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Lec -6- Rural Development, Democratic Decentralization & Panchayat Raj System.pptx

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AEX 102 – Fundamentals of Agricultural Extension Education (2 + 1) Rural Development, Democratic Decentralization & Panchayat Raj System
Rural Development Rural • According to United States census rural include all persons living outside urban area and who live on farms. It refers the population who live in the municipalities, which has a population of less than 2,500 inhabitants. Development • It refers to growth, evolution, stage of inducement or progress. It also refers to the overall movement towards greater efficiency and complex situations.
Rural Development • According to Agarwal (1989), rural development is a strategy designed to improve the economic and social life of rural poor. • Rural development is a process of developing and utilizing natural and human resources, technologies, infrastructural facilities, institution and organization, government policies and programmes to encourage and speed up economic growth in rural areas, to provide jobs and to improve the quality of rural life towards self – sustenance.
Objectives of Rural Development Providing goods and services in terms of social and economic infrastructure Increasing the income of every rural family on a self sustaining basis Creation of additional employment opportunities in rural areas It implies a broad-based reorganization and mobilization of the rural masses Improvement of services or rural masses in the process Improvement of know-how, which is to be implemented in the rural people The ultimate objective of rural development is improving the quality of life of the rural poor and the weak
Importance of Rural Development • About three – fourth of India’s population live in rural areas. • Nearly half of the country’s national income is derived from agriculture. • Around seventy per cent of Indian population gets employment through agriculture. • Bulk of raw materials for industries comes from agriculture and rural sector. • Increase in industrial population can be justified only in rural population’s motivation and increasing the purchasing power to buy industrial goods. • Growing disparity between the urban elite and the rural poor can lead to political instability.
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (People’s Programme) COMMUNITY: is a group of people who live in a geographical area and have an interest in each other for the purpose of making a living. DEVELOPMENT: connotes growth or maturation. It implies gradual and sequential phases of change. It refers to the upward or increasing differentiation. COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT: It is a movement designed to promote better living for the community with the active participation and/or the initiative at the community.
GENESIS OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (CDP - 1952) • CDP was launched October 2, 1952 with the recommendations of the Fiscal Commission (1949) and the Grow More Food Enquiry Committee (1952) • Initial stage there were 55 community projects in 3 blocks. • Each of the community development project covered an area of about 450-500 sq.miles • Number of villages - 300 villages • Population of about 2 lakhs. • Each project area has been divided into three development blocks. • Number of villages - 100 villages • Area - 150-170 sq.mile • Population of about 60-70 thousands. • Each block was further divided into groups of 5-10 villages each. • Village level worker (Gram Sevak) who was the basic level extension functionary
OBJECTIVES OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT Fundamental Objective – Destination Man Broad objectives are (I) Economic development (ii) Social justice (iii) Democratic growth. Specific Objectives • To assist each village in having effective panchayats, cooperatives and schools. • Plan and carry out integrated multi-phased family, village, Block and District for  Increasing agricultural production.  Improving existing village crafts and industries and organizing new ones.  Providing minimum essential health services and improving health practices.  Providing required educational facilities for children and an adult education  Providing recreational facilities and programmes.  Improving housing and family living conditions  Providing programmes for village women and youth.
ADMINISTRATION OF CDP National level: • Central committee • Prime Minister - Chairman • Main work - Broad policies, provide general supervision and economic development • Assisted by – Advisory Board (Secretaries) • Community Projects Administration (CPA). • September 20, 1956 a separate central ministry (Ministry of community development) • National basis programmes, budgeting, directing and coordinating.
State level • State Development Committee • Chief minister - Chairman (All Ministers) • Development Commissioner - Secretary Functions • Receive Programme guidance (Centre), reporting and gave suggestions to centre • Coordinating programme at block levels. Also supervising. • Responsible for planning, coordination, executing and evaluating the work of each block in his district along with District Collector.
District level: • District planning or Development Committee. • District collector - Chairman • He is assisted in carrying out this development responsibilities by BDOs. • The district Development Committee consists of all Heads of Department in the district. • Officials and non officials as members.
Block level: • Block Development Officer is assisted by a team of experts in agriculture, cooperation, animal husbandry, cottage industries. • Block Development Committee consists of representatives of panchayats, cooperatives, progressive farmers, social workers, MPs and MLAs of the area.
Village level: • VLW or Gram Sevak acts as a multipurpose worker at village level. • Each Gram Sevak - Incharge of about 7 or 10 villages. Also in charge of both village and family development. • He is guided and assisted by various technical specialists at the block level. • He is the last official administrative person in the administrative chain
NATIONAL EXTENSION SERVICE • Under CDP, the people in all the project areas responded enthusiastically and the need for a rapid expansion of the programme to other parts of the country was urgently felt. • The need for rapid extension of the programme to other parts of the country led to the National Extension Service (NES) on October 2, 1953 covering the entire country within a period of 10 years.. • The NATIONAL EXTENSION SERVICE (NES) programme was launched with the idea of having wider coverage at less cost and more people‟s participation. • This was implemented in the areas which were not covered by CDP, so that entire country would get the benefit of development.
NATIONAL EXTENSION SERVICE (NES-1953) • The momentum gained by the NES programme was intensified by converting some selected NES blocks to COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT BLOCKS (CDB). The programme was initiated in 1954. • With effect from April, 1958 there was no distinction between CD blocks and NES. All NES blocks became CD blocks was achieved by October 1963. NES covered almost all the villages in the country
OBJECTIVES OF NES : • To change the outlook of village people. • To make the people participate effectively in development programmes. • To develop village leaders accepted by all. • To increase the employment and production.
DEFECTS OF CD/NES • Uneven distribution of benefits. • Absence of clear-cut priorities. • Lack of self reliance and mutual aids. • Inadequate emphasis on development of cottage and small scale industries and agriculture.
Democratic Decentralization • The realization that people‟s participation is crucial for successful implementation of programmes like CD and NES, was brought to sharp focus through the Report and recommended for DEMOCRATIC DECENTRALIZATION.  The word ‘democracy’ is derived from the Greek ‘demos’ means ‘the people’, and ‘cracy’ means ‘rule of’.  It is the ‘rule of people’.  It is governance of the people, by the people, for the people.  Recommended by Balwant Ray G Mehta Committee
 Decentralization is the transfer of authority, responsibility, and accountability from central to local governments  Therefore 'Democratic Decentralization' ensures the direct participation of people at the grass root level.
• Decentralization means devolution of central authority among local units close to the areas served. The authority devolves by this process on people’s Institution, it is ‘democratic decentralization’. • Democratic Decentralization is the development of reciprocal relationships between central and local governments and between local governments and citizens. • Implemented on October 2, 1959.
Need for Democratic Decentralization • India is a sovereign democratic republic. Till recently, our administration was described as democracy at the top and dictatorship at the bottom‟. It was an inverted pyramid‟. • It was realized that, so long as the people who constitute the roots of the democratic system were kept apart from the administration at levels close to them, it would be impossible, to secure their support or enthusiasm for the programme. • The study team on C.D. Programmes headed by Balwant Ray Mehta recommended “Democratic Decentralization”
Panchayat Raj • Mahatma Gandhi advocated Panchayati Raj, a decentralized form of Government where each village is responsible for its own affairs, as the foundation of India‟s political system. • Panchayat Raj means the System of Government. • Administration by mutual consultation, consent and consensus. • Horizontally, it is a network of village panchayats. • Vertically, it is an organic growth of panchayat rising up to national level.
1. Gram Panchayat – First Tier • The first formal democratic institution under the Indian Constitution is the Gram Panchayat. • It is the primary unit of local self – government. • Gram Panchayat is a cabinet of the village elders, directly elected by the adult citizens of the village. • The panchayat president is also called as 'Sarpanch'.
2. Panchayat Samithi – Block (Second Tier) • Presidents of all Panchayats. • Local M.L.As and M.L.Cs • One person nominated by District Collector for every Panchayat. • Reservation and Co-operation to women, SCs, STs and persons with experience in administration and public life. • Block Development Officer (Chief Executive) – Appointed by Government
Functions of Panchayat Samithis • To instil among the people within their jurisdiction a spirit of self – help and initiative and harness their enthusiasm for raising the standard of living. • Support of the people for the implementation of the development Programmes. • Welfare and development activities in the fields of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, Health, Sanitation, Elementary Education, Cottage Industries, Social Welfare etc., • To use the village housing project funds and loans.
3. The Zilla Parishad – Third Tier (District) a. All presidents of Panchayat Samithis in the district b. The District Collector c. M.L.As of the District d. M.L.Cs e. M.Ps of the District f. Two women representatives g. One representative of Schedule Castes h. One representative of Scheduled Tribes i. Two persons interested in rural development
Functions of the Zilla Parishad • Approve budgets. • Co-ordinate plans. • Distribute funds given by the Government among the blocks. • It has to prepare plans for all items of developmental activities. • Secondary education is the responsibility of Zilla Parishad. • Advise the Government in all matters relating to rural development in the district.
Sources of Income • The main source of income is from Government grants. • Income are also derived from local taxes on property and profession or trade, etc., • Some revenue are also accrued from surcharges or cesses on land revenue, water rates, etc., • Income are also received from fees for local services, and rent or income from owned land and property.
Role of Officials • To identify the felt needs of the people. • To fix priorities of people’s needs with their assistance. • To list out the local resources available. • To harness available and potential resources. • To encourage peoples involvement in programmes. • To develop a community outlook among the people. • To educate the people to think in terms of planned development. • To mobilize required resources. • To act as SMS at the time of programme development and implementation. • To assist people in evaluating their progress.
Role of Non – officials • To offer suggestion for block development. • To arrange priorities for maximum advantage within minimum period of time. • To organize work voluntarily. • To raise additional resource if necessary. • To execute the plan. • To assist the officials, in evaluating the progress of the programme etc.,
Achievements • Significant progress has been achieved in the fields of primary and secondary education, communications, agricultural extension, co- operation, medical help etc., • Provided drinking water facilities, protected water systems, improving the streets, providing electric lights, constructing sanitary conveniences and maintaining sanitation staff etc., • Rural awakening was brought up among the rural people.
Shortcomings and failures • There is a dilution of their authority and responsibility in actual functioning. • There were cases which utilized directly the services of block level technical staff without involving the non – officials. • Frequent transfers of staff have created a poor image of these bodies. • Failure to mobilize resources to the extent necessary. • Failure to secure people’s participation except in the case of works sponsored by themselves.
Contd.., • Tendency on the office bearers to identify themselves with their own party men neglecting the needs of others. • Inadequate maintenance of amenities already provided. • Visits of office – bearers to Panchayats being not always purposive but mostly casual.
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Lec -6- Rural Development, Democratic Decentralization & Panchayat Raj System.pptx

  • 1. AEX 102 – Fundamentals of Agricultural Extension Education (2 + 1) Rural Development, Democratic Decentralization & Panchayat Raj System
  • 2. Rural Development Rural • According to United States census rural include all persons living outside urban area and who live on farms. It refers the population who live in the municipalities, which has a population of less than 2,500 inhabitants. Development • It refers to growth, evolution, stage of inducement or progress. It also refers to the overall movement towards greater efficiency and complex situations.
  • 3. Rural Development • According to Agarwal (1989), rural development is a strategy designed to improve the economic and social life of rural poor. • Rural development is a process of developing and utilizing natural and human resources, technologies, infrastructural facilities, institution and organization, government policies and programmes to encourage and speed up economic growth in rural areas, to provide jobs and to improve the quality of rural life towards self – sustenance.
  • 4. Objectives of Rural Development Providing goods and services in terms of social and economic infrastructure Increasing the income of every rural family on a self sustaining basis Creation of additional employment opportunities in rural areas It implies a broad-based reorganization and mobilization of the rural masses Improvement of services or rural masses in the process Improvement of know-how, which is to be implemented in the rural people The ultimate objective of rural development is improving the quality of life of the rural poor and the weak
  • 5. Importance of Rural Development • About three – fourth of India’s population live in rural areas. • Nearly half of the country’s national income is derived from agriculture. • Around seventy per cent of Indian population gets employment through agriculture. • Bulk of raw materials for industries comes from agriculture and rural sector. • Increase in industrial population can be justified only in rural population’s motivation and increasing the purchasing power to buy industrial goods. • Growing disparity between the urban elite and the rural poor can lead to political instability.
  • 6. COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (People’s Programme) COMMUNITY: is a group of people who live in a geographical area and have an interest in each other for the purpose of making a living. DEVELOPMENT: connotes growth or maturation. It implies gradual and sequential phases of change. It refers to the upward or increasing differentiation. COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT: It is a movement designed to promote better living for the community with the active participation and/or the initiative at the community.
  • 7. GENESIS OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (CDP - 1952) • CDP was launched October 2, 1952 with the recommendations of the Fiscal Commission (1949) and the Grow More Food Enquiry Committee (1952) • Initial stage there were 55 community projects in 3 blocks. • Each of the community development project covered an area of about 450-500 sq.miles • Number of villages - 300 villages • Population of about 2 lakhs. • Each project area has been divided into three development blocks. • Number of villages - 100 villages • Area - 150-170 sq.mile • Population of about 60-70 thousands. • Each block was further divided into groups of 5-10 villages each. • Village level worker (Gram Sevak) who was the basic level extension functionary
  • 8. OBJECTIVES OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT Fundamental Objective – Destination Man Broad objectives are (I) Economic development (ii) Social justice (iii) Democratic growth. Specific Objectives • To assist each village in having effective panchayats, cooperatives and schools. • Plan and carry out integrated multi-phased family, village, Block and District for  Increasing agricultural production.  Improving existing village crafts and industries and organizing new ones.  Providing minimum essential health services and improving health practices.  Providing required educational facilities for children and an adult education  Providing recreational facilities and programmes.  Improving housing and family living conditions  Providing programmes for village women and youth.
  • 9. ADMINISTRATION OF CDP National level: • Central committee • Prime Minister - Chairman • Main work - Broad policies, provide general supervision and economic development • Assisted by – Advisory Board (Secretaries) • Community Projects Administration (CPA). • September 20, 1956 a separate central ministry (Ministry of community development) • National basis programmes, budgeting, directing and coordinating.
  • 10. State level • State Development Committee • Chief minister - Chairman (All Ministers) • Development Commissioner - Secretary Functions • Receive Programme guidance (Centre), reporting and gave suggestions to centre • Coordinating programme at block levels. Also supervising. • Responsible for planning, coordination, executing and evaluating the work of each block in his district along with District Collector.
  • 11. District level: • District planning or Development Committee. • District collector - Chairman • He is assisted in carrying out this development responsibilities by BDOs. • The district Development Committee consists of all Heads of Department in the district. • Officials and non officials as members.
  • 12. Block level: • Block Development Officer is assisted by a team of experts in agriculture, cooperation, animal husbandry, cottage industries. • Block Development Committee consists of representatives of panchayats, cooperatives, progressive farmers, social workers, MPs and MLAs of the area.
  • 13. Village level: • VLW or Gram Sevak acts as a multipurpose worker at village level. • Each Gram Sevak - Incharge of about 7 or 10 villages. Also in charge of both village and family development. • He is guided and assisted by various technical specialists at the block level. • He is the last official administrative person in the administrative chain
  • 14. NATIONAL EXTENSION SERVICE • Under CDP, the people in all the project areas responded enthusiastically and the need for a rapid expansion of the programme to other parts of the country was urgently felt. • The need for rapid extension of the programme to other parts of the country led to the National Extension Service (NES) on October 2, 1953 covering the entire country within a period of 10 years.. • The NATIONAL EXTENSION SERVICE (NES) programme was launched with the idea of having wider coverage at less cost and more people‟s participation. • This was implemented in the areas which were not covered by CDP, so that entire country would get the benefit of development.
  • 15. NATIONAL EXTENSION SERVICE (NES-1953) • The momentum gained by the NES programme was intensified by converting some selected NES blocks to COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT BLOCKS (CDB). The programme was initiated in 1954. • With effect from April, 1958 there was no distinction between CD blocks and NES. All NES blocks became CD blocks was achieved by October 1963. NES covered almost all the villages in the country
  • 16. OBJECTIVES OF NES : • To change the outlook of village people. • To make the people participate effectively in development programmes. • To develop village leaders accepted by all. • To increase the employment and production.
  • 17. DEFECTS OF CD/NES • Uneven distribution of benefits. • Absence of clear-cut priorities. • Lack of self reliance and mutual aids. • Inadequate emphasis on development of cottage and small scale industries and agriculture.
  • 18. Democratic Decentralization • The realization that people‟s participation is crucial for successful implementation of programmes like CD and NES, was brought to sharp focus through the Report and recommended for DEMOCRATIC DECENTRALIZATION.  The word ‘democracy’ is derived from the Greek ‘demos’ means ‘the people’, and ‘cracy’ means ‘rule of’.  It is the ‘rule of people’.  It is governance of the people, by the people, for the people.  Recommended by Balwant Ray G Mehta Committee
  • 19.  Decentralization is the transfer of authority, responsibility, and accountability from central to local governments  Therefore 'Democratic Decentralization' ensures the direct participation of people at the grass root level.
  • 20. • Decentralization means devolution of central authority among local units close to the areas served. The authority devolves by this process on people’s Institution, it is ‘democratic decentralization’. • Democratic Decentralization is the development of reciprocal relationships between central and local governments and between local governments and citizens. • Implemented on October 2, 1959.
  • 21. Need for Democratic Decentralization • India is a sovereign democratic republic. Till recently, our administration was described as democracy at the top and dictatorship at the bottom‟. It was an inverted pyramid‟. • It was realized that, so long as the people who constitute the roots of the democratic system were kept apart from the administration at levels close to them, it would be impossible, to secure their support or enthusiasm for the programme. • The study team on C.D. Programmes headed by Balwant Ray Mehta recommended “Democratic Decentralization”
  • 22. Panchayat Raj • Mahatma Gandhi advocated Panchayati Raj, a decentralized form of Government where each village is responsible for its own affairs, as the foundation of India‟s political system. • Panchayat Raj means the System of Government. • Administration by mutual consultation, consent and consensus. • Horizontally, it is a network of village panchayats. • Vertically, it is an organic growth of panchayat rising up to national level.
  • 23. 1. Gram Panchayat – First Tier • The first formal democratic institution under the Indian Constitution is the Gram Panchayat. • It is the primary unit of local self – government. • Gram Panchayat is a cabinet of the village elders, directly elected by the adult citizens of the village. • The panchayat president is also called as 'Sarpanch'.
  • 24. 2. Panchayat Samithi – Block (Second Tier) • Presidents of all Panchayats. • Local M.L.As and M.L.Cs • One person nominated by District Collector for every Panchayat. • Reservation and Co-operation to women, SCs, STs and persons with experience in administration and public life. • Block Development Officer (Chief Executive) – Appointed by Government
  • 25. Functions of Panchayat Samithis • To instil among the people within their jurisdiction a spirit of self – help and initiative and harness their enthusiasm for raising the standard of living. • Support of the people for the implementation of the development Programmes. • Welfare and development activities in the fields of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, Health, Sanitation, Elementary Education, Cottage Industries, Social Welfare etc., • To use the village housing project funds and loans.
  • 26. 3. The Zilla Parishad – Third Tier (District) a. All presidents of Panchayat Samithis in the district b. The District Collector c. M.L.As of the District d. M.L.Cs e. M.Ps of the District f. Two women representatives g. One representative of Schedule Castes h. One representative of Scheduled Tribes i. Two persons interested in rural development
  • 27. Functions of the Zilla Parishad • Approve budgets. • Co-ordinate plans. • Distribute funds given by the Government among the blocks. • It has to prepare plans for all items of developmental activities. • Secondary education is the responsibility of Zilla Parishad. • Advise the Government in all matters relating to rural development in the district.
  • 28. Sources of Income • The main source of income is from Government grants. • Income are also derived from local taxes on property and profession or trade, etc., • Some revenue are also accrued from surcharges or cesses on land revenue, water rates, etc., • Income are also received from fees for local services, and rent or income from owned land and property.
  • 29. Role of Officials • To identify the felt needs of the people. • To fix priorities of people’s needs with their assistance. • To list out the local resources available. • To harness available and potential resources. • To encourage peoples involvement in programmes. • To develop a community outlook among the people. • To educate the people to think in terms of planned development. • To mobilize required resources. • To act as SMS at the time of programme development and implementation. • To assist people in evaluating their progress.
  • 30. Role of Non – officials • To offer suggestion for block development. • To arrange priorities for maximum advantage within minimum period of time. • To organize work voluntarily. • To raise additional resource if necessary. • To execute the plan. • To assist the officials, in evaluating the progress of the programme etc.,
  • 31. Achievements • Significant progress has been achieved in the fields of primary and secondary education, communications, agricultural extension, co- operation, medical help etc., • Provided drinking water facilities, protected water systems, improving the streets, providing electric lights, constructing sanitary conveniences and maintaining sanitation staff etc., • Rural awakening was brought up among the rural people.
  • 32. Shortcomings and failures • There is a dilution of their authority and responsibility in actual functioning. • There were cases which utilized directly the services of block level technical staff without involving the non – officials. • Frequent transfers of staff have created a poor image of these bodies. • Failure to mobilize resources to the extent necessary. • Failure to secure people’s participation except in the case of works sponsored by themselves.
  • 33. Contd.., • Tendency on the office bearers to identify themselves with their own party men neglecting the needs of others. • Inadequate maintenance of amenities already provided. • Visits of office – bearers to Panchayats being not always purposive but mostly casual.