Leading

Creativity What is Creativity? It is the reorganization of experience into new configurations. A function of knowledge, imagination, and evaluation Three domains of creativity Art (ah!) as in beauty Discovery (aha!) as in enlightenment. Humor (haha!) as in joyful pleasure.

Creativity At Work The generation and the IMPLEMENTATION of ideas Aims to benefit the organisation Complex reiterative process

Learning to Be More Creative: Mental Locks That Block Creativity Looking for the “right” answer. Always trying to be logical. Strictly following the rules. Insist on being practical. Becoming too specialized. Not wanting to look foolish. Saying “I’m not creative. Avoiding ambiguity.

Enhancing creativity Four factor model: Creative Orientation Ideas Guidance Social Support Empowerment Brainstorming Synectics

INNOVATION AND ENTREPRENEUR finding better ways of doing things; includes improving techniques & methods * Responds to possibility of change as well as speeds up the change itself * Is a accumulation of small insights * Involves investing in development of skills as well as physical and marketing assets/ tools. * Improves competitiveness of enterprise

INNOVATION TYPES - Development of new products for existing markets - Development of new markets for existing products - Development of new products for new markets - Development of existing products for existing markets

The Nature of People Individual Differences Importance of Personal Dignity Considering a whole person Multiplicity of roles

Behavioral Models Rational Economic Social Assumption Self-actualization Complex assumption

Motivation is the set of forces that lead people to behave in particular ways

Reduction of Tension Unsatisfied Need The Motivation Process Drives Tension Search Behavior Satisfied Need

Classification Of Motivation Theories Content Theories Need Hierarchy Theory Two-Factor Theory Need Theory ERG Process Theories Expectancy Theory Equity Theory

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Exhibit 10.2

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Maslow believed people rank their needs into five categories Physiological: basic requirements for survival Safety: job security and safe working conditions Social: need to be part of a group Esteem: respect, prestige, recognition Self-actualization: need to fully reach one’s potential Once people achieve a given category of needs, they become motivated to reach the next category.

Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Motivators Hygiene Factors Extremely satisfied Neutral Extremely dissatisfied Achievement Recognition Work itself Responsibility Advancement Growth Supervision Company policy Relationship with supervisor Working conditions Salary Relationship with peers Relationship with subordinates Security

Contrasting Views of Satisfaction-Dissatisfaction Satisfaction Dissatisfaction Traditional View Herzberg’s View Satisfaction No Satisfaction No Dissatisfaction Dissatisfaction Motivators Hygiene Factors

The Three Needs Theory (McClelland) Affiliation (nAff) Achievement (nAch) Power (nPow)

What Motivates You? I try very hard to improve on my past performance at work. I enjoy competition and winning. I often find myself talking to those around me about nonwork matters I enjoy a diffficult challenge I enjoy being in charge I want to be liked by others I want to know how I am progressing as I complete tasks I confront people who do things I disagree with I tend to build close relationships with co-workers I enjoy setting and achieving realistic goals I enjoy influencing other people to get my way I enjoy belonging to groups and organizations I enoy the satisfaction of completing a difficult task I often work to gain more control over the events around me I enjoy working with others more than working alone

What Motivates Me? Results 1, 4, 7, 10, 13 – Achievement 2, 5, 8, 11, 14 – Power 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 - Affiliation

ERG Theory (Alderfer’s) Growth Existence Relatedness

Expectancy Theory An individual’s assessment of the cost/benefit ratio of completing a particular task based on their perception of the value and likelihood of a reward and the effort necessary to complete that task

(Vroom’s) Expectancy Theory Employee’s efforts are most influenced by the expected outcome (reward) for those efforts: When goals are achievable and offer desirable rewards. Employees have a strong belief that they have a chance to earn the reward. Motivating rewards are difficult to offer when output cannot be measured easily.

Expectancy Theory Value of reward Instrumentality Expectancy Effort Desire to Perform

Equity Theory Compensation should be equitable, or in proportion to each employee’s contribution If employees believe that they are under compensated, they may request greater compensation–a raise. If their compensation is not increased, employees may reduce their contribution Employees become dissatisfied with their jobs if they feel that they are not equitably compensated.

Perceived Ratio Comparison Employee’s Assessment Outcomes A Inputs A Outcomes A Inputs A Outcomes A Inputs A Outcomes B Inputs B Outcomes B Inputs B Outcomes B Inputs B < = > Inequity (Under-Rewarded) Equity Inequity (Over-Rewarded) a Person A is the employee, and person B is a relevant other or referent. Equity Theory

Suggestions for Motivating Employees Recognize individuals Match people to jobs Use goals Make goals attainable

Suggestions for Motivating Employees Individualize rewards Link rewards to performance Check the system for equity Don’t ignore money

Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Rewards Intrinsic = Inside Feeling of Job Well Done Pride Sense of Achievement Extrinsic = Outside Praise Salary Increase Status Recognition Promotions Gifts

Enhancing Motivation Job enrichment programs Designed to increase the job satisfaction of employees by increase their autonomy. Flexible work schedule (flextime) Compressed work weeks that compress the work load into fewer days per week. Job sharing by two or more persons who share a particular work schedules.

Employee Involvement Programs Job enlargement A program to expand (enlarge) the jobs assigned to employees Job enrichment Increasing the variety of job tasks and the autonomy of employees Job rotation Allowing employees to periodically rotate (switch) their job assignment

Leadership - The ability to positively influence people and systems to have a meaningful impact and achieve results - Is a process whereby a person inspires a group of constituents to work together using appropriate means to achieve common mission and common goals.

Core Leadership Skills Vision Empowerment Intuition Self-understanding Strong Value System

Leadership Theories Trait approach Behavioral approach Contingency (situational) approach Emerging theories: Attribution theory Transactional theory Transformational leadership theory Substitutes for leadership theory Emotional intelligence theory

Trait Theories Assume that traits play a key role in: Differentiating between leaders and nonleaders. Predicting leader or organizational outcomes. Great-person-trait approach. Earliest approach in studying leadership. Tried to determine the traits that characterized great leaders.

Identifiable characteristics of leaders Energetic. Ambitious. Oriented toward self-improvement. Integrity. Not easily discouraged. Deals well with large amounts of information. Above-average intelligence. Possess specific knowledge concerning their industry, firm, and job.

Behavioral theories Assume that leader behaviors are crucial for explaining performance and other organizational outcomes. Major behavioral theories. Iowa & Michigan leadership studies. Ohio State leadership studies. Leadership Grid. Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) theory.

MICHIGAN LEADERSHIP STUDIES Iowa studies (Autocratic, democratic & laissez-faire) Michigan studies Employee-centered supervisors. Place strong emphasis on subordinate’s welfare. Production-centered supervisors. Place strong emphasis on getting the work done.

OHIO STATE LEADERSHIP STUDIES Consideration. Concerned with people’s feelings and making things pleasant for the followers. Initiating structure. Concerned with defining task requirements and other aspects of the work agenda. Effective leaders should be high on both consideration and initiating structure.

LIKERT FOUR SYSTEMS OF MANAGEMENT “ EXPLOITIVE – AUTHORITATIVE” “ BENEVOLENT – AUTHORITATIVE” “ CONSULTATIVE – AUTHORITATIVE” “ PARTICIPATIVE – AUTHORITATIVE”

LEADERSHIP GRID Developed by Robert Blake and Jane Mouton. Built on dual emphasis of consideration and initiating structure. A 9 x 9 Grid (matrix) reflecting levels of concern for people and concern for task. 1 reflects minimum concern. 9 reflects maximum concern.

LEADERSHIP GRID Five key Grid combinations. 1/1 — low concern for production, low concern for people. (Improvised Mgt) 1/9 — low concern for production, high concern for people. (Country Club Mgt) 5/5 — moderate concern for production, moderate concern for people. (Middle of the road mgt) 9/1 — high concern for production, low concern for people. (Authority Compliance) 9/9 — high concern for production, high concern for people. (Team Mgt)

Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) theory Focuses on the quality of the working relationship between leaders and followers. LMX dimensions determine followers’ membership in leader’s “in group” or “out group.” Different relationships with “in group” and “out group.”

CONTINGENCY (SITUATIONAL) APPROACH

Contingency (situational) approach Leader traits and behaviors can act in conjunction with situational contingencies. The effects of leader traits are enhanced by their relevance to situational contingencies. Major situational contingency theories. Fiedler’s leadership contingency theory. House’s path-goal theory of leadership. Hersey and Blanchard’s situational leadership model.

FIEDLER’S LEADERSHIP CONTINGENCY THEORY.

Fiedler’s leadership contingency theory. Initiated the situational contingency approach in the mid-1960s. Fiedler’s approach emphasized that group effectiveness depends on an appropriate match between the leader’s style and situational demands.

Key variables in Fiedler’s contingency model Situational control is a function of: Leader-member relations. Task structure. Position power. Least preferred co-worker (LPC) score reflects a person’s leadership style. LPC (Favorable) leaders have a relationship-motivated style. Low (Un Favorable) LPC leaders have a task-motivated style.

HOUSE’S PATH-GOAL THEORY OF LEADERSHIP

House’s path-goal theory of leadership Emphasizes how a leader influences subordinates’ perceptions of both work goals and personal goals and the links, or paths, found between these two sets of goals. The theory assumes that a leader’s key function is to adjust his/her behavior to complement situational contingencies.

House’s path-goal theory of leadership Leader behaviors. (Instrumental) Directive leadership. Supportive leadership. Achievement-oriented leadership. Participative leadership. Situational contingency variables. Subordinate attributes — Needs, confidence and ability. Work setting attributes — task, formal authority system, and primary work group.

Hersey And Blanchard’s Situational Leadership Model

Hersey and Blanchard’s situational leadership model Emphasizes the situational contingency of maturity, or “readiness,” of followers. Readiness is the extent to which people have the ability and willingness to accomplish a specific task. Leader style and follower readiness. A telling style is best for low readiness. A selling style is best for low to moderate readiness. A participating style is best for moderate to high readiness. A delegating style is best for high readiness.

Transactional Vs Transformational Leaders

Characteristics of Transactional Leaders Contingent Reward Contracts exchange of rewards for effort, promises rewards for good performance, recognizes accomplishments. Management by Exception (active) Watches and searches for deviations from rules and standards, takes corrective action. Management by Exception (passive): Intervenes only if standards are not met.

Characteristics of Transformational Leaders Charisma Provides vision and sense of mission, instills pride, gains respect and trust. Inspiration Communicates high expectations, uses symbols to focus efforts, expresses important purposes in simple ways. Intellectual Stimulation Promotes intelligence, rationality, and careful problem-solving. Individualized Consideration Gives personal attention, treats each employee individually, coaches, advises.

COMMUNICATION DEFINED A process in which one person or group evokes a shared or common meaning to another person or group Communication Defined

Communication Oral All forms of spoken information and is by far the preferred type of communication used by managers. Written Includes letters, memos, policy manuals, reports, and other documents used to share information used in an organization. Nonverbal Involves all messages that are nonlanguage responses. Communication

The Communication Process Basic Elements in the Communication Process Sender Encodes Medium Decodes Receiver Social context Feedback Noise Noise The Communication Process

Basic Elements in the Communication Proces 4 Element 1 Social Context The setting in which a communication takes place. Element 2 Sender and Message Encoding Encoding - Translating the sender’s ideas into a systematic set of symbols or a language expressing the communicator’s purpose. Basic Elements in the Communication Process

Basic Elements in the Communication Proces 4 Element 3 Message and Medium Messages The tangible forms of coded symbols that are intended to give a particular meaning to the data. Medium The carrier of the message or the means by which the message is sent. Basic Elements in the Communication Process

Element 3 Receiver and Message Decoding Decoding The translation of received messages into interpreted meanings. Element 4 Feedback The process of verifying messages and the receiver’s attempts to ensure that the message decoded is what the sender meant to convey. Element 5 Noise Any internal or external interference or distraction with the intended message that can cause distortion in the sending and receiving of messages. Basic Elements in the Communication Process

Organizational Communication Flows Upward Information Downward Instructions Directives Coordination Horizontal Managing Communication Within Diverse Organizations

Vertical Communication Downward Communications Flows from individual in higher levels of the organization to those in lower levels. Includes meetings, offical memos, policy statements, manuals, and company publications. Upward Communications Consists of messages sent up the line from subordinates to bosses. Includes (1) personal reports of performance, problems or concerns, (2) reactions to organizational policies, and (3) employee suggestions Vertical Communication

The horizontal information flow that occurs both within and between departments The purpose of lateral communications is coordination Lateral Communication

Barriers to Effective Communications Cross-Cultural Diversity The greater the difference between the sender’s and receiver’s cultures, the greater the chance for miscommunication. Trust and Honesty A lack of trust can cause the receiver to look for hidden meanings in the sender’s message. Barriers to Effective Communications

Barriers to Effective Communications Information Overload The increasing use of technology in organizations is often leading to overload when the amount of information we can process is exceeded. Gender Differences Because males and females are often treated differently from childhood, they tend to develop different perspectives, attitudes about life, and communication styles. Barriers to Effective Communications

Perception Two people may perceive the same thing in different ways and miscommunication happen. Language Characteristics When two individuals are using different meanings or interpretations of the same word and do not realize it, a communication barrier exists. Other Factors Time pressures may cause us to focus on information that helps us make decisions quickly, although the information may not be of high quality. Feedback may be impaired or absent. Barriers to Effective Communications

Nonverbal Communication Skills Nonverbal communication skills are essential for sending and decoding messages with emotional content. Dimensions of nonverbal communication: Body movements and gestures Eye contact Touch Facial expressions Physical distance Tone of voice

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