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Lead and zinc deposits of india

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Pramoda Raj
Pramoda Raj

The document discusses lead and zinc minerals found in India. It describes the world class lead-zinc ore body discovered in Zawar, Rajasthan in 1977. The important lead mineral is galena and the important zinc mineral is sphalerite. It details the properties, origins, occurrences and uses of galena and sphalerite. The Zawar deposit is a cavity filling deposit formed in dolomite rock through the solution of minerals in rock openings. Lead and zinc have many industrial uses such as in batteries, alloys, coatings and more. India is a major producer of zinc, led by the deposits in the Zawar area.

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Lead and zinc deposits of india
Contents Introduction Properties Mineralogy Origin Geological Aspects of Zawar area Occurrences Uses Conclusion References 7/10/2011 2
Introduction World class LEAD/ZINC ore body was discovered in India in 1977. Lead is a soft, malleable poor metal, It is also counted as one of the heavy metals. zinc is one of the most important metal for commercial use. Lead-Zinc deposits in India are localized mainly in the Precambrian formations of the Peninsular Shield and to a smaller extent in the lesser Himalayas. Important deposits in India: Zawar, Rampura- Agucha in Rajasthan.  The important LEAD mineral is galena(PbS) The important ZINC mineral is Sphalerite(ZnS)7/10/2011 3
LEAD  The chief ore mineral is galena, which is the sulphide of lead. It is used in building construction, lead-acid batteries, bullets and shots, weights, as part of solders, fusible alloys and as a radiation shield etc . . . 7/10/2011 4
ZINC  zinc is one of the most important metal for commercial use ,  The most important ore mineral of zinc is sphalerite. It is used in batteries, alloys electrical industries ,and also it is used for coating of iron or steel to protect the metals against corrosion etc. . . 7/10/2011 5
Minerology The other LEAD minerals are Cerussite(PbCO3) Anglesite(PbSO4) The other ZINC minerals are Zincite(ZnO2) Smithsonite(ZnCo3) Hemimorphite(2ZnO SiO2 2H2O) Willemite(ZnO2. SiO4) 7/10/2011 6
Properties of galena Very soft metal, pliable and quite heavy It contains 86.6% LEAD Crystallizes in Isometric system Melting point is low, boiling point is high It does not rust on weathering Cannot penetrate by different rays (X-rays, gamma rays etc) High electrical conductivity Specific gravity is very high-7.5 Hardness is about 2.5 Brilliant metallic luster7/10/2011 7
Properties of sphalerite Brown or black in color It is contains 60–62% zinc Crystallizes in isometric system Perfect cleavage Conchoidal fracture Resin lustre Hardness is about 3.5 to 4 Specific gravity is about 4 7/10/2011 8
Lead minerals Galena Cerussite Anglesite 7/10/2011 9
Zinc minerals Sphalerite Smithsonite Zincite Hemimorphite Willemite 7/10/2011 10
Origin Cavity filling deposits – formed from the solution of minerals in rock openings, include fissure vein, shear zone, fold crack or solution cavity deposits Eg: Zawar Lead-Zinc deposits in Rajasthan Replacement deposits- Lead ores are formed by this method may be of different size, shape, such as disseminations, veins and massive deposits Eg: Broken hill, Australia Syngenetic and diagenetic Lead-Zinc deposits are also found, although scarce in nature7/10/2011 11
The zawar lead-zinc deposit is located from 40 km south east of the Udaipur city in Udaipur district, Rajasthan cover area about 64 sq km. the deposits occurs in the dolomite rock of mochia member of Tiri series, which belongs to Aravalli system of Precambrian in age. The other rocks of the area are mainly phyllite, greywacke, quartzite and rarely conglomerate. Igneous rock is also found as intrusion of dolerite dyke, which is having no relationship with mineralization7/10/2011 12 Geological Aspects of Zawar area
7/10/2011 13
Contd… The mineralogy of zawar ores is very simple the main ore minerals are sphalerite, galena and pyrite, which varying in proportion from place to place. Other ore minerals are arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite and argentite, which are presenting very minute amount. Sphalerite is present in the form of irregular scattered grains surrounded by galena. Sphalerite is also present as in the form of vein let in the gangue mass and irregular pitches of sphalerite are also present. Galena is present as main mineral forming ground mass, in which rounded grains of gangue minerals are present, galena also showing characteristic triangular pits.7/10/2011 14
CONTD….. Galena is also present in vermicular form and squeezed into the fractures of gangue minerals. Pyrite is another ore mineral, which is found in abundance in the area. Pyrite is showing perfect cubic form and idiomorphic crystals. In the sixties of the centenary most geologist in India supported the idea that the zawar deposit has to be classified as hydrothermal deposits at the same time PODDAR(1965)and CHAKROBORTY(1967) suggested that this deposit is of remobilized type. Later an BASU(1975,1976,1982 )and CHAUHAN (1970,1984) proposed that the zawar deposit is7/10/2011 15
Indian occurrencesIn India most of the zinc ore occur in close association with lead ore. These ores occur in the Udaipur & Zawar district of Rajasthan  Zawar belt has been the oldest centre of lead- zinc production in the world. The zawar LEAD- ZINC belt extent for a distance of 20 kms from Hameta Mogra to parshad. The Rampura-agucha belt in the Bhilwara district of Rajasthan is expected to meet the countries need for LEAD-ZINC metal for more than 40 years LEAD-ZINC ores occur in the Vadodara district of Gujarat and also seen in the7/10/2011 16
Occurrences in Karnataka Several minor occurrences are, however, known Crystals of galena are sporadically distributed in a of pegmatite vein set in a hard layer of kankar at 0.5 km north of Merti, Bellary district. Prospecting pits were located at the contact zone of amphibolites and intrusive granitic gneiss. Thin veins of quartz containing patches of argentiferous galena are seen ESE of kurubaramardikere In Chitradurga dist. Galena is found in small isolated pockets in quartz vein which are neither extensive nor persistent at depth.7/10/2011 17
Indications of galena are found at several places S-E of the Belligudda hill in Ingladhal(Chitradurga dist). The S-W flanks of the ridge half a km NE of Gollarahatti (Chitradurga dist). show narrow veins and stringers of quartz vein with good show of galena. It is reported that veins of quartz traversing shimoga granites carry dissemination of galena 3.5km SE of Harnahalli in shimoga dist 7/10/2011 18 CONTD…..
Uses Battery plates Rubber industries Electrical industries Alloys Water pipes Atomic reactors Chemical industries 7/10/2011 19
Conclusio n Lead and Zinc are very widely known important metals. They serve as good industrial raw materials. It has varied application starting right from household goods to massive industrial items. India is the fourth largest producer of zinc, first producer is china. Zawar area is the largest producer in India About 70% of the world's zinc originates from mining, while the remaining 30% comes from recycling secondary zinc. Metallic lead does occur in nature, but it is rare. Lead is usually found in ore with zinc, silver and (most abundantly) copper, and is extracted7/10/2011 20
References India’s Mineral Resources(second edition) by S.Krishna swami, Published by Mohan Primlani, Oxford & IBH Publishing co(1979) pp:288- 301,486-491. Mineral Resources of Karnataka by B.P.Radhakrishna, published by Geological society of India, Bangalore(1996)pp:339-340. Ore Geology and Industrial Minerals An Introduction by Anthony M.Evans(third edition), published by Oxford Blackwell Scientific Publication.pp:7-21,99,197 www.google.com www.wikipedia.com7/10/2011 21
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Lead and zinc deposits of india

  • 2. Contents Introduction Properties Mineralogy Origin Geological Aspects of Zawar area Occurrences Uses Conclusion References 7/10/2011 2
  • 3. Introduction World class LEAD/ZINC ore body was discovered in India in 1977. Lead is a soft, malleable poor metal, It is also counted as one of the heavy metals. zinc is one of the most important metal for commercial use. Lead-Zinc deposits in India are localized mainly in the Precambrian formations of the Peninsular Shield and to a smaller extent in the lesser Himalayas. Important deposits in India: Zawar, Rampura- Agucha in Rajasthan.  The important LEAD mineral is galena(PbS) The important ZINC mineral is Sphalerite(ZnS)7/10/2011 3
  • 4. LEAD  The chief ore mineral is galena, which is the sulphide of lead. It is used in building construction, lead-acid batteries, bullets and shots, weights, as part of solders, fusible alloys and as a radiation shield etc . . . 7/10/2011 4
  • 5. ZINC  zinc is one of the most important metal for commercial use ,  The most important ore mineral of zinc is sphalerite. It is used in batteries, alloys electrical industries ,and also it is used for coating of iron or steel to protect the metals against corrosion etc. . . 7/10/2011 5
  • 6. Minerology The other LEAD minerals are Cerussite(PbCO3) Anglesite(PbSO4) The other ZINC minerals are Zincite(ZnO2) Smithsonite(ZnCo3) Hemimorphite(2ZnO SiO2 2H2O) Willemite(ZnO2. SiO4) 7/10/2011 6
  • 7. Properties of galena Very soft metal, pliable and quite heavy It contains 86.6% LEAD Crystallizes in Isometric system Melting point is low, boiling point is high It does not rust on weathering Cannot penetrate by different rays (X-rays, gamma rays etc) High electrical conductivity Specific gravity is very high-7.5 Hardness is about 2.5 Brilliant metallic luster7/10/2011 7
  • 8. Properties of sphalerite Brown or black in color It is contains 60–62% zinc Crystallizes in isometric system Perfect cleavage Conchoidal fracture Resin lustre Hardness is about 3.5 to 4 Specific gravity is about 4 7/10/2011 8
  • 11. Origin Cavity filling deposits – formed from the solution of minerals in rock openings, include fissure vein, shear zone, fold crack or solution cavity deposits Eg: Zawar Lead-Zinc deposits in Rajasthan Replacement deposits- Lead ores are formed by this method may be of different size, shape, such as disseminations, veins and massive deposits Eg: Broken hill, Australia Syngenetic and diagenetic Lead-Zinc deposits are also found, although scarce in nature7/10/2011 11
  • 12. The zawar lead-zinc deposit is located from 40 km south east of the Udaipur city in Udaipur district, Rajasthan cover area about 64 sq km. the deposits occurs in the dolomite rock of mochia member of Tiri series, which belongs to Aravalli system of Precambrian in age. The other rocks of the area are mainly phyllite, greywacke, quartzite and rarely conglomerate. Igneous rock is also found as intrusion of dolerite dyke, which is having no relationship with mineralization7/10/2011 12 Geological Aspects of Zawar area
  • 14. Contd… The mineralogy of zawar ores is very simple the main ore minerals are sphalerite, galena and pyrite, which varying in proportion from place to place. Other ore minerals are arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite and argentite, which are presenting very minute amount. Sphalerite is present in the form of irregular scattered grains surrounded by galena. Sphalerite is also present as in the form of vein let in the gangue mass and irregular pitches of sphalerite are also present. Galena is present as main mineral forming ground mass, in which rounded grains of gangue minerals are present, galena also showing characteristic triangular pits.7/10/2011 14
  • 15. CONTD….. Galena is also present in vermicular form and squeezed into the fractures of gangue minerals. Pyrite is another ore mineral, which is found in abundance in the area. Pyrite is showing perfect cubic form and idiomorphic crystals. In the sixties of the centenary most geologist in India supported the idea that the zawar deposit has to be classified as hydrothermal deposits at the same time PODDAR(1965)and CHAKROBORTY(1967) suggested that this deposit is of remobilized type. Later an BASU(1975,1976,1982 )and CHAUHAN (1970,1984) proposed that the zawar deposit is7/10/2011 15
  • 16. Indian occurrencesIn India most of the zinc ore occur in close association with lead ore. These ores occur in the Udaipur & Zawar district of Rajasthan  Zawar belt has been the oldest centre of lead- zinc production in the world. The zawar LEAD- ZINC belt extent for a distance of 20 kms from Hameta Mogra to parshad. The Rampura-agucha belt in the Bhilwara district of Rajasthan is expected to meet the countries need for LEAD-ZINC metal for more than 40 years LEAD-ZINC ores occur in the Vadodara district of Gujarat and also seen in the7/10/2011 16
  • 17. Occurrences in Karnataka Several minor occurrences are, however, known Crystals of galena are sporadically distributed in a of pegmatite vein set in a hard layer of kankar at 0.5 km north of Merti, Bellary district. Prospecting pits were located at the contact zone of amphibolites and intrusive granitic gneiss. Thin veins of quartz containing patches of argentiferous galena are seen ESE of kurubaramardikere In Chitradurga dist. Galena is found in small isolated pockets in quartz vein which are neither extensive nor persistent at depth.7/10/2011 17
  • 18. Indications of galena are found at several places S-E of the Belligudda hill in Ingladhal(Chitradurga dist). The S-W flanks of the ridge half a km NE of Gollarahatti (Chitradurga dist). show narrow veins and stringers of quartz vein with good show of galena. It is reported that veins of quartz traversing shimoga granites carry dissemination of galena 3.5km SE of Harnahalli in shimoga dist 7/10/2011 18 CONTD…..
  • 19. Uses Battery plates Rubber industries Electrical industries Alloys Water pipes Atomic reactors Chemical industries 7/10/2011 19
  • 20. Conclusio n Lead and Zinc are very widely known important metals. They serve as good industrial raw materials. It has varied application starting right from household goods to massive industrial items. India is the fourth largest producer of zinc, first producer is china. Zawar area is the largest producer in India About 70% of the world's zinc originates from mining, while the remaining 30% comes from recycling secondary zinc. Metallic lead does occur in nature, but it is rare. Lead is usually found in ore with zinc, silver and (most abundantly) copper, and is extracted7/10/2011 20
  • 21. References India’s Mineral Resources(second edition) by S.Krishna swami, Published by Mohan Primlani, Oxford & IBH Publishing co(1979) pp:288- 301,486-491. Mineral Resources of Karnataka by B.P.Radhakrishna, published by Geological society of India, Bangalore(1996)pp:339-340. Ore Geology and Industrial Minerals An Introduction by Anthony M.Evans(third edition), published by Oxford Blackwell Scientific Publication.pp:7-21,99,197 www.google.com www.wikipedia.com7/10/2011 21