Linux.ppt

Linux PresentationSubmitted by-Anurag DeyasiInformation TechnologySSEC,Bhilai

Pronunciation of Linux(‘Leenooks’) This is LinusTorvalds’ original pronunciation, based on the pronunciation of his name in Swedish.(‘Linnuks’) This is now LinusTorvalds’ preferred pronunciation, as he considers closer to the original than . It also follows the pronunciation of the English word ‘linen’. (‘Lynuks’) The other major alternative is based on the pronunciation of the English version of ‘Linus’. It also happens to be the version I use.

What is LinuxLinux is a generic term referring to Unix-like graphical user interface (GUI) based computer operating systems.It is Multi-user, Multitasking, MultiprocessorHas the X Windows GUI Coexists with other Operating Systems Runs on multiple platforms Includes the Source Code

Why is it significant?PowerfulRuns on multiple hardware platformsUsers like its speed and stabilityNo requirement for latest hardwareIt’s “free”Licensed under GPLVendors are distributors who package Linux

Operating SystemAn operating system, or OS, is a software program that enables the computer hardware to communicate and operate with the computer software. Without a computer operating system, a computer would be useless.E.g.. Linux

Multi-userA multi-user operating system allows for multiple users to use the same computer at the same time and/or different times. Multiprocessing An operating system capable of supporting and utilizing more than one computer processor. Multitasking An operating system that is capable of allowing multiple software processes to run at the same time.Multithreading Operating systems that allow different parts of a software program to run concurrently. Operating systems that would fall into this category are:

Open Source SoftwarePeople improve it, people adapt it, people fix bugs. And this can happen at a speed that, compared to conventional software development, seems astonishing.

Logging InPress Alt+Ctrl+F1 to go to the command promt..Linux 2.2.13 (penguinvm.princeton.edu) (ttyp1)penguinvm login: nealePassword:Last login: Tue Jan 4 10:13:13 from linuxtcp.princeton.edu[neale@penguinvmneale]$

Linux Command BasicsTo execute a command, type its name and arguments at the command linels -l /etcCommand nameArgumentsOptions(flags)

Connecting commands with PipesNot as powerful as CMS Pipes but the same principleThe output of one command can become the input of another:Like CMS Pipes, “|” is used to separate stagesps aux | grep netscape | wc -lwc takes this input and counts the lines its output going to the consoleThe output of the ps command is sent to grepgrep takes input and searches for “netscape” passing these lines to wc

The Current Directory/etchomeusrpasswdinittabnealescullymartyCurrent working directorydocaOne directory is designated the current working directoryif you omit the leading / then path name is relative to the current working directoryUse pwd to find out where you aredoc/letter./doc/letter/home/neale/doc/letterletter

Linux File System Basicsroot/DirectoriesetchomeusrpasswdinittabUser home directoriesnealescullymartyabData filesLinux files are stored in a single rooted, hierarchical file systemData files are stored in directories (folders)Directories may be nested as deep as needed

Why did we choose Linux for Internet Was available with all necessary Internet software 6 years back when Microsoft Windows was not ready for Internet.

Low cost compared to any other alternative. Sun Solaris, Novell, MS Windows, etc.

Extremely reliable.No reboots in 450+ days.

Easy to setup. Takes 4 easy steps to setup a mail server. Download a CD, Burn it, Boot from it and the server is ready for adding users and setting passwords.

Lower hardware requirements. Pentium computer can act as a fast mail server for 30 users.Linux Provide SecurityAs there is a limited accessOf user to basic files and folders, in Linux network it provide security to user’s privacy. Without disclosing the secured data Linux acts as a efficient server.

Linux is Virus Free!!Linux is "virus-free" in that there are essentially no viruses for Linux in the wild, although research viruses certainly do exist.

There are other reasons, of course. "Normal" user accounts have much more limited access to the rest of the system, so making the corruption of system binaries much harder. Many distributions provide intrusion-detection software for detecting binary changes. Distributions release regular updates, which means a virus will be overwritten in a relatively short timeframe. Mandatory access controls are becoming more popular, limiting what a virus can do even if it did infiltrate a system binary.

StatisticsEvans Data survey in 2004 says,”don'tbe surprised when Linux overtakes Windows to become the main focus for developers.”Linux servers made up more than 11 percent of all servers shipped in India in the first quarterRevenue from sales of Linux-based servers surged 90 percent in the fourth quarter 2002. Percentage growth in the number of servers number up to June 30, 2009 Linux servers = 48% Microsoft servers = 13%

Microsoft and Linux Are still, the two most popular operating Systems..

Linux Applications for Servers All common Internet services available – Mail, Web, DNS, etc.

Easy administration using web based interface

Very low resource utilization. A 486 66MHz can be your firewall

No cost to setup a server. As easy as download a CD and install.

Lower maintenance. Keeps running for years.Linux vs. WindowsKeeping up to date By Upgrading Linux upgrades faster than WindowsCompatibility Linux is Backward Compatible unlike Windows

Basic Linux Commands• File Handling• Text Processing• System Administration• Process Management• Archival• Network• File Systems• Advanced Commands

Sources to learn commands??Primary – man(manual) pages.#1)man <command> showsall information about thecommand#2)<command> helpshowsthe available optionsfor that command

File Handling commands• mkdir – make directoriesUsage: mkdir [OPTION] DIRECTORY...eg. mkdirprabhat• ls – list directory contentsUsage: ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...eg. ls, ls l,lsprabhat• cd – changes directoriesUsage: cd [DIRECTORY]eg. cdprabhat

File Handling(contd...)• pwd printname of current working directoryUsage: pwd• vim – Vi Improved, a programmers text editorUsage: vim [OPTION] [file]...eg. vim file1.txt

cp – copy files and directoriesUsage: cp [OPTION]... SOURCE DESTeg. cp sample.txt sample_copy.txtcp sample_copy.txt target_dirmv – move (rename) filesUsage: mv [OPTION]... SOURCE DESTeg. mv source.txt target_dirmv old.txt new.txtFile Handling(contd...)

File Handling(contd...)• rm removefiles or directoriesUsage: rm [OPTION]... FILE...eg. rm file1.txt , rm rfsome_dir• find – search for files in a directory hierarchyUsage: find [OPTION] [path] [pattern]eg. find file1.txt, find namefile1.txt• history – prints recently used commandsUsage: history

Text Processing• cat – concatenate files and print on the standard outputUsage: cat [OPTION] [FILE]...eg. cat file1.txt file2.txtcat nfile1.txt• echo – display a line of textUsage: echo [OPTION] [string] ...eg. echo I love Indiaecho $

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