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Lucas read grammar book

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The document provides an overview of various Spanish grammar topics including: 1) The conditional tense which is used to express possibility and can be used to make polite requests. 2) Irregular verbs such as caber, poner, and decir. 3) The present perfect tense which uses the verb haber and the past participle to indicate an action was completed recently or is still true. 4) Other topics covered include the subjunctive, tanto y tan, impersonal se, saber vs conocer, formal and informal commands, and demonstrative adjectives.

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2 nd Semester Grammar Book Lucas Read
Table of Contents 3: Conditional 4: Irregulars 5: Present 6: Present perfect irregulars 7: Past 8: Subjunctive perfect 9: Tanto y Tan 10: Impersonal ‘se’ 11: Saber vs. Conocer 12: Informal Commands 13: Formal Commands 14: Nosotros commands 15: Subjunctive 16: Irregulars 17: Trigger phrases 18: Demonstrative Adjectives
Conditional Used to express wonder, probability, conjecture, or possibility Use when you use would: I would go Infinitive + = Conditional Same irregulars as the future Can be used to make polite requests – Me gustaría ía ías ía ían íais ía
Irregulars Caber Cabr Poner Pondr Decir Dir Haber Habr Salir Saldr Hacer Har Poder Podr Tener Tendr Querer Querr Valer Valdr Saber Sabr Venir Vendr
Present Perfect The present perfect is a compound tense formed with the verb haber and the past participle of the other verb. AR- ado ER- ido IR- ido True in past and still true in the present. Action was completed recently To tell what you have done or have not done. han ha Habeís Has Hemos He
Irregulars Abrir - abierto Cubrir - cubierto Decir - dicho Escribir - escrito Hacer - hecho Morir - murto Pooner - puesto Resolver - resuelto Romper - roto Ver - visto Volver - vuelto Ir - ido
Past Perfect había habías había habíamos + Verb = Past perfect habíais habían Use when you had/have done something in the past Remove (er, ir) and add ido Remove (ar) and add ado
Subjunctive Perfect The present perfect subjunctive is used in the same clauses as the present subjunctive, and is normally used to indicate a completed action with verbs in the present or future tense. Use the present subjunctive conjugation of the verb haber + your past participle Haya Hayas Haya Hayamos + Participle Hayan
Tanto y Tan Tan… como (as…as) Tanto… como (as much/as many… as) Tan is used with adjectives and adverbs Tanto is used with nouns and verbs El es tan alto como yo. Ella tiene tanto amigos como yo.
Impersonal Se Se prohibe fumar Se prohbio fumar. Use se to state when something is done in general (Smoking is prohibited.) When using 'se' the verb is always in the 3 rd person. Can be used in ALL tenses.
Saber v Conocer Conocer is used for knowledge of people, places, or literary works. ¿Conoces a Taylor Swift? Saber is used when you need to state facts Yo sabo que Senora Linares es la mejor maestra en el mundo
Informal Commands Affirmative: Conjugate to the usted form Negative: Drop ending add opposite ending and 's' + Habla, Come, Escribe - No Hables, No Comas, No Escribas -- Comelo, No lo comas --Di haz ve sé sal ten ven pon * add infinitive to end: venlo, tenla
Formal Commands Affirmative: Yo form, opposite ending Negative: Yo form opposite ending if plural, add 'n' Affirmative: Hablen, compre, escriba Negative: No Hable, No compren, No escriba – Hablelo, No la compren – Dé, esté, vaya, sea,sepa, tenga, venga, ponga
Nosotros Commands Simply add the opposite ending of the nosotros conjugation... Hablamos-> Hablemos Mono Verbs- When making the verb reflexive for nos you drop the s Hablemo s nos->Hablemonos
Subjunctive Represents attitudes, uncertain, will, hypothetical, influence, emotion, or doubt. Put in ‘yo’ form, change to the opposite ending Que- connects to subjunctive When there is no change in subject from clause to clause, use the infinitive
Irregulars Car, Gar, Zar- formed same way as always Conducir, decir, oir- conduzca, diga, oiga Dar-> dé, des, den, demos Hay-> haya, hayas, hayan, hayamos
Trigger Phrases Impersonal expressions- es bueno que, es malo que, es necesario que, etc. Express order, need, piece of advice, or desire. Expressions of emotion- alegrarse de que, esperar que, sentir que, temer que, etc. Shows fear, happiness, anger, regret, surprise, joy, pity Conjunctions of time- use the subjunctive after them after the subordinate clause is habitual or in the past. Asi que, caundo, despues de que, en cuanto, hasta que, luego que, tan pronto como.
Demonstrative Adjectives este (this) esta ese (that) esa aquel (that over there) aquella estos (these) estas esos (those) esas aquellos (those over there) aquellas MALE FEMALE

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Lucas read grammar book

  • 1. 2 nd Semester Grammar Book Lucas Read
  • 2. Table of Contents 3: Conditional 4: Irregulars 5: Present 6: Present perfect irregulars 7: Past 8: Subjunctive perfect 9: Tanto y Tan 10: Impersonal ‘se’ 11: Saber vs. Conocer 12: Informal Commands 13: Formal Commands 14: Nosotros commands 15: Subjunctive 16: Irregulars 17: Trigger phrases 18: Demonstrative Adjectives
  • 3. Conditional Used to express wonder, probability, conjecture, or possibility Use when you use would: I would go Infinitive + = Conditional Same irregulars as the future Can be used to make polite requests – Me gustaría ía ías ía ían íais ía
  • 4. Irregulars Caber Cabr Poner Pondr Decir Dir Haber Habr Salir Saldr Hacer Har Poder Podr Tener Tendr Querer Querr Valer Valdr Saber Sabr Venir Vendr
  • 5. Present Perfect The present perfect is a compound tense formed with the verb haber and the past participle of the other verb. AR- ado ER- ido IR- ido True in past and still true in the present. Action was completed recently To tell what you have done or have not done. han ha Habeís Has Hemos He
  • 6. Irregulars Abrir - abierto Cubrir - cubierto Decir - dicho Escribir - escrito Hacer - hecho Morir - murto Pooner - puesto Resolver - resuelto Romper - roto Ver - visto Volver - vuelto Ir - ido
  • 7. Past Perfect había habías había habíamos + Verb = Past perfect habíais habían Use when you had/have done something in the past Remove (er, ir) and add ido Remove (ar) and add ado
  • 8. Subjunctive Perfect The present perfect subjunctive is used in the same clauses as the present subjunctive, and is normally used to indicate a completed action with verbs in the present or future tense. Use the present subjunctive conjugation of the verb haber + your past participle Haya Hayas Haya Hayamos + Participle Hayan
  • 9. Tanto y Tan Tan… como (as…as) Tanto… como (as much/as many… as) Tan is used with adjectives and adverbs Tanto is used with nouns and verbs El es tan alto como yo. Ella tiene tanto amigos como yo.
  • 10. Impersonal Se Se prohibe fumar Se prohbio fumar. Use se to state when something is done in general (Smoking is prohibited.) When using 'se' the verb is always in the 3 rd person. Can be used in ALL tenses.
  • 11. Saber v Conocer Conocer is used for knowledge of people, places, or literary works. ¿Conoces a Taylor Swift? Saber is used when you need to state facts Yo sabo que Senora Linares es la mejor maestra en el mundo
  • 12. Informal Commands Affirmative: Conjugate to the usted form Negative: Drop ending add opposite ending and 's' + Habla, Come, Escribe - No Hables, No Comas, No Escribas -- Comelo, No lo comas --Di haz ve sé sal ten ven pon * add infinitive to end: venlo, tenla
  • 13. Formal Commands Affirmative: Yo form, opposite ending Negative: Yo form opposite ending if plural, add 'n' Affirmative: Hablen, compre, escriba Negative: No Hable, No compren, No escriba – Hablelo, No la compren – Dé, esté, vaya, sea,sepa, tenga, venga, ponga
  • 14. Nosotros Commands Simply add the opposite ending of the nosotros conjugation... Hablamos-> Hablemos Mono Verbs- When making the verb reflexive for nos you drop the s Hablemo s nos->Hablemonos
  • 15. Subjunctive Represents attitudes, uncertain, will, hypothetical, influence, emotion, or doubt. Put in ‘yo’ form, change to the opposite ending Que- connects to subjunctive When there is no change in subject from clause to clause, use the infinitive
  • 16. Irregulars Car, Gar, Zar- formed same way as always Conducir, decir, oir- conduzca, diga, oiga Dar-> dé, des, den, demos Hay-> haya, hayas, hayan, hayamos
  • 17. Trigger Phrases Impersonal expressions- es bueno que, es malo que, es necesario que, etc. Express order, need, piece of advice, or desire. Expressions of emotion- alegrarse de que, esperar que, sentir que, temer que, etc. Shows fear, happiness, anger, regret, surprise, joy, pity Conjunctions of time- use the subjunctive after them after the subordinate clause is habitual or in the past. Asi que, caundo, despues de que, en cuanto, hasta que, luego que, tan pronto como.
  • 18. Demonstrative Adjectives este (this) esta ese (that) esa aquel (that over there) aquella estos (these) estas esos (those) esas aquellos (those over there) aquellas MALE FEMALE