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Lightening

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This document was submitted as an assignment as a part of the partial fulfillment of my master's degree.

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Assignment on “Lightening” Submitted by Md. Asif Hasan Roll: SH-037 Date: September 16, 2019
LIGHTENING Lightening is the occurrence of a natural electrical discharge of very short duration and high voltage between a cloud and the ground or within a cloud, accompanied by a bright flash. More simply, it is the meeting of negative charges with positive charges Some Facts about Lightening- ➢ Lightning strikes earth a 100 times each second ➢ Duration of one stroke of lightning, 1/5th of second. ➢ Lightning can travel at speeds of 60,000 m/sec. ➢ Lightning strokes ranges from 100 m – 8 km length. ➢ Lightning containing an average charge of 30 to 50 lakhs volts ➢ During lightening heat exceeds 50,000 degrees F (3 times hotter than the surface of the sun) Mechanism of Lightning: The lightning occurs in phases. The scientists discovered that the lightning occurs in two main phases which are the crossing phase and the returning phase, and they captured photos for these two phases and said with certainty that the lightning descends from the cloud and returns again. ➢ The first phase: A negative charge descends from the cloud toward the ground in part of a second. ➢ The second phase: The positive charge on the ground meets with that negative charge. ➢ The third phase: As a result, a strong electric spark generates and goes toward the cloud. The returned electric charge and that is the lightning beam, all of these four phases happens in 25 Millisecond.
Occurrence: ➢ Tall objects such as trees and skyscrapers are commonly struck by lightning. ➢ Mountains also make good targets. The reasons for this is their tops are closer to the base of the storm cloud. However, this does not always mean tall objects will be struck.it all depends on where the charges accumulate. Lightning can strike the ground in open field even if the tree line is close by. Damage due to lightning: ➢ Lightning striking a structure can result in damage to the structure itself and to its occupants and contents, including failure of equipment and especially of electrical and electronic systems. ➢ The damages and failures may also extend to the surrounding of the structure and may even involve the local environment. The scale of this extension depends on the characteristics of the structure and on the characteristics of lightning. ➢ A typical lightning stroke is a dramatically powerful natural event capable of damaging even intentionally protected structures. ➢ It injuries or sometimes even kills animals and people instantly. ➢ It can cause fire and shatter buildings resulting in lot of destruction and damage. ➢ It can burn trees and also causes forest fire Lightening in Bangladesh: Every day 8 million lightning are taking place somewhere on the earth. In Bangladesh, Lightning is declared as natural disaster in 17 May,2016 .
Fatalities in Bangladesh Due to Lightning
Fig: Statistics Of Lightning-related Fatalities in Bangladesh 1990-2017 Fig: Gender Variation Of Lightning-related Fatalities in Bangladesh
Fig: Socioeconomic Conditions Affecting Activities Of Lightning Fatalities Safety Measures: ➢ Take shelter in a building or car ➢ Stay about 15 feet away from each other ➢ Do not lie flat on ground ➢ Stay away from all types of water bodies because water is an excellent conductor of electricity ➢ It is safer to use mobile phones and cordless phones during lightning ➢ Do not take baths and showers during storms, as water is an excellent conductor of electricity. First aid for Lightning Victims: Most die from heart attacks/stop breathing ➢ Administer first aid as quick as possible ➢ If unconscious: Check breathing and pulse ➢ Person has a pulse, but not breathing: Begin CPR ➢ Check for other injuries ➢ If not CPR qualified: ✓ Call EMS immediately ✓ Keep them calm ✓ Stay with them until help arrives
Lightning Protection System: ➢ Lightening Conductor: A lightning conductor is fixed on the top of tall buildings to protect them from damage due to the lightning
➢ Overhead Ground Wires: The ground wires are placed above the line conductors at such positions that practically all lightning strokes are intercepted by them (i.e. ground wires). The ground wires are grounded at each tower or pole through as low resistance as possible. ➢ Lightning arrester or Surge diverter: A lightning arrester or a surge diverter is a protective device which conducts the high voltage surges on the power system to the ground which provide protection for indirect strokes.
➢ The Earthing Screen: It consists of a network of copper conductors (generally called shield or screen) mounted all over the electrical equipment in the sub-station or power station. The shield is properly connected to earth on at least two points through a low impedance. On the occurrence of direct stroke on the station, screen provides a low resistance path by which lightning surges are conducted to ground. The limitation of this method is that it does not provide protection against the travelling waves which may reach the equipment in the station. Recommendations for safety: ➢ No place outside is safe when thunderstorms are in the area. ➢ If anyone hear thunder, lightning is close enough to strike him or her. ➢ If anyone hear thunder, immediately move to safe shelter. ➢ Stay in safe shelter at least 30 min after hear the last sound of thunder. ➢ Planting tall tree such as palm trees in the villages and sub urban areas. ➢ Creating awareness on the lightning safety by organizing trainings, seminars etc. in the union level. ➢ Lightning safety guidelines should be included in the children’s curriculum starting from the primary schools. ➢ Lightning safety measure should be published in the television radios and dramas.
References: ➢ Bangladesh disaster-related statistics 2015: Climate change and natural disaster perspectives.BBS, Statistics and Informatics Division, Ministry of planning Bangladesh. ➢ BBS,2012: Housing and population census 2011. BBS, Statistics and Informatics Division, Ministry of planning Bangladesh. ➢ Emergency operation Center-Department of Disaster Management Bangladesh ➢ Chowdhury M.A.M., and U.K. De,1995: Pre monsoon thunderstorm activities over Bangladesh from 1983 to 1992. ➢ Martin A Uman, All About Lightning, Courier Dover Publications, 1987. ➢ G V Cooray, Vernon Cooray, The Lightning Flash, IET, 2003. ➢ Richard Kithil, Fundamentals of Lightning Protection, National Lightning Safety Institute. ➢ Hugh Christian, Steven Goodman, Observing Lightning from Space, www.nasa.gov, 1998. ➢ The Lightning Process: Keeping in Step, www.noaa.gov, March 9, 2004. ➢ Steve Price, Patrick Barry, Tony Phillips, Where Lightning Strikes, www.nasa.gov, Dec. 5, 2001.

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Lightening

  • 1. Assignment on “Lightening” Submitted by Md. Asif Hasan Roll: SH-037 Date: September 16, 2019
  • 2. LIGHTENING Lightening is the occurrence of a natural electrical discharge of very short duration and high voltage between a cloud and the ground or within a cloud, accompanied by a bright flash. More simply, it is the meeting of negative charges with positive charges Some Facts about Lightening- ➢ Lightning strikes earth a 100 times each second ➢ Duration of one stroke of lightning, 1/5th of second. ➢ Lightning can travel at speeds of 60,000 m/sec. ➢ Lightning strokes ranges from 100 m – 8 km length. ➢ Lightning containing an average charge of 30 to 50 lakhs volts ➢ During lightening heat exceeds 50,000 degrees F (3 times hotter than the surface of the sun) Mechanism of Lightning: The lightning occurs in phases. The scientists discovered that the lightning occurs in two main phases which are the crossing phase and the returning phase, and they captured photos for these two phases and said with certainty that the lightning descends from the cloud and returns again. ➢ The first phase: A negative charge descends from the cloud toward the ground in part of a second. ➢ The second phase: The positive charge on the ground meets with that negative charge. ➢ The third phase: As a result, a strong electric spark generates and goes toward the cloud. The returned electric charge and that is the lightning beam, all of these four phases happens in 25 Millisecond.
  • 3. Occurrence: ➢ Tall objects such as trees and skyscrapers are commonly struck by lightning. ➢ Mountains also make good targets. The reasons for this is their tops are closer to the base of the storm cloud. However, this does not always mean tall objects will be struck.it all depends on where the charges accumulate. Lightning can strike the ground in open field even if the tree line is close by. Damage due to lightning: ➢ Lightning striking a structure can result in damage to the structure itself and to its occupants and contents, including failure of equipment and especially of electrical and electronic systems. ➢ The damages and failures may also extend to the surrounding of the structure and may even involve the local environment. The scale of this extension depends on the characteristics of the structure and on the characteristics of lightning. ➢ A typical lightning stroke is a dramatically powerful natural event capable of damaging even intentionally protected structures. ➢ It injuries or sometimes even kills animals and people instantly. ➢ It can cause fire and shatter buildings resulting in lot of destruction and damage. ➢ It can burn trees and also causes forest fire Lightening in Bangladesh: Every day 8 million lightning are taking place somewhere on the earth. In Bangladesh, Lightning is declared as natural disaster in 17 May,2016 .
  • 4. Fatalities in Bangladesh Due to Lightning
  • 5. Fig: Statistics Of Lightning-related Fatalities in Bangladesh 1990-2017 Fig: Gender Variation Of Lightning-related Fatalities in Bangladesh
  • 6. Fig: Socioeconomic Conditions Affecting Activities Of Lightning Fatalities Safety Measures: ➢ Take shelter in a building or car ➢ Stay about 15 feet away from each other ➢ Do not lie flat on ground ➢ Stay away from all types of water bodies because water is an excellent conductor of electricity ➢ It is safer to use mobile phones and cordless phones during lightning ➢ Do not take baths and showers during storms, as water is an excellent conductor of electricity. First aid for Lightning Victims: Most die from heart attacks/stop breathing ➢ Administer first aid as quick as possible ➢ If unconscious: Check breathing and pulse ➢ Person has a pulse, but not breathing: Begin CPR ➢ Check for other injuries ➢ If not CPR qualified: ✓ Call EMS immediately ✓ Keep them calm ✓ Stay with them until help arrives
  • 7. Lightning Protection System: ➢ Lightening Conductor: A lightning conductor is fixed on the top of tall buildings to protect them from damage due to the lightning
  • 8. ➢ Overhead Ground Wires: The ground wires are placed above the line conductors at such positions that practically all lightning strokes are intercepted by them (i.e. ground wires). The ground wires are grounded at each tower or pole through as low resistance as possible. ➢ Lightning arrester or Surge diverter: A lightning arrester or a surge diverter is a protective device which conducts the high voltage surges on the power system to the ground which provide protection for indirect strokes.
  • 9. ➢ The Earthing Screen: It consists of a network of copper conductors (generally called shield or screen) mounted all over the electrical equipment in the sub-station or power station. The shield is properly connected to earth on at least two points through a low impedance. On the occurrence of direct stroke on the station, screen provides a low resistance path by which lightning surges are conducted to ground. The limitation of this method is that it does not provide protection against the travelling waves which may reach the equipment in the station. Recommendations for safety: ➢ No place outside is safe when thunderstorms are in the area. ➢ If anyone hear thunder, lightning is close enough to strike him or her. ➢ If anyone hear thunder, immediately move to safe shelter. ➢ Stay in safe shelter at least 30 min after hear the last sound of thunder. ➢ Planting tall tree such as palm trees in the villages and sub urban areas. ➢ Creating awareness on the lightning safety by organizing trainings, seminars etc. in the union level. ➢ Lightning safety guidelines should be included in the children’s curriculum starting from the primary schools. ➢ Lightning safety measure should be published in the television radios and dramas.
  • 10. References: ➢ Bangladesh disaster-related statistics 2015: Climate change and natural disaster perspectives.BBS, Statistics and Informatics Division, Ministry of planning Bangladesh. ➢ BBS,2012: Housing and population census 2011. BBS, Statistics and Informatics Division, Ministry of planning Bangladesh. ➢ Emergency operation Center-Department of Disaster Management Bangladesh ➢ Chowdhury M.A.M., and U.K. De,1995: Pre monsoon thunderstorm activities over Bangladesh from 1983 to 1992. ➢ Martin A Uman, All About Lightning, Courier Dover Publications, 1987. ➢ G V Cooray, Vernon Cooray, The Lightning Flash, IET, 2003. ➢ Richard Kithil, Fundamentals of Lightning Protection, National Lightning Safety Institute. ➢ Hugh Christian, Steven Goodman, Observing Lightning from Space, www.nasa.gov, 1998. ➢ The Lightning Process: Keeping in Step, www.noaa.gov, March 9, 2004. ➢ Steve Price, Patrick Barry, Tony Phillips, Where Lightning Strikes, www.nasa.gov, Dec. 5, 2001.