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Lifespan Chapter 2 A Online Stud

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M
Mossler

The document discusses several topics related to genetics and prenatal development including: 1) Heredity and how genetic material is passed from parents to offspring through sperm and egg cells during fertilization, with the father determining the child's sex. 2) Common genetic terms like genotype, phenotype, and examples of genetic disorders. 3) How environment and genetics interact to influence traits and behaviors through mechanisms like niche-picking, parental influences, and eliciting responses from the child. 4) Stages of prenatal development from fertilization through embryogenesis and fetal growth. Prenatal testing methods and threats to development are also mentioned.

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Chapter 2 The Start of Life: Genetics and Prenatal Development © 2006 Pearson Education/Prentice-Hall Publishing
Heredity
Heredity The human genetic code is transferred by gametes. Sperm Ova The sex cells from the mother and father that form a new cell at conception (aka sperm and ovum).
Heredity Fertilization = sperm + ovum ( the gametes ) = one set of paired chromosomes = single new cell, a zygote.
The 23 rd chromosome determines the sex of the child. Females are XX. Males are XY. The FATHER’s sperm determines the sex of the child.
Monozygotic/Dizygotic Some Terms to Remember
Concordance rate Some Terms to Remember
Sandra Scarr: Genetics can influence environment in 3 ways: Active (niche-picking) genotype-environment effects - children seek out environments they find compatible and stimulating Passive genotype-environment effects - parents raise children in the way in which they are comfortable Evocative genotype-environment effects - child’s characteristics elicit certain types of environments
Dominant/Recessive [next] Genotype – genetic material Phenotype – observable Gregor Mendel Some Terms to Remember
b B B b b b B B Mother B b Father B b b B Blond hair Brown hair How Brown-Haired Parents Can Have a Blond-Haired Child The gene for blond hair is recessive.
Some Genetic Disorders Down Syndrome Sickle-Cell Anemia Tay-Sachs Klinefelter’s Syndrome
Behavioral Genetics How behavioral disorders may have a genetic basis (e.g., schizophrenia). How genetic defects may be remedied. The inheritance patterns of genetic disorders. How physically damaged genes contribute to genetic disorders. Gene therapy , genes to correct a particular disease are injected into a patient’s bloodstream G erm-line gene therapy, genetic modifications can correct problems for unborn AND future generations Cloning
The Start of Life Alternate forms of fertilization (Reproductive Technology) Artificial Insemination
The Start of Life Alternate forms of fertilization (Reproductive Technology) In vitro fertilization (IVF) Eggs are harvested from the woman’s ovaries, fertilized in the lab, and then deposited in the uterus
The Start of Life Alternate forms of fertilization (Reproductive Technology) Gamete intrafallopian transfer
The Start of Life Alternate forms of fertilization (Reproductive Technology) Zygote intrafallopian transfer (~ IVF + GIFT)
Success Rates of Three Different Assisted Reproduction Techniques There is little variation in success rates based on couples’ ages. 0 10 20 30 40 29.2% 31% 24.5% ZIFT IVF GIFT
This single cell is transformed into a person by the human genetic code. Zygote
The Start of Life The Onset of Development Germinal Stage (first two weeks) Germinal disc 0.8 hours post fertilization
The Start of Life The Onset of Development Embryonic Stage (two to eight weeks)
Gastrulation Ectoderm Endoderm Mesoderm
The Start of Life The Onset of Development Fetal Stage (eight weeks until birth) During the fetal period, the proportions of the body change dramatically.
Prenatal Testing Ultrasound Sonography Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS) Amniocentesis-- Often goes along with genetic counseling
Threats to Prenatal Development Illnesses AIDS Aspirin Thalidomide Marijuana Cocaine Cigarettes Alcohol

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Lifespan Chapter 2 A Online Stud

  • 1. Chapter 2 The Start of Life: Genetics and Prenatal Development © 2006 Pearson Education/Prentice-Hall Publishing
  • 3. Heredity The human genetic code is transferred by gametes. Sperm Ova The sex cells from the mother and father that form a new cell at conception (aka sperm and ovum).
  • 4. Heredity Fertilization = sperm + ovum ( the gametes ) = one set of paired chromosomes = single new cell, a zygote.
  • 5. The 23 rd chromosome determines the sex of the child. Females are XX. Males are XY. The FATHER’s sperm determines the sex of the child.
  • 7. Concordance rate Some Terms to Remember
  • 8. Sandra Scarr: Genetics can influence environment in 3 ways: Active (niche-picking) genotype-environment effects - children seek out environments they find compatible and stimulating Passive genotype-environment effects - parents raise children in the way in which they are comfortable Evocative genotype-environment effects - child’s characteristics elicit certain types of environments
  • 9. Dominant/Recessive [next] Genotype – genetic material Phenotype – observable Gregor Mendel Some Terms to Remember
  • 10. b B B b b b B B Mother B b Father B b b B Blond hair Brown hair How Brown-Haired Parents Can Have a Blond-Haired Child The gene for blond hair is recessive.
  • 11. Some Genetic Disorders Down Syndrome Sickle-Cell Anemia Tay-Sachs Klinefelter’s Syndrome
  • 12. Behavioral Genetics How behavioral disorders may have a genetic basis (e.g., schizophrenia). How genetic defects may be remedied. The inheritance patterns of genetic disorders. How physically damaged genes contribute to genetic disorders. Gene therapy , genes to correct a particular disease are injected into a patient’s bloodstream G erm-line gene therapy, genetic modifications can correct problems for unborn AND future generations Cloning
  • 13. The Start of Life Alternate forms of fertilization (Reproductive Technology) Artificial Insemination
  • 14. The Start of Life Alternate forms of fertilization (Reproductive Technology) In vitro fertilization (IVF) Eggs are harvested from the woman’s ovaries, fertilized in the lab, and then deposited in the uterus
  • 15. The Start of Life Alternate forms of fertilization (Reproductive Technology) Gamete intrafallopian transfer
  • 16. The Start of Life Alternate forms of fertilization (Reproductive Technology) Zygote intrafallopian transfer (~ IVF + GIFT)
  • 17. Success Rates of Three Different Assisted Reproduction Techniques There is little variation in success rates based on couples’ ages. 0 10 20 30 40 29.2% 31% 24.5% ZIFT IVF GIFT
  • 18. This single cell is transformed into a person by the human genetic code. Zygote
  • 19. The Start of Life The Onset of Development Germinal Stage (first two weeks) Germinal disc 0.8 hours post fertilization
  • 20. The Start of Life The Onset of Development Embryonic Stage (two to eight weeks)
  • 21. Gastrulation Ectoderm Endoderm Mesoderm
  • 22. The Start of Life The Onset of Development Fetal Stage (eight weeks until birth) During the fetal period, the proportions of the body change dramatically.
  • 23. Prenatal Testing Ultrasound Sonography Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS) Amniocentesis-- Often goes along with genetic counseling
  • 24. Threats to Prenatal Development Illnesses AIDS Aspirin Thalidomide Marijuana Cocaine Cigarettes Alcohol