Learning flash cards 2.pptx
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The document contains definitions and explanations of key terms related to learning and conditioning. It provides descriptions of concepts like observational learning, unconditioned responses, positive and primary reinforcers, shaping, acquisition, extinction, and classical and operant conditioning. Theories and experiments conducted by psychologists like Pavlov, Thorndike, Watson, Skinner, Bandura, Garcia, Rescorla, and Tolman are also referenced in explaining different principles of learning.
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Learning flash cards 2.pptx
- 1. Learning Review Flashcards for Terms on the Test
- 2. Definition • The type of learning that occurs when a pers on observes and imitates others is called…
- 4. Definition • A response that is natural, automatic, or not learned, is called a(n)…
- 6. Definition • A(n) ___________ reinforcer increases the f requency of the behavior it follows when it i s added to the environment.
- 8. Definition • The method of __________ involves exposi ng a person to a harmless stimulus until he o r she is no longer afraid of it.
- 10. Definition • On a ___________ schedule, reinforcement s are provided only after a certain number o f correct responses have been made.
- 12. Definition • A type of stimulus that was formerly ne utral and takes on new meaning by bein g associated with something else is call ed a(n)
- 14. Definition • This kind of reinforcement occurs when a b ehavior is reinforced every time it occurs.
- 16. Definition • ___________ is the method of teaching co mplex behaviors by breaking them down int o manageable parts.
- 17. Answer • Shaping
- 18. Definition • A(n) ___________ reinforcer is learned and becomes effective by first being paired wit h such reinforcers as food and shelter.
- 20. Definition • Reinforcements are applied with a set amou nt of time between them on a________ sche dule.
- 22. Definition • __________ is the learning that occurs whil e a neutral stimulus is paired with an uncon ditioned stimulus and it is repeated over and over. The initial learning of new response.
- 24. Definition • Form of classical conditioning in which a fo od comes to be avoided
- 26. Definition • This type of stimulus elicits a response not normally associated with it after being paire d with an unconditional stimulus.
- 28. Definition • Form of learning by successive approximati ons. Used to teach animals tricks.
- 29. Answer • Shaping
- 30. Definition • Act of responding in the same way to stimul i that seem similar. For example, a dog sali vates to a bell and to a buzzer with a similar tone.
- 32. Definition • Elicits no response before conditioning
- 34. Definition • Method of overcoming fears by pairing a pl easing stimulus with a feared one.
- 36. Definition • A(n) ___________ reinforcer is desired because the animal learns to value it, lik e praise.
- 38. Definition • Method of overcoming fear that involves rel axation and gradual exposure to the feared s timulus
- 40. Definition • Revival of an extinguished response when t he unconditioned stimulus suddenly reappea rs.
- 42. Definition • Form of learning based on the consequences of actions
- 44. Definition • Act of responding differently to stimuli that are not similar. For example, a dog salivate s to a bell but not a knock on the wooden do or.
- 46. Definition • When a conditioned response stops occurrin g because the unconditioned stimulus is no l onger presented
- 48. Definition • Reinforcement that encourages a behavior b y meeting an organism's basic biological ne eds like food, water, or sex drive.
- 50. Definition • A natural stimulus that causes an automatic response
- 52. Definition • This person studied cats and came up with t he “Law of Effect” that states that animals will repeat behaviors that are rewarded.
- 54. Definition • This person conditioned Little Albert to be s cared of white fury objects.
- 56. Definition • This person is the father of operant conditio ning and believed that all animals learn thro ugh reinforcement and punishment.
- 58. Definition • This person’s experiment with rats showed t hat animals do think during classical conditi oning because they need to predict the UCS is coming after the NS.
- 60. Definition • This person studied taste aversion in rats usi ng flavored water with a drug that would m ake the rats sick.
- 62. Definition • This person’s rat maze experiment where ra ts formed a cognitive map of the maze show ed that animals learn without reinforcement demonstrating the concept of latent learning.
- 64. Definition • This person studied how children learned th rough observation in his famous Bobo Doll Experiment
- 66. Definition • His experiment with dogs proved that anima ls can learn reflexive behaviors to unnatural stimuli.