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Linux standard file system

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The document summarizes the standard directory structure and purposes of the main directories in a Linux file system. The root directory (/) contains all other directories and files on the system. Key directories include /bin for essential executable binaries, /dev for device files, /etc for system configuration files, /home for user files, /lib for shared libraries, /sbin for system administration binaries, /tmp for temporary files, /usr for user programs and documentation, and /var for files that change frequently like logs.

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root(/) bin dev etc boot home lib sbin tmp usr var cat date who dsk user1 user2 bin include sbin login.sql progs safe
1.) root directory(/)  Everything in the Linux system is located under the / directory, known as the root directory. That is, it is the directory that contains all other directories and their subdirectories as well as all files on the system.  / directory is similar to the C: directory on Windows – but this isn’t strictly true, as Linux doesn’t have drive letters. While another partition would be located at D: on Windows, this other partition would appear in another folder under / on Linux. 2.) /bin directory  bin stands for binary which means an executable file.  This folder contains executable programs which are required for minimal system working.  bin directory contains all the commonly used UNIX commands( like cat, date , who).
3.) /dev directory  This directory contains all device files.  There could be some more sub diretory in dev directory. Each of these subdirectories holds special device files related to a certain type of device. For Example like dsk(contains device files for floppy and hard disks) . 4.)/etc directory  This directory contains the configuration files of the system.  Important aspect of system functioning can be changed by editing a text file in this directory.  Login name and password are stored in files /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow. 5.) /boot directory  This directory contains everything required for the boot process.  The /boot directory stores data that is used before the kernel begins executing user-mode programs.
6.) /home directory  Linux is a multi-user environment so each user is also assigned a specific directory that is accessible only to them and the system administrator. The /home directory contains a folder for each user.  This folder contains the user’s data files and user-specific configuration files. Each user only has write access to their own folder and must obtain elevated permissions (become the root user) to modify other files on the system. 7.) /lib directory  Lib stands for library.  Contains all library files in binary form.
8.) /sbin directory • Stands for system binaries or super user binaries • Only some of the commands in this directory can be executed by the user rest only by the system administrator. • Some of the commands present in this directory are reboot(command to reboot the system), swapon (enable paging and swapping). 9.) /tmp directory • This directory contains mostly files that are required temporarily. • Many programs use this to create lock files and for temporary storage of data. Many of these files are important for currently running programs and deleting them may result in a system crash. • On most systems, this directory is cleared out at boot or at shutdown by the local system
10.) /usr directory • It is the largest directory. • contains applications and files used by users. The most important directories in the system as it contains all the user binaries, their documentation, libraries, header files, etc.... X and its supporting libraries, and User programs like telnet, ftp, etc.... • /usr directory contains many sub directory like bin(contains normal commands which are an extend set of commands to /bin folder for normal user and not that much essential to run the machine),include(The directory for 'header files', needed for compiling user space source code). 11.) /var • Contains variable part of the file system. • Contains outgoing and incoming mails, print jobs, logging files etc.
12. /media – Removable Media • The /media directory contains subdirectories where removable media devices inserted into the computer are mounted. For example, when a CD is inserted into Linux system, a directory will automatically be created inside the /media directory. The contents of the CD can be accessed inside this directory. 13.) /opt • This directory is reserved for all the software and add-on packages that are not part of the default installation. 14.) /srv • This directory contains subdirectories where services running on the system (such as http and ftp) save their files.

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Linux standard file system

  • 1. root(/) bin dev etc boot home lib sbin tmp usr var cat date who dsk user1 user2 bin include sbin login.sql progs safe
  • 2. 1.) root directory(/)  Everything in the Linux system is located under the / directory, known as the root directory. That is, it is the directory that contains all other directories and their subdirectories as well as all files on the system.  / directory is similar to the C: directory on Windows – but this isn’t strictly true, as Linux doesn’t have drive letters. While another partition would be located at D: on Windows, this other partition would appear in another folder under / on Linux. 2.) /bin directory  bin stands for binary which means an executable file.  This folder contains executable programs which are required for minimal system working.  bin directory contains all the commonly used UNIX commands( like cat, date , who).
  • 3. 3.) /dev directory  This directory contains all device files.  There could be some more sub diretory in dev directory. Each of these subdirectories holds special device files related to a certain type of device. For Example like dsk(contains device files for floppy and hard disks) . 4.)/etc directory  This directory contains the configuration files of the system.  Important aspect of system functioning can be changed by editing a text file in this directory.  Login name and password are stored in files /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow. 5.) /boot directory  This directory contains everything required for the boot process.  The /boot directory stores data that is used before the kernel begins executing user-mode programs.
  • 4. 6.) /home directory  Linux is a multi-user environment so each user is also assigned a specific directory that is accessible only to them and the system administrator. The /home directory contains a folder for each user.  This folder contains the user’s data files and user-specific configuration files. Each user only has write access to their own folder and must obtain elevated permissions (become the root user) to modify other files on the system. 7.) /lib directory  Lib stands for library.  Contains all library files in binary form.
  • 5. 8.) /sbin directory • Stands for system binaries or super user binaries • Only some of the commands in this directory can be executed by the user rest only by the system administrator. • Some of the commands present in this directory are reboot(command to reboot the system), swapon (enable paging and swapping). 9.) /tmp directory • This directory contains mostly files that are required temporarily. • Many programs use this to create lock files and for temporary storage of data. Many of these files are important for currently running programs and deleting them may result in a system crash. • On most systems, this directory is cleared out at boot or at shutdown by the local system
  • 6. 10.) /usr directory • It is the largest directory. • contains applications and files used by users. The most important directories in the system as it contains all the user binaries, their documentation, libraries, header files, etc.... X and its supporting libraries, and User programs like telnet, ftp, etc.... • /usr directory contains many sub directory like bin(contains normal commands which are an extend set of commands to /bin folder for normal user and not that much essential to run the machine),include(The directory for 'header files', needed for compiling user space source code). 11.) /var • Contains variable part of the file system. • Contains outgoing and incoming mails, print jobs, logging files etc.
  • 7. 12. /media – Removable Media • The /media directory contains subdirectories where removable media devices inserted into the computer are mounted. For example, when a CD is inserted into Linux system, a directory will automatically be created inside the /media directory. The contents of the CD can be accessed inside this directory. 13.) /opt • This directory is reserved for all the software and add-on packages that are not part of the default installation. 14.) /srv • This directory contains subdirectories where services running on the system (such as http and ftp) save their files.