The ideas for cellular phones were developed in the 1940s. However, it was not until the microprocessor becomes available that practical commercial solutions are possible.
Today there are more than 4.7 billion unique mobile phone subscriptions in the world and of them about 2 billion are smartphones. This device is so powerful that people check it over 40 times a day.
In this lecture we look mobile. We also look at the history of communication since the telegraph and how the mobile market developed in the 80s and 90s until the iPhone was released in 2007. That same year Western Union stopped sending telegraph messages.
5. 400M daily circulations of all newspapers
800M registered cars
900M total cable/satellite TV subscribers
1.1B of all types of computers (PC, netbooks...)
1.2B total landline phones
1.5B total TV sets
1.7B total unique holders of credit cards
2.1B total unique holders of bank accounts
3.9B total FM radios in use
14. In 2011, there were 48 million
people in the world who have a
mobile phone but do not have
electricity at home
Mobile Phones
provide safety
Cisco, January 2011
16. Wars have been won on intelligence and the speed of
communications
Militaries and business community on the forefront on the
development of rapid communication
Communication
17. Early 19th century the horse dominated
Stage coaches and pony express
The railroads changed this
Then came electricity
Communication
19. The Second Industrial Revolution
The period 1870-1914
Innovations in the chemical, electric, petroleum and steel industries
Adjacent Possible
Growth period
20. Electromagnetism and Radio
Foundation for electronic
communications
New markets for communication
Telegraph
Telephone
Wireless Telegraph
Communication
21. The Telegraph
From the Greek words
tele = far and
graphein = write
(símriti)
Later to be called the
“Victorian Internet”
22. Simple device with battery and key for sending electric
signals
At the other end was a similar device emitting sound or
printing the signal
The Telegraph
23. The Telegraph
Samuel F. B. Morse invented the first practical
telegraph in 1837
Granted a patent 1838
Moore devised a telegraphic code consisting
of dots and dashes
Shorter and longer electric impulse send
down the wire - The Morse Code
Standardized messages
24. The Telephone
Invented in 1876
At the time, the telegraph was dominant
Transferred sound waves with electric
current over wire
Alexander G. Bell
Created the first practical telephone
Based on experiments and improvements
in technology at the time
25. The Telephone
Bell was working on the harmonic telegraph
A device that could send more then one telegraph message at the
same time
Worked with skilled machinist named Thomas A. Watson
Joseph Henry encouraged him in 1875 to work on the telephone
instead of the harmonic telegraph
26. The telephone was based on variable resistance
(breytilegu viðnámi)
The Telephone
27. The Importance of Patents
Bell filed a notice for a patent Feb. 14, 1876
“The most valuable patent ever issued”
Elisha Gray also filed a patent that same day
The Patent Mystery
It is still a mystery what happened that day
Did Bell see Gray’s patent and update his?
Over 600 legal battles would challenge the
patent
28. Commercial Development
Bell had difficulty convincing contemporaries of the usefulness
of the telephone - the telegraph prevailed
Difficult to get investment
Bell offered the patent to Western Union
for $100.000 which they declined
Bell continued and slowly telephones
started to replace telegraphs
29. The Bell Company
In 1877 Bell and his backers formed the first Bell
Company
Business model:
Bell Company leased telephones and licensed
franchises instead of selling them
30. The Battle with Western Union
Bell sued Western Union for patent infringements and settled in 1879
Bell agreed not to go into the telegraph market, and Western Union agreed not to go
into the telephone market
Bell would buy Western Union’s telephone network with 50.000 subscribers in 50
cities and pay a license
Stock in Bell’s company rose from $50 to $500 in 1879
31. History
At the dawn of the 20th century, two mediums for communication were
dominant
The telegraph: Became important in the American Civil War (1861-65),
dominated by Western Union
The telephone: Dominant technology with the growth of Bell
Both these technologies had one problem: they were wire-based
32. Wireless Telegraph
Guglielmo Marconi saw an opportunity
in wireless communication
Studied physics at the University
of Bologna
Several experiments in 1894 in
Bologna, Italy
Marconi’s goal was to use his
knowledge developed in telephony
33. The Product
Marconi was improving the telegraph
“Spark Transmitter” where signals could represent the Morse code
Potential market:
Maritime market – British Royal Navy
Transatlantic communication
34. Skepticism and Competition
Many scientists were happy to point out flaws in Marconi’s inventions
Doubts that wireless had any application
Limitations – radios worded on fixed frequency
Security – anyone could listen in
The telegraph was initially 20 times faster
Cable companies showed no interest in wireless
35. The Wireless Telegraph Bubble
Wireless Telegraph was popular in the press
Many companies competed for stock funding
Resulted in Stock inflations - “The Wireless Telegraph bubble”
Sceptic voices started to respond
Series of articles in Success Magazine,
“Fools and their money”
appeared 1907
36. Government Regulation
No regulations controlled the airwaves
The sinking of RMS Titanic prompted governments to set
international standards of communication
The Marconi operator on the Titanic sent “C.Q.D”
C.Q. meant attention, D was for Distress
SOS is ... - - - ...
39. Wireless Communication
Around 1940 ideas for wireless communication were established
It was not until the development of microchips and technology for
building devices, that wireless communication became
practical for individuals
Rules and cautiousness were to delay the progress
Also investments in land based systems
41. Hedwig Eva Maria Kiesler
1913-2000
"Films have a certain place in a
certain time period. Technology is
forever”
- Hedy Lamarr
42. Wireless Communication
After the war, use of wireless was
restricted to certain profession
(police, military, taxis)
Not public solutions
The ideas for mobile radio networks
were developed in the 1940s
Area of radio cells – Cellular network
43. Wireless technology and the idea of
building a network of cells was
understood in 1940s. Why did the public
mobile phone not appear until in the late
1970s, early 80s?
46. Early Systems
The First Cell phone (1973)
Name: Motorola Dyna-Tac
Size: 9 x 5 x 1.75 inches
Weight: 2.5 pounds
Display: None
Number of Circuit Boards: 30
Talk time: 35 minutes
Recharge Time: 10 hours
Features: Talk, listen, dial
49. Lessons Learned: Cellular Phones
▪ Mobile phones provide safety
▪ The most common device of all
▪ Mobile phones are not practical until 1980s
due to size of technology – Adjacent
Possible
▪ The invention of the microchip played
crucial role in the development of cell
phones
53. Early systems were in Bahrain, US, Japan and in the
Nordic countries
First international system
was NMT in the Nordic
Frequency Division
Multiple Access - FDMA
1G Analog
54. NMT in Nordics
AMPS in the US
TACS in UK
C-Nets in West Germany
Radiocom 2000 in France
RTMI/RTMS in Italy
1G Analog
64. Global System for Mobile Communication
Built on TDMA – Digital
Three times the capacity of analog, encryption, texting,
SIM cards
GMS
65. Texting
Short Message System allowed 160 letters
Became an accidental killer app –
messages, chat, ring tones
First message sent 03.12.1992:
“Merry Christmas”
66. Lessons Learned: Cellular Phones
▪ Cars became the first platform for phones
▪ First phones are analog
▪ Multiple standard – each country invents its own
– Problem with standards (history repeats itself?)
▪ Roaming problems in Europe call for a standard
▪ Digital standard developed in Europe, G2
▪ US does not have roaming problems and gets
stuck in G1
68. Mobile networks and the Internet start to
converge
1G and 2G are circuit switched – fine for voice
The Internet is packet-switched
3G Packet Switching
69. 2000s
More data
128+ Kbps
GPSR, EDGE, UMTS, CDMA
Mobile networks and the Internet start to
converge
Downloading 3 min. MP3 song:
11 sec. – 1,5 min.
3G Packet Switching
70. More bandwidth, more applications
Email, Images, music, movies, streaming
Based on Code Division
Multiple Access – CDMA
3G Packet Switching
78. Built with limitations
Screen size, bandwidth restrictions
Input limited – one-handed keyboard
Limited memory, battery life
Fragmentation nightmare
Mobile web was limited, bad version of the web
3G Solutions
101. The end of the Unconnected
Source: http://ben-evans.com/
102. 2-3x more
smartphones
than PCs
by 2020
X
Personal
Taken everywhere
Frictionless access
Sensors, cameras
Location
Payments
Social
Easier to use
= HUGE
OPPERTUNITY
121. Worldwide tablet sales grew by
more than 400% over a two-
year period, reaching 81.3
million units in 2012.
Tablets
123. The “mobile web” is just
the web – there is only
one web. It’s just
displayed in multiple of
screen sizes
Source: The Next Big Thing: Mobile, http://www.olafurandri.com/?p=408