacademia.org 12/16/09
  • 18. Viewing Tables are boring! Different data? Different presentation: URI/URL Images Strings Coordinates Filtering data Aggregating data 12/16/09
  • 19. Viewing: Fresnel RDF specification of What data to present, and How to present it http://www.w3.org/2005/04/fresnel-info Lenses Group information (class membership, SPARQL result) Formats Specify how property values should be rendered 12/16/09
  • 20. Viewing: Fresnel lens :foafPersonDefaultLens rdf:type fresnel:Lens ; fresnel:purpose fresnel:defaultLens ; fresnel:classLensDomain foaf:Person ; fresnel:group :foafGroup ; fresnel:showProperties ( foaf:name foaf:surname foaf:depiction ) . :knowsLens rdf:type fresnel:Lens ; fresnel:classLensDomain foaf:Person ; fresnel:group :foafGroup ; fresnel:showProperties ( foaf:name foaf:surname foaf:mbox [ rdf:type fresnel:PropertyDescription ; fresnel:property foaf:knows ; fresnel:sublens :foafPersonDefaultLens ] ) . 12/16/09
  • 21. Viewing: Fresnel format :foafGroup rdf:type fresnel:Group ; fresnel:stylesheetLink <http://www.example.org/example.css> . :depictFormat rdf:type fresnel:Format ; fresnel:propertyFormatDomain foaf:depiction ; fresnel:label fresnel:none ; fresnel:value fresnel:image ; fresnel:valueStyle &quot;imageWithThickBorder&quot;^^fresnel:styleClass ; fresnel:group :foafGroup . :urlFormat rdf:type fresnel:Format ; fresnel:propertyFormatDomain foaf:homepage ; fresnel:propertyFormatDomain foaf:mbox ; fresnel:value fresnel:externalLink ; fresnel:labelStyle &quot;basicLabel&quot;^^fresnel:styleClass ; fresnel:valueStyle &quot;basicUrl&quot;^^fresnel:styleClass ; fresnel:group :foafGroup . 12/16/09
  • 24. Mashups Combining arbitrary sources of data Potluck http://simile.mit.edu/potluck Yahoo Pipes http://pipes.yahoo.com 12/16/09
  • 26. Yahoo Pipes Result 12/16/09
  • 27. OWL in Action What OWL can do … Traditional Straightforward classification tasks Extensions Explanation & Justification Probabilistic Reasoning Advanced (Law) Temporal reasoning (Klarman et al., 2008) Legal reasoning (van de Ven et al., 2008) 12/16/09
  • 28. Legal assessment Case input Individual case description Match Case is matched against a set of norms Resolve conflicts Where multiple norms apply, the system determines whether and which norms have priority over others Final verdict
  • 29. University library regulations Norms qualify a situation 1a ) Students registered at this university are allowed to check out a book from this library 1b ) Students registered at other universities are allowed to check out a book from this library provided that they are enrolled in at least one course given at this university. 1c ) Students who have checked out more than five books are not allowed to check out another book. Expected subsumption hierarchy: Art1c ⊑ Art1a, Art1c ⊑ Art1b Amy C  { Amy :Student, book_1 :Library_Book, … , book_6 :Library_Book Amy checks_out book_1, … , Amy checks_out book_6 }
  • 31. A Default Norm 0) Default: Checking out books is disallowed. Default_GC ⊑ Generic_Case ⊑ ∃ disallowed_by.{defaultnorm} ≡ ∃ checks_out.Library_Book   Default_Norm ⊑ Prohibition ⊑ ∀ disallows.Default_GC ≡ {defaultnorm}
  • 32. Article 1a 1a ) Students registered at this university are allowed to check out a book from this library. Art1a_GC ⊑ Generic_Case ⊑ ∃ allowed_by.art1a ≡ Registered_Student ⊓ ∃ checks_out.Library_Book   Art1a_Permission ⊑ Permission ⊑ ∀ allows.Art1a_GC ≡ {art1a}
  • 33. Article 1c 1c ) Students who have checked out more than five books are not allowed to check out another book. Art1c_GC_F ⊑ Generic_Case ⊑ ∃ dis allowed_by.{art1c} ≡ Registered_Student ⊓ ≥ 6 checks_out.Library_Book Art1c_GC_P ⊑ Generic_Case ⊑ ∃ allowed_by.{art1c} ≡ Registered_Student ⊓ ∃checks_out.Library_Book ≤ 5 checks_out.Library_Book Art1c_Prohibition ⊑ Prohibition ⊑ ∀ dis allows.Art1c_GC_F ⊓ ∀ allows.Art1c_GC_P ≡ {art1c}
  • 35. Million dollar question ... does the SemanticWeb really exist? Semantics: yes Web: mwoah Friend-of-a-Friend (FOAF) RSS feeds (pingbacks etc.) Web 2.0: Tagging + Mashups Reasoning? Local, ‘in the box’ But: MaRVIN ( http://www.larkc.eu/marvin/ ) However The nuts ‘n bolts are ready, And we’ve got the data! 12/16/09
  • 36. Resources http://www.w3.org RDF(S), N3, OWL, SPARQL, RDFa, GRDDL, XML, XMLSchema, XSLT, CSS, XPath, fresnel... http://www.semanticweb.org /facet, other resources http://www.planetrdf.com Aggregated RSS feed of the cool & famous NEW: OWL 2 http://www.w3.org/2007/OWL/ 12/16/09

Editor's Notes

  1. XPath doesn’t work
  2. Types of norms : Permission Prohibition Obligation Norm is a qualification but also something that qualifies something Normatively_qualified NQ = gc Vb prohibition geeft aan dat iets verboden is maar ook dat er iets wat wel mag Bv geen lawaai maken in de bieb These deontic operators are grounded in LKIF core ontology of legal concepts
  3. Prohibition: partitioned!!
  4. Uitzonderingen nu nog subklasses: Ria kan niet over subclasses Amy is disallowed by the default norm, Amy allowed by art 1a, but disallowed by article 1c As art1c is the most specific norm, This indicates Amy’s situation is disallowed