Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
SlideShare a Scribd company logo

Level of prevention

•
•
Saurabh Singh
Saurabh Singh

The level of prevention topic will help you to know about how to prevent any particular disease in humans. Level of prevention is categorized into four Primordial prevention Primary prevention Secondary prevention Tertiary prevention

1 of 27
Level of prevention SAURABH SINGH TOMAR ASSIT.PROFESSOR (COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING) E-MAIL-saurabh.singh406@gmail.com
Definition of prevention “Prevention is the action aimed at eradicating, eliminating or minimizing the impact of disease and disability.”- john M Last.
Levels of preventions • Level of prevention are classified into 4 stages 1. Primordial prevention 2. Primary prevention 3. Secondary prevention 4. Tertiary preventing
Level of prevention
1. Primordial prevention • Primordial prevention is defined as prevention of risk factors themselves, beginning with change in social and environmental conditions in which these factors are observed to develop, and continuing for high risk children, adolescents and young adults. • It is the prevention of the emergence or development of risk factors in countries or population groups in which they have not yet appeared.
• Primordial prevention, a relatively new concept, is receiving special attention in the prevention of chronic diseases. For example, many adult health problems (e.g. obesity, hypertension) have their early origins in childhood, because this is the time when lifestyles are formed(for example, smoking, eating patterns, physical exercise).
• Primordial prevention begins in childhood when health risk behavior begins. Parents, teachers and peer groups are important in imparting health education to children. • The main intervention in primordial prevention is through individual and mass education • Examples of primordial prevention • National policies and programes on nutrition involving the agricultural sector, the food industry, and the food import-export sector • Comprehensive policies to discourage smoking • Programes to promote regular physical activity • Making major changes in lifestyle
2. Primary prevention • Primary prevention can be defined as the action taken prior to the onset of disease, which removes the possibility that the disease will ever occur. • It signifies intervention in the prepathogenesis phase of a disease or health problem. • Primary prevention may be accomplished by measures of- 1.) Health promotion 2.) Specific protection
Level of prevention
1.) Health Promotion • It is the process of enabling people to increase control over the determinants of health and thereby improve their health. • Health Promotion is directed towards Strengthening the Host. • Main Aims of Health promotion is To enable people to increase control over Health & to Improve the Over all Health.
The Aim can be achieved by the following Intervention : • Health Education • Environmental Modification • Behavioral Changes • Life Style change • Nutritional Intervention
• Health education to improve healthy habits and health consciousness in the community. • Improvement in nutritional standards of the community. • Healthful physical environment (Housing, water supply, excreta disposal etc. • Good working condition • Periodic Selective examination of risk population.
2). Specific Protection • Efforts directed toward protection against specific diseases. • The provision of Conditions for normal Mental & Physical Functioning of the Human beings & in group. it includes the Promotion of Health , Prevention of Sickness , & Care of Individuals
Aims of Specific Protection • Intervention • Immunization • Use of specific nutrients • Chemoprophylaxis • Protection against occupational hazards • Protection against accidents • Control of General Environment • Avoidance of allergens etc.
Specific Protection includes- • Use of Specific immunization (BCG, DPT,MMR vaccines) • Chemoprophylaxis (tetracycline for Cholera, dapsone for Leprosy, Chloroquine for malaria,etc. • Use of specific nutrients (vitamin A for Children, iron folic acid tablets for Pregnant mothers) • Protection against accidents (Use of helmet, seatbelt,etc. • Protection against occupational hazards. • Avoidance of allergens. • Protection from air pollution
3. Secondary prevention • It is defined as “ An Action which halts the progress of a disease at its incipient stage and prevents complications.” • The specific interventions are: a) Early diagnosis (e.g. screening tests, case findings, breast self examination, pap smear test, radiographic examinations etc. b) Adequate Treatment c) Referral
• Secondary prevention attempts to arrest the disease process, restore health by seeking out unrecognized disease and treating it before irreversible pathological changes take place, and reverse communicability of infectious diseases. • It protects others in the community from acquiring the infection and thus provide at once secondary prevention for the infected ones and primary prevention for their potential contacts.
Objectives of Secondary Prevention • Complete cure and prevent the progression of disease process. • To prevent the spreads of disease by curing all the known cases. • To prevent the complications and sequel of disease. • To shorten the period of disability.
(i) Early Diagnosis • The Disease complications can be prevented & Health can be Restored by Diagnosing the Disease at it’s Early stages & by providing the adequate Treatment according to the Health problem. Includes :- Arrests/Stops the Disease Process. Restore the Health. Treat the Disease before Irreversible pathological changes occur. Reverse the Communicability of infectious Disease.
• Screening Surveys ( urine Examination for Diabetes) • Mass Treatment Approach includes : • Juvenile Mass Treatment • Selective Mass Treatment • Total Mass Treatment • The type of Approach used depends upon Nature of Disease & Incidence of Disease.
4.Tertiary Prevention • It is used when the disease process has advanced beyond its early stages. • It is defined as “all the measures available to reduce or limit impairments and disabilities, and to promote the patients’ adjustment to irremediable conditions.” • Intervention that should be accomplished in the stage of tertiary prevention are- 1) Disability limitation, and 2) Rehabilitation.
1) Disability limitation Disease Impairment Disability Handicap Any loss or abnormality of physiological, psychological, or anatomical structure or function. Any restriction or lack of ability to perform an ability in normal range of human being. Permanent disability or impairment of an individual. Diseases are often known to be medical conditions that are associated with specific symptoms and signs.
2) Rehabilitation • Rehabilitation is “ the combined and coordinated use of medical, social, educational, and vocational measures for training and retraining the individual to the highest possible level of functional ability.” • Requires cooperation from different sections of society.
Types of Rehabilitation Medical Rehabilitation Vocational Rehabilitation Social Rehabilitation Psychological Rehabilitation Rehabilitation
Types of Rehabilitation • Medical rehabilitation: (restoration of Bodily Function). • Vocational rehabilitation:( restoration of the capacity to earn a livelihood) • Social rehabilitation: (restoration of family and social relationship). • Psychological rehabilitation: (Restoration of personal dignity and confidence).
Examples of Rehabilitation • Establishing schools for the blind. • Exercises in neurological disorders • Prosthetic restoration of lost tooth • Reconstructive surgery in Leprosy.
Level of prevention

More Related Content

Level of prevention

  • 1. Level of prevention SAURABH SINGH TOMAR ASSIT.PROFESSOR (COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING) E-MAIL-saurabh.singh406@gmail.com
  • 2. Definition of prevention “Prevention is the action aimed at eradicating, eliminating or minimizing the impact of disease and disability.”- john M Last.
  • 3. Levels of preventions • Level of prevention are classified into 4 stages 1. Primordial prevention 2. Primary prevention 3. Secondary prevention 4. Tertiary preventing
  • 5. 1. Primordial prevention • Primordial prevention is defined as prevention of risk factors themselves, beginning with change in social and environmental conditions in which these factors are observed to develop, and continuing for high risk children, adolescents and young adults. • It is the prevention of the emergence or development of risk factors in countries or population groups in which they have not yet appeared.
  • 6. • Primordial prevention, a relatively new concept, is receiving special attention in the prevention of chronic diseases. For example, many adult health problems (e.g. obesity, hypertension) have their early origins in childhood, because this is the time when lifestyles are formed(for example, smoking, eating patterns, physical exercise).
  • 7. • Primordial prevention begins in childhood when health risk behavior begins. Parents, teachers and peer groups are important in imparting health education to children. • The main intervention in primordial prevention is through individual and mass education • Examples of primordial prevention • National policies and programes on nutrition involving the agricultural sector, the food industry, and the food import-export sector • Comprehensive policies to discourage smoking • Programes to promote regular physical activity • Making major changes in lifestyle
  • 8. 2. Primary prevention • Primary prevention can be defined as the action taken prior to the onset of disease, which removes the possibility that the disease will ever occur. • It signifies intervention in the prepathogenesis phase of a disease or health problem. • Primary prevention may be accomplished by measures of- 1.) Health promotion 2.) Specific protection
  • 10. 1.) Health Promotion • It is the process of enabling people to increase control over the determinants of health and thereby improve their health. • Health Promotion is directed towards Strengthening the Host. • Main Aims of Health promotion is To enable people to increase control over Health & to Improve the Over all Health.
  • 11. The Aim can be achieved by the following Intervention : • Health Education • Environmental Modification • Behavioral Changes • Life Style change • Nutritional Intervention
  • 12. • Health education to improve healthy habits and health consciousness in the community. • Improvement in nutritional standards of the community. • Healthful physical environment (Housing, water supply, excreta disposal etc. • Good working condition • Periodic Selective examination of risk population.
  • 13. 2). Specific Protection • Efforts directed toward protection against specific diseases. • The provision of Conditions for normal Mental & Physical Functioning of the Human beings & in group. it includes the Promotion of Health , Prevention of Sickness , & Care of Individuals
  • 14. Aims of Specific Protection • Intervention • Immunization • Use of specific nutrients • Chemoprophylaxis • Protection against occupational hazards • Protection against accidents • Control of General Environment • Avoidance of allergens etc.
  • 15. Specific Protection includes- • Use of Specific immunization (BCG, DPT,MMR vaccines) • Chemoprophylaxis (tetracycline for Cholera, dapsone for Leprosy, Chloroquine for malaria,etc. • Use of specific nutrients (vitamin A for Children, iron folic acid tablets for Pregnant mothers) • Protection against accidents (Use of helmet, seatbelt,etc. • Protection against occupational hazards. • Avoidance of allergens. • Protection from air pollution
  • 16. 3. Secondary prevention • It is defined as “ An Action which halts the progress of a disease at its incipient stage and prevents complications.” • The specific interventions are: a) Early diagnosis (e.g. screening tests, case findings, breast self examination, pap smear test, radiographic examinations etc. b) Adequate Treatment c) Referral
  • 17. • Secondary prevention attempts to arrest the disease process, restore health by seeking out unrecognized disease and treating it before irreversible pathological changes take place, and reverse communicability of infectious diseases. • It protects others in the community from acquiring the infection and thus provide at once secondary prevention for the infected ones and primary prevention for their potential contacts.
  • 18. Objectives of Secondary Prevention • Complete cure and prevent the progression of disease process. • To prevent the spreads of disease by curing all the known cases. • To prevent the complications and sequel of disease. • To shorten the period of disability.
  • 19. (i) Early Diagnosis • The Disease complications can be prevented & Health can be Restored by Diagnosing the Disease at it’s Early stages & by providing the adequate Treatment according to the Health problem. Includes :- Arrests/Stops the Disease Process. Restore the Health. Treat the Disease before Irreversible pathological changes occur. Reverse the Communicability of infectious Disease.
  • 20. • Screening Surveys ( urine Examination for Diabetes) • Mass Treatment Approach includes : • Juvenile Mass Treatment • Selective Mass Treatment • Total Mass Treatment • The type of Approach used depends upon Nature of Disease & Incidence of Disease.
  • 21. 4.Tertiary Prevention • It is used when the disease process has advanced beyond its early stages. • It is defined as “all the measures available to reduce or limit impairments and disabilities, and to promote the patients’ adjustment to irremediable conditions.” • Intervention that should be accomplished in the stage of tertiary prevention are- 1) Disability limitation, and 2) Rehabilitation.
  • 22. 1) Disability limitation Disease Impairment Disability Handicap Any loss or abnormality of physiological, psychological, or anatomical structure or function. Any restriction or lack of ability to perform an ability in normal range of human being. Permanent disability or impairment of an individual. Diseases are often known to be medical conditions that are associated with specific symptoms and signs.
  • 23. 2) Rehabilitation • Rehabilitation is “ the combined and coordinated use of medical, social, educational, and vocational measures for training and retraining the individual to the highest possible level of functional ability.” • Requires cooperation from different sections of society.
  • 24. Types of Rehabilitation Medical Rehabilitation Vocational Rehabilitation Social Rehabilitation Psychological Rehabilitation Rehabilitation
  • 25. Types of Rehabilitation • Medical rehabilitation: (restoration of Bodily Function). • Vocational rehabilitation:( restoration of the capacity to earn a livelihood) • Social rehabilitation: (restoration of family and social relationship). • Psychological rehabilitation: (Restoration of personal dignity and confidence).
  • 26. Examples of Rehabilitation • Establishing schools for the blind. • Exercises in neurological disorders • Prosthetic restoration of lost tooth • Reconstructive surgery in Leprosy.