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Lifespan Chapters 15 17 Online Stud

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M
Mossler

The document discusses several topics related to aging, death, and dying: 1) Life expectancy in the US has increased dramatically over the past century to an average of 77.6 years, and women tend to outlive men by about 5 years. 2) Common biological theories of aging include the cellular clock theory, free radical theory, and hormonal stress theory which attempt to explain the aging process on a cellular level. 3) As people age, sensory abilities and physical health often decline as seen in conditions like vision loss, hearing loss, arthritis, and increased risk of diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. 4) Psychological theories of aging focus on maintaining independence and cognitive abilities through activities, social

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Aging Death and Dying Chapters 15-17
Successful Aging Living longer Positive Aging X Cult
Life Span and Life Expectancy has increased 31 years since 1900 average U.S. life expectancy = 77.6 years women outlive males an average of 5 years
Successful Aging
Biological Theories of Aging Cellular Clock Theory as we age, cells become less capable of dividing telomeres -- DNA sequences that cap chromosomes as cells divide, telomeres become shorter and eventually cell can no longer divide Free Radical Theory -- people age because as cells metabolize energy, the byproducts include unstable oxygen molecules known as free radicals damages DNA can lead to disorders such as cancer and arthritis
Hormonal Stress Theory -- aging in the body’s hormone system can lower resistance to stress and increase likelihood of disease = risk of chronic disease Biological Theories of Aging
Sensory Developments Inevitable Vision visual acuity, color vision, and depth perception decline cataracts -- thickening of lens glaucoma -- optic nerve damaged by pressure from fluid build-up macular degeneration -- deterioration of retina Hearing degeneration of cochlea Smell and taste most older adults lose some ability to taste and/or smell
Changes in: Sexuality Hypertension Arthritis
Other Health Issues Major depression Increase in the oldest old (85 and older) Sometimes associated with drug side effect/interaction! Parkinson’s disease -- chronic, progressive. Muscle tremors, slowing of movement, partial facial paralysis Degeneration of neurons that produce dopamine Dementia -- global term > neurological disorder; deterioration of mental functioning
Causes of Alzheimer’s Disease Alzheimer’s -- progressive, irreversible; gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, physical function No certain scientific proof of causes. Associated with: Age Genetic links seem to exist Lack of exercise
Alzheimer’s Disease < 65: less than 2%; ~doubles every 5 years Symptoms Inattention Disoriented Altered Py Difficulty articulating Impaired gait/movement Kills ~100,000/yr in U.S.
Leading Causes of Death Heart disease Cancer Stroke Chronic lung diseases
Other issues Arthritis -- inflammation of the joints, accompanied by pain, stiffness, and movement problems Osteoporosis -- can reduce/reverse effects Sexuality Declines in memory Exercise > maintain independence, prevents institutionalization, increases longevity
Training Cognitive Skills Training can improve the cognitive skills of many older adults There is some loss of plasticity in late adulthood, especially in those older than 85 years Cognitive vitality can be improved with training Lack of use of working memory may cause neural connections in prefrontal lobes to atrophy
Work Older workers have a lower rate of absenteeism, fewer accidents, and increased job satisfaction Best adjustment for those who are healthy have adequate income active educated have an extended social network satisfied with life before retirement
Socioemotional Dev’t Integrity versus despair Life review Social convoy model -- individuals go through life embedded in a social network of individuals from whom they give and receive social support Social support enhances coping skills Being lonely and socially isolated is a significant health risk
Living Arrangements Nursing Home Hospice care - palliative Adult day-care Assisted living/retirement hotel Continuing-care facility (combination skilled nursing/assisted living/convalescent
Elder Abuse Less healthy More isolated Those with dementias particularly at risk More likely to be living in caregiver’s house Types of Abuse (what to look for outside of the obvious) $ Cuts, scars Bedsores Food, water Underclothes, hygiene (check for odors) Physical activity Social opportunities
 
Legal Documents Living will Health care proxy OR > Medical Power of Attorney allows you to designate someone to make health care decisions for you when you are unable . Power of Attorney Will Living Trust
DNR Medical personnel should not go to extraordinary or extreme efforts to save the terminally ill patient. However… Difficult to define. No one likes to make this decision
Sometimes difficult to get medical personnel to follow directives: Claim unawareness of wishes. Intentionally left off chart by MDs. Survey of dying patients: 1/3 asked not to be resuscitated; only 47% of physicians reported knowing their patient’s wishes. Only listed on the charts of 49% of patients.
What constitutes death?  
Defining Death Thanatology-the study of death and dying Complex Functional death: the absence of a heartbeat and breathing. Medical measure of death > no possibility of restoring brain function
Death Across the Lifespan: Causes & Reactions SIDS Prenatal death (Miscarriage) also; often feel isolated Children do not have a realistic view of death. Before age 5, children see death as temporary, like sleeping. ~ 5 children have begun to accept death as universal and final
Death in Adolescence Adolescents’ views of death are also unrealistic & often highly romantic. Personal Fable: leads to sense of invulnerability The most frequent cause of adolescent death is accidents (usually motor vehicle).
Death in Young Adulthood Particularly difficult because it is the time when people feel most ready to begin their own lives. Future planning (e.g., marry or not? have children?). Like adolescents, young adults are outraged at impending death and may direct anger toward their care providers.
Death in Middle Adulthood Disease is the most common cause of death in middle-aged adults. More aware and accepting of death but also have a lot of fears (more than any other time in lifespan). Most frequent causes are heart attack or stoke - both of which are sudden.
Death in Late Adulthood The prevalence of death and loss around older adults makes them less anxious about dying than at any other time of life. Suicide rate increases with age for men. Caucasian men over age 85 have the highest proportion of suicide. Major issues for seniors with terminal disease: Do lives still have value? How much of a burden?
Kubler-Ross Stage theory of death and dying was created from extensive interviews with people that were dying and those that cared for them
Widows outnumber widowers 5 to 1 Many widows are lonely Bereaved are at higher risk for health problems Stories Recordings End of Life Issues

More Related Content

Lifespan Chapters 15 17 Online Stud

  • 1. Aging Death and Dying Chapters 15-17
  • 2. Successful Aging Living longer Positive Aging X Cult
  • 3. Life Span and Life Expectancy has increased 31 years since 1900 average U.S. life expectancy = 77.6 years women outlive males an average of 5 years
  • 5. Biological Theories of Aging Cellular Clock Theory as we age, cells become less capable of dividing telomeres -- DNA sequences that cap chromosomes as cells divide, telomeres become shorter and eventually cell can no longer divide Free Radical Theory -- people age because as cells metabolize energy, the byproducts include unstable oxygen molecules known as free radicals damages DNA can lead to disorders such as cancer and arthritis
  • 6. Hormonal Stress Theory -- aging in the body’s hormone system can lower resistance to stress and increase likelihood of disease = risk of chronic disease Biological Theories of Aging
  • 7. Sensory Developments Inevitable Vision visual acuity, color vision, and depth perception decline cataracts -- thickening of lens glaucoma -- optic nerve damaged by pressure from fluid build-up macular degeneration -- deterioration of retina Hearing degeneration of cochlea Smell and taste most older adults lose some ability to taste and/or smell
  • 8. Changes in: Sexuality Hypertension Arthritis
  • 9. Other Health Issues Major depression Increase in the oldest old (85 and older) Sometimes associated with drug side effect/interaction! Parkinson’s disease -- chronic, progressive. Muscle tremors, slowing of movement, partial facial paralysis Degeneration of neurons that produce dopamine Dementia -- global term > neurological disorder; deterioration of mental functioning
  • 10. Causes of Alzheimer’s Disease Alzheimer’s -- progressive, irreversible; gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, physical function No certain scientific proof of causes. Associated with: Age Genetic links seem to exist Lack of exercise
  • 11. Alzheimer’s Disease < 65: less than 2%; ~doubles every 5 years Symptoms Inattention Disoriented Altered Py Difficulty articulating Impaired gait/movement Kills ~100,000/yr in U.S.
  • 12. Leading Causes of Death Heart disease Cancer Stroke Chronic lung diseases
  • 13. Other issues Arthritis -- inflammation of the joints, accompanied by pain, stiffness, and movement problems Osteoporosis -- can reduce/reverse effects Sexuality Declines in memory Exercise > maintain independence, prevents institutionalization, increases longevity
  • 14. Training Cognitive Skills Training can improve the cognitive skills of many older adults There is some loss of plasticity in late adulthood, especially in those older than 85 years Cognitive vitality can be improved with training Lack of use of working memory may cause neural connections in prefrontal lobes to atrophy
  • 15. Work Older workers have a lower rate of absenteeism, fewer accidents, and increased job satisfaction Best adjustment for those who are healthy have adequate income active educated have an extended social network satisfied with life before retirement
  • 16. Socioemotional Dev’t Integrity versus despair Life review Social convoy model -- individuals go through life embedded in a social network of individuals from whom they give and receive social support Social support enhances coping skills Being lonely and socially isolated is a significant health risk
  • 17. Living Arrangements Nursing Home Hospice care - palliative Adult day-care Assisted living/retirement hotel Continuing-care facility (combination skilled nursing/assisted living/convalescent
  • 18. Elder Abuse Less healthy More isolated Those with dementias particularly at risk More likely to be living in caregiver’s house Types of Abuse (what to look for outside of the obvious) $ Cuts, scars Bedsores Food, water Underclothes, hygiene (check for odors) Physical activity Social opportunities
  • 19.  
  • 20. Legal Documents Living will Health care proxy OR > Medical Power of Attorney allows you to designate someone to make health care decisions for you when you are unable . Power of Attorney Will Living Trust
  • 21. DNR Medical personnel should not go to extraordinary or extreme efforts to save the terminally ill patient. However… Difficult to define. No one likes to make this decision
  • 22. Sometimes difficult to get medical personnel to follow directives: Claim unawareness of wishes. Intentionally left off chart by MDs. Survey of dying patients: 1/3 asked not to be resuscitated; only 47% of physicians reported knowing their patient’s wishes. Only listed on the charts of 49% of patients.
  • 24. Defining Death Thanatology-the study of death and dying Complex Functional death: the absence of a heartbeat and breathing. Medical measure of death > no possibility of restoring brain function
  • 25. Death Across the Lifespan: Causes & Reactions SIDS Prenatal death (Miscarriage) also; often feel isolated Children do not have a realistic view of death. Before age 5, children see death as temporary, like sleeping. ~ 5 children have begun to accept death as universal and final
  • 26. Death in Adolescence Adolescents’ views of death are also unrealistic & often highly romantic. Personal Fable: leads to sense of invulnerability The most frequent cause of adolescent death is accidents (usually motor vehicle).
  • 27. Death in Young Adulthood Particularly difficult because it is the time when people feel most ready to begin their own lives. Future planning (e.g., marry or not? have children?). Like adolescents, young adults are outraged at impending death and may direct anger toward their care providers.
  • 28. Death in Middle Adulthood Disease is the most common cause of death in middle-aged adults. More aware and accepting of death but also have a lot of fears (more than any other time in lifespan). Most frequent causes are heart attack or stoke - both of which are sudden.
  • 29. Death in Late Adulthood The prevalence of death and loss around older adults makes them less anxious about dying than at any other time of life. Suicide rate increases with age for men. Caucasian men over age 85 have the highest proportion of suicide. Major issues for seniors with terminal disease: Do lives still have value? How much of a burden?
  • 30. Kubler-Ross Stage theory of death and dying was created from extensive interviews with people that were dying and those that cared for them
  • 31. Widows outnumber widowers 5 to 1 Many widows are lonely Bereaved are at higher risk for health problems Stories Recordings End of Life Issues