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Lec 6 different theoretical approaches

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Muhammad Muhyuddin
Muhammad Muhyuddin

The document discusses different theoretical approaches to architecture, including its relationships with sociology, technology, politics, art, philosophy, history, science, human perception, the city, and ecology. It notes that theory of architecture aims to define architecture's relationship with other institutions in society and how the architectural language expresses or represses the symbolic and organizational character of these other institutions. The various theoretical approaches analyze how factors like social changes, new technologies, power structures, artistic influences, and environmental concerns shape architectural form and urban design.

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DIFFERENT THEORETICAL APPROACHES LEC 6 NOV 13,2015
• The general function of Theory of Architecture is to define the relationship between architecture (which itself is a social institution) and the other institutions in a society. • In all cases, however its primary concern is the state of the architectural language – its capacity to represent those institutions - how that language expresses or represses the symbolic and organizational character of other institutions. • It also deals with the influence of these other areas on architecture itself. Theory of Architecture in this way is a truly interdisciplinary subject. • For example, theory can analyse the relation between:
a)Architecture and Sociology • Studies how architecture expresses the changing relationships within society and the emergence of new social groups. Eg. Urbanization. • Theory in this case deals usually with URBAN issues and how the City changes to meet new social and population developments. • Other examples of this kind of theory include the study of how architecture represents gender issues, minority groups, the disabled, etc. and ultimately how it reinforces the roles and stereotypes which prevail in a society.
b)Architecture and Technology Studies the influence and use of new technologies on the shape of architecture. In historical terms the use of iron and concrete in the development of the Modern Movement in architecture.. New communication or computer technologies – virtual realities - suggest the possibility of distributed spaces rather than specific locations for buildings.
c)Architecture and Politics, Wealth, Power or Class • Analyses how the social division of society is reflected in the architecture of a period – the type of buildings and the type of symbolic images and forms used to reflect power within a society. Eg. The architecture of monarchies, dictatorships or democracies will be different. • In what way do the relationships of power within a society affect the architecture? Eg. The shape of Baroque architecture and the use of the dominant axis.
d)Architecture and Art • Studies the very close relationship and influences between the art of a period and its architecture. Eg. The invention of perspective and new drawing techniques by Renaissance artists and the work of Neoclassical and Romantic painters decidedly influenced the design of buildings during those periods. • Modern graphic art and the movies suggest new, imaginative forms which architects can use in the design of their buildings.
e)Architecture and Philosophy • Philosophical ideas about meaning, order, ethics, the ideal, rationalism, the methods of critical thought, deconstructivism, logic, consistency, the idea of beauty, harmony, aesthetics, theories of mind, representation and perception, and so on all have their parallels in the Theory of Architecture • Usually these relate to how to organize buildings according to some non-functional but controlling idea such as symmetry, hierarchy or multiple axes and how to integrate the different parts of a building into a coherent and understandable or meaningful whole
f) Architecture and History • This looks at the uses of history in the pursuit of architectural form. Eg. The idea of ‘historicism’ where there is a deliberate use of traditional forms in modern buildings to provide continuity with the past and increased meaning in the form of new buildings. This is either by the direct use of forms from past architectures or as eclecticism where forms from different past and present styles are mixed together. • Theory looks at the function of history in architectural design and how previous forms are re-combined to produce the new.
g)Architecture and Science The various branches of science, from physics to biology to cognitive studies to systems theory and artificial intelligence (AI), cybernetics and computer engineering offer examples and analogies to processes operating within architecture. These are of essentially two kinds: those such as AI and computer engineering which deal with the design process. These are necessarily abstract examples and attempt to get a different or ‘outside’ perspective of how the discipline functions without getting involved in the languages, history or practices of architecture.
i) Architecture and Human perception Theory and practice both suggest that HOW human beings perceive buildings will affect how buildings are designed. People get their experience of things through their five senses: sight, touch, taste, smell & hearing. There are also psychological factors in how people perceive space and form – issues of familiarity, distance, colour and the shape or spatial; definition of space (narrow, enclosing, open vistas, concentric or linear, axiality, etc.). Each of these factors – sense and psychology – can be used to analyze the success or even just the character of built space.
k)Architecture and the City Theory of architecture deals in many cases with urban design theories. There is a direct parallel between the theory of architecture and that of urban design. In both cases the issue is to represent in built form and in spatial enclosure the organization of a social institution. The City is the most complex social institution in history. It has to be given physical form inspired by or determined by the nature or character of the many sometimes conflicting institutions which co-exist within it. Theory of architecture as such analyses architectural interventions in the City – how they either reinforce or change its identity. The architectural basic elements of this urban analysis can be the network of streets, routes and paths, squares, focal points, neighbour hoods, domains, symbolic centres, boundaries, public monuments, vistas, enclosures, the presence of nature (parks, water), the continuity of street fronts, the significance of street corners and so on.
l) Architecture and Ecology Ecology deals with the relationship between an organism and its environment. That is, how well the organism responds (adapts) to changing conditions in that environment. An ecologically sensible building will be designed on the basis that it can deal with the local climate (sunlight or cold) without the need for expensive importation of energy (electricity), eg. in the form of air conditioning. The form of a building is dictated by many factors (programme, site, technology, finance, etc.), ecology is another factor which constrains (controls) the final shape of a building. For instance the design of a building can be influenced by the need for shading from sunlight, thermal insulation of its walls, the use of natural ventilation techniques, natural air circulation, orientation, solar panels, re-cycling of its water, low technology construction techniques, use of traditional or low energy building methods and materials in certain regions, the use of internal courtyards, compact layouts or response to the existing topology and landscape features.
Boundaries between architecture and design are unclear. • ARE THEY SIMILAR CONCEPTS? • ARE THEY COMPLEMENTARY CONCEPTS WITH DIFFERENT LEVELS OF ABSTRACTION?

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Lec 6 different theoretical approaches

  • 2. • The general function of Theory of Architecture is to define the relationship between architecture (which itself is a social institution) and the other institutions in a society. • In all cases, however its primary concern is the state of the architectural language – its capacity to represent those institutions - how that language expresses or represses the symbolic and organizational character of other institutions. • It also deals with the influence of these other areas on architecture itself. Theory of Architecture in this way is a truly interdisciplinary subject. • For example, theory can analyse the relation between:
  • 3. a)Architecture and Sociology • Studies how architecture expresses the changing relationships within society and the emergence of new social groups. Eg. Urbanization. • Theory in this case deals usually with URBAN issues and how the City changes to meet new social and population developments. • Other examples of this kind of theory include the study of how architecture represents gender issues, minority groups, the disabled, etc. and ultimately how it reinforces the roles and stereotypes which prevail in a society.
  • 4. b)Architecture and Technology Studies the influence and use of new technologies on the shape of architecture. In historical terms the use of iron and concrete in the development of the Modern Movement in architecture.. New communication or computer technologies – virtual realities - suggest the possibility of distributed spaces rather than specific locations for buildings.
  • 5. c)Architecture and Politics, Wealth, Power or Class • Analyses how the social division of society is reflected in the architecture of a period – the type of buildings and the type of symbolic images and forms used to reflect power within a society. Eg. The architecture of monarchies, dictatorships or democracies will be different. • In what way do the relationships of power within a society affect the architecture? Eg. The shape of Baroque architecture and the use of the dominant axis.
  • 6. d)Architecture and Art • Studies the very close relationship and influences between the art of a period and its architecture. Eg. The invention of perspective and new drawing techniques by Renaissance artists and the work of Neoclassical and Romantic painters decidedly influenced the design of buildings during those periods. • Modern graphic art and the movies suggest new, imaginative forms which architects can use in the design of their buildings.
  • 7. e)Architecture and Philosophy • Philosophical ideas about meaning, order, ethics, the ideal, rationalism, the methods of critical thought, deconstructivism, logic, consistency, the idea of beauty, harmony, aesthetics, theories of mind, representation and perception, and so on all have their parallels in the Theory of Architecture • Usually these relate to how to organize buildings according to some non-functional but controlling idea such as symmetry, hierarchy or multiple axes and how to integrate the different parts of a building into a coherent and understandable or meaningful whole
  • 8. f) Architecture and History • This looks at the uses of history in the pursuit of architectural form. Eg. The idea of ‘historicism’ where there is a deliberate use of traditional forms in modern buildings to provide continuity with the past and increased meaning in the form of new buildings. This is either by the direct use of forms from past architectures or as eclecticism where forms from different past and present styles are mixed together. • Theory looks at the function of history in architectural design and how previous forms are re-combined to produce the new.
  • 9. g)Architecture and Science The various branches of science, from physics to biology to cognitive studies to systems theory and artificial intelligence (AI), cybernetics and computer engineering offer examples and analogies to processes operating within architecture. These are of essentially two kinds: those such as AI and computer engineering which deal with the design process. These are necessarily abstract examples and attempt to get a different or ‘outside’ perspective of how the discipline functions without getting involved in the languages, history or practices of architecture.
  • 10. i) Architecture and Human perception Theory and practice both suggest that HOW human beings perceive buildings will affect how buildings are designed. People get their experience of things through their five senses: sight, touch, taste, smell & hearing. There are also psychological factors in how people perceive space and form – issues of familiarity, distance, colour and the shape or spatial; definition of space (narrow, enclosing, open vistas, concentric or linear, axiality, etc.). Each of these factors – sense and psychology – can be used to analyze the success or even just the character of built space.
  • 11. k)Architecture and the City Theory of architecture deals in many cases with urban design theories. There is a direct parallel between the theory of architecture and that of urban design. In both cases the issue is to represent in built form and in spatial enclosure the organization of a social institution. The City is the most complex social institution in history. It has to be given physical form inspired by or determined by the nature or character of the many sometimes conflicting institutions which co-exist within it. Theory of architecture as such analyses architectural interventions in the City – how they either reinforce or change its identity. The architectural basic elements of this urban analysis can be the network of streets, routes and paths, squares, focal points, neighbour hoods, domains, symbolic centres, boundaries, public monuments, vistas, enclosures, the presence of nature (parks, water), the continuity of street fronts, the significance of street corners and so on.
  • 12. l) Architecture and Ecology Ecology deals with the relationship between an organism and its environment. That is, how well the organism responds (adapts) to changing conditions in that environment. An ecologically sensible building will be designed on the basis that it can deal with the local climate (sunlight or cold) without the need for expensive importation of energy (electricity), eg. in the form of air conditioning. The form of a building is dictated by many factors (programme, site, technology, finance, etc.), ecology is another factor which constrains (controls) the final shape of a building. For instance the design of a building can be influenced by the need for shading from sunlight, thermal insulation of its walls, the use of natural ventilation techniques, natural air circulation, orientation, solar panels, re-cycling of its water, low technology construction techniques, use of traditional or low energy building methods and materials in certain regions, the use of internal courtyards, compact layouts or response to the existing topology and landscape features.
  • 13. Boundaries between architecture and design are unclear. • ARE THEY SIMILAR CONCEPTS? • ARE THEY COMPLEMENTARY CONCEPTS WITH DIFFERENT LEVELS OF ABSTRACTION?