The purpose of this article is to present the economic advantages that the Oil Analysis can offer to companies
operating with hydraulic excavators. The financial advantages are the result of lower maintenance costs and
increased productivity of the equipment. Real situations of an infrastructure construction company in which there
were mechanical failures that could have been avoided if implemented with efficiency analysis of lubricants.
New technologies used in automotive exhaust systems reviewIAEME Publication
This document summarizes new technologies used in automotive exhaust systems. It discusses developments in components like exhaust manifolds, connector pipes, oxygen sensors, catalytic converters, and particulate filters that have improved emissions and performance. The purpose is to analyze changes in customer demands and how manufacturers are responding with new technologies. Key areas discussed include exhaust manifold design, use of X/Y/H pipes, oxygen sensors for emission control, and catalytic converters and particulate filters to reduce emissions to meet stringent standards.
This document discusses several important considerations for designing an efficient pump operating system. It notes that safety factors can impact pump selection and operation by moving pumps away from their best efficiency point. Proper pump selection is important, as oversizing pumps can increase power needs without fully meeting operational requirements. The document also highlights the importance of accurate site conditions and piping layouts in the design, and ensuring pumps are suitable for the water source type. Variable frequency drives, surge analysis, pump control systems, and starting characteristics are additional factors discussed.
This document provides a summary of an industrial training report from a summer internship at Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC) in Mehsana, India. It describes the various workshops at ONGC, including the machine workshop for machining operations, diesel workshop for engine maintenance, assembly workshop, and fabrication workshop. It provides examples of equipment used, such as various lathe machines, diesel engines, pumps, compressors. It discusses typical maintenance issues and summarizes the functions of key workshop areas.
This document discusses the design and operation of a lube oil rundown tank system used to provide lubrication to rotating equipment bearings during shutdown coast-down periods. It describes how the rundown tank is filled during startup and then provides gravity flow of lube oil to the bearings after shutdown when main and auxiliary lube oil pumps are lost. The rundown tank system includes components like a vent, level transmitter, filling valve, check valves, and overflow line that allow it to fill, circulate oil normally, and then feed oil to bearings during coast-down.
The document summarizes SSi Artificial Lift Systems, which manufactures surface-mounted artificial lift systems to optimize oil and gas well production. It discusses the management team's extensive industry experience, the manufacturing facility, robust supply chain, and features of the pumping and power units. The pumping units provide lift capacities from 15,000 to 80,000 lbs and strokes from 168” to 372”, while the power units range from 15 to 200 hp. Key features that increase well efficiency and production include long strokes, high load capacities, variable up/down speeds, and integrated pump-off control.
This document provides information on the Komatsu FH70-2 and FH80-2 diesel forklift trucks. Some key details include:
- They are rated to carry loads between 15,400-18,000 lbs and are powered by a new Komatsu diesel engine that meets Tier 4 Final emission standards.
- The engine and transmission systems provide up to 30% fuel savings compared to previous models through technologies like an electronically controlled hydrostatic transmission and variable displacement pump.
- Operator comfort and safety features include a suspension seat, travel speed limiter, lift prevention when the key is off, and seat belt and parking brake warnings.
- Condition monitoring and fleet management is enabled through Komatsu
Pumps are used widely and account for a significant portion of global electricity usage. There are two main types of pumps - positive displacement pumps which move a fixed volume of fluid with each cycle, and dynamic pumps such as centrifugal pumps which use a rotating impeller to increase fluid pressure or velocity. Centrifugal pumps make up the majority of pumps installed and work by using an impeller to impart kinetic energy to fluid and a volute casing to convert this to pressure. Key components include the impeller, shaft, and casing which houses and supports the rotating components. Understanding pump types and operations is important for assessing their energy efficiency opportunities.
An air brake system uses compressed air to operate vehicle brakes. Key components include an air compressor to pump air into storage tanks, governors to control air pressure levels, foundations brakes at each wheel typically using s-cams, and various gauges to monitor air pressure throughout the system. Proper maintenance like daily draining of water and oil from tanks is critical for air brake safety and performance.
Hydraulic systems for sugar mills and mini sugar mills include a hydraulic power pack, control panel, and hydro-pneumatic accumulators. The hydraulic power pack supplies pressurized hydraulic fluid to the control panel and includes components like a reservoir, pump, and motor. The control panel allows operators to monitor and adjust hydraulic pressures on individual mill rolls. Hydro-pneumatic accumulators help maintain steady pressure on mill heads by absorbing pressure changes from varying material thicknesses being crushed.
This document discusses pump and pumping systems. It describes different types of pumps including positive displacement pumps like reciprocating and rotary pumps, and dynamic pumps like centrifugal pumps. It also discusses components of solar pumping systems and assessing pump performance through calculations of pump shaft power and hydraulic power. The document concludes with several energy efficiency opportunities for pumps like maintenance, monitoring, controls, installing more efficient pumps, proper sizing, adjustable speed drives, and improved sealing.
This paper discusses Dragon Oil's use of jet pumps for artificial lift on offshore wells in the Caspian Sea. Candidate wells were producing below expectations due to reservoir depletion and wax buildup. A multi-well jet pump system was installed using existing completions without workover. It included downhole jet pumps connected to a surface power unit. The system revived production from two wells, resolving wax issues and demonstrating jet pumps' potential to extend other offshore wells' lifetimes. Plans aim to expand this technology to more locations.
The document discusses the planning and facilities required for surface mine maintenance operations. It explains that the type of haulage equipment, maintenance organization structure, and climatic conditions should be considered when determining shop facilities. The degree of self-maintenance undertaken by the mine will also impact the facilities required. The document then outlines different types of maintenance shops and facilities that may be included, such as general maintenance shops, automotive repair facilities, railroad locomotive shops, and stores warehousing.
This presentation will provide you with in insight of what is tractor hydraulics and what are the different parts of a tractor involved and how can it be controlled
This document provides technical specifications and performance data for a line of hydraulic motors and brakes. It includes charts showing torque, speed, pressure and flow ratings. It also provides guidelines for installation, operation, and circuit design. Safety precautions are outlined for proper use of motors, brakes and motor/brake combinations. Dimensional drawings and ordering information are provided for different motor series and models.
Bomag bw 177 d 4 single drum rollers service repair manualfjsqazkekdmme
This document provides information about service training for the BOMAG BW 177 D-4 single drum roller. It includes a table of contents, introduction, technical specifications, maintenance schedules and instructions for various components. The maintenance section outlines maintenance tasks to be performed at regular intervals up to 5,000 operating hours. It also provides details on engine type, hydraulic systems, travel systems, vibration, steering and electrical systems.
Design of Common Header Line for Reduction of Process Time in Pump TestingIRJET Journal
The document describes a design for a common header line system to reduce process time for pump testing. The system involves connecting different sized pumps (1", 1.5", 2", 2.5") to a common suction and delivery header line. This allows quick switching between pumps by opening and closing valves on the individual lines, eliminating the need to separately mount and demount pipes for each pump test. The system is expected to significantly reduce handling time and effort compared to previous methods of individual pipe mounting and testing.
The document is a summer training report submitted by Rajiv Ranjan Dev summarizing his training at RKBK Automobile in Gorakhpur, India. It provides an introduction to RKBK Automobile as an authorized service center for Maruti Suzuki vehicles. It then outlines the various services provided by RKBK such as computerized wheel balancing, injector cleaning, body repair, and car washing. The report also gives a brief history of Maruti Suzuki in India and describes important automotive components such as the frame, suspension, brakes, gearbox, axle, radiator, oil filter, alternator, clutch, steering, and wheel balancing. Safety measures followed in the workshop are also mentioned.
Ace Automation Engineers manufactures hydraulic systems for applications in paper mills, including hydraulic power packs, control panels, cylinders, and centralized oil lubrication systems. They design the systems to suit the specific nip specifications required by paper mills. Ace has years of experience in developing sturdy and reliable hydraulic systems, and has successfully installed many units across India, with a large base of satisfied customers. Their centralized oil lubrication systems supply filtered and cooled oil to bearings in the dryer section and machine grade section.
Design of epi-cyclic internal gear pump for maximum discharge ijiert bestjournal
In many industrial applications it is required to drive the actuator s,hydraulic cylinder or hydraulic motors at variable speed this is only possible by variable discharge from a variable displacement pump (which has high cost approx Rs. 90000/-) so it is not feasible to use it. One me thod employed is to use a pump of higher discharge capacity,but higher capacity means higher cost and highe r power consumption hence there is need of special pump system at low cost so that the requirement of va riable discharge is met easily without much cost and set up. This paper deals with the design of such pump systems and its calcul ations.
Bomag bw 141 ac 4 tandem rollers service repair manualpfiskdmjekm
The document provides technical specifications for Tandem Rollers including the BW 141, BW 154, and BW 154 AM models. It includes details on the diesel engine, hydraulic pumps and motors, drum gearboxes, vibration systems, and other components. Technical data such as pump displacements, motor types, pressure settings, and fluid capacities are presented.
The right pressure transmitter can enhance production. The key to maximizing the return on oil and gas development projects rests with the maintenance and safety of your—sometimes—aging equipment.
Eliminating Weak Links: How a Pressure Sensor Can Affect Equipment ReliabilityWIKA Instrument, LP
Every year, your customers must overcome a number of obstacles that threaten their operations: increasing material costs, unpredictable weather, government regulation, and unplanned equipment downtime. You can’t control the weather, but you can help them by ensuring the reliability of your equipment.
This presentation will cover the downside of selecting the wrong sensor as well as the criteria for choosing one that best fits your—and your customers’—needs.
This document provides an introduction to hydraulic components and systems. It describes common applications of hydraulics in machinery and discusses the advantages of hydraulic systems over other types of power transmission. The key components of hydraulic systems are identified as pumps, valves, actuators, hoses, and hydraulic oil. Examples of different types of pumps, valves, cylinders, and motors are illustrated and their basic functions and designs are explained. An educational electro-hydraulic positioning system is presented as an example application.
Alfa Laval is a leading global provider of specialized pumping equipment and solutions. This pump handbook provides information on Alfa Laval's centrifugal, liquid ring, and rotary lobe pump ranges. It covers pump selection, description, materials, sealing, sizing, specifications, motors, installation, troubleshooting, and other technical topics. The handbook aims to support pump users in selecting and applying Alfa Laval pumps correctly.
This document provides an overview of basic hydraulics and hydraulic plumbing. It discusses the definition and uses of hydraulics, the characteristics of hydraulic systems including efficiency and flexibility. It also covers hydraulic fluid, force, pressure, transmission of force through liquids, and mechanical advantage. Key terms like psi, force, area, and pressure are defined.
Modul thermodinamika (penyelesaian soal siklus pembangkit daya)Ali Hasimi Pane
Modul ini berisi contoh soal penyelesaian siklus pembangkit daya termasuk siklus Otto, Diesel, Dual, dan Rankine. Juga membahas analisis manual dasar tentang heat exchanger, sistem uap, dan sistem pendinginan. Buku ini ditujukan untuk mahasiswa teknik, pengajar, dan masyarakat umum yang membutuhkan. [ringkasan 3 kalimat]
This document contains a presentation by Aditya Kurniawan about hydraulic technologies on heavy equipment. It discusses excavators and shovels as examples, describing their components and movements. It also covers the work envelopes and terrains handled by different heavy equipment. The presentation examines the machines from a mechatronics perspective, analyzing components like booms, buckets, and joints as robotic links and effectors.
Excavadora Komatsu Pc 200 8 Hybrid (Híbrida) Español MercadoVial.ComMercadoVial.com
Excavadora Komatsu Pc 200 8 Hybrid (Híbrida) Español por MercadoVial.com
Presentación del Sistema Híbrido Komatsu
Maquinarias Ambientalmente Responsables
This document provides an overview of basic hydraulic principles and components. It explains that hydraulics uses pressurized liquids to transmit and control power. The key sections of a hydraulic system are the drive (cylinders or motors), energy control (valves), and power supply (pump, reservoir, etc.). Pascal's law of liquid pressure transmission is discussed. Common hydraulic components like pumps, motors, filters and valves are described along with their functions, operating principles and symbols.
This project deals with the design and development of a robotic vehicle that is used to work as a SPY. This
robot is controlled by using a Touch Screen of Android mobile with the help of software and also by using
Voice control technique. It has a wireless camera which can rotate up and down, left and right and it will send
back real time video and audio inputs which can be seen on a remote monitor in the base station from where the
robot is being controlled and action can be taken accordingly. It also has sensors which senses the obstacles
found. if there is any obstacle it will stop and search for nearby easier way and if there is no easy way found
then it will fly to cross that obstacle. It can silently enter into an enemy area and send us all the information
through its camera eyes. This spy robot can be used in star hotels, shopping malls, jewellery show rooms, etc.,
where there can be threat from intruders or terrorists. Since human life is always precious, these robots are a
replacement for fighters against terrorist in war areas.
The document discusses three social media applications that could be used by a leisure center: YouTube, Hootsuite, and Wikispaces. YouTube allows users to upload videos for others to see and search, which could help a leisure center demonstrate its facilities and classes. Hootsuite integrates multiple social media feeds into one application, allowing a center to efficiently manage social media and track engagement. Wikispaces is a collaboration software that a center could use as a knowledge base for staff or to track internal projects.
Comparative analysis on an exponential form of pulse with an integer and non-...IJERA Editor
This document presents a comparative analysis of using exponential pulses with integer and non-integer exponents for pulse compression in radar systems. Pulse compression aims to achieve better range and velocity resolution by extending the frequency spectrum of transmitted pulses while keeping pulse duration constant. The document simulates exponential pulses with different exponents in the time and frequency domains. It analyzes parameters like time-bandwidth product, peak sidelobe level, and main lobe width from the matched filter output and ambiguity function. The results show that differentiated non-integer exponential pulses modulated with a carrier signal provide better pulse compression performance compared to other pulse forms.
In silico approach for viral mutations and sustainability of immunizationsIJERA Editor
In this paper we use virtual samples of individuals and a dynamical modeling proposed in a previous study to
study the behavior of immune memory against antigenic mutation. Our results suggest that the sustainability of
the immunizations is not a stochastic process, what contradicts the current opinion. We show that what may
cause an apparent random behavior of the immune memory is the viral variability. This result can be important
to investigate the durability of vaccines and immunizations.
Detection and Tracking of Moving Object: A SurveyIJERA Editor
Object tracking is the process of locating moving object or multiple objects in sequence of frames. Object
tracking is basically a challenging problem. Difficulties in tracking of an object may arise due to abrupt changes
in environment, motion of object, noise etc. To overcome such problems different tracking algorithms have been
proposed. This paper presents various techniques related to object detection and tracking..The goal of this paper
is to present a survey of these techniques.
IRJET- Automatic Air Inflation in Vehicle TyreIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed automatic air inflation system for vehicle tires. The system uses sensors to monitor tire pressure and a control unit to automatically inflate tires when pressure drops. It can maintain proper tire pressure even while the vehicle is in motion. Benefits include improved safety, fuel efficiency, and tire life by ensuring consistent tire inflation. The proposed system uses off-the-shelf components like a pressure sensor, microcontroller, display, solenoid valves, and an air compressor. It works by using the sensor to detect pressure drops and the controller to open or close solenoid valves to inflate tires or release excess air as needed to maintain the programmed pressure setting.
An Investigation on Failure of Automotive Components in CarsIRJET Journal
This document discusses common failures that occur in automotive components and potential causes. It analyzes failures in clutches, brake calipers, wheel cylinders, master cylinders, tires, shocks and struts, spark plugs, drive belts, and water pumps. For each component, the document identifies failure modes, such as leaks, cracks, wear, and corrosion. It suggests that preventative maintenance can help prolong the life of components and prevent dangerous breakdown failures on the road. The goal is to help engineers identify ways to reduce failures and improve reliability and safety in automotive systems.
Design & Installation of Hydraulically operated clutchIRJET Journal
The document describes the design and installation of a hydraulically operated clutch for a motorcycle. It discusses the advantages of a hydraulic clutch over a mechanical clutch, including reduced effort required for gear changes, smoother shifting, and increased clutch life. The methodology section outlines the components used, including a clutch lever, master cylinder, slave cylinder, and hydraulic lines. It also includes a diagram of the system. The working of the hydraulic clutch is then explained, noting how pressure is transferred via fluid to disengage the clutch plates. Calculations are shown for the design of the master cylinder to meet the force requirements. The installation on a Honda Stunner motorcycle is described and testing found the hydraulic clutch required less effort to operate with
Design and Development of Valve Lapping MachineIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and development of a valve lapping machine. Valve lapping is an important process in internal combustion engine maintenance that is currently done manually using tools like lapping sticks, which are inefficient and time-consuming. The authors developed a mechanical valve lapping machine to automate the process and reduce human involvement. The machine employs two automated motions to replace the manual motions used in traditional lapping. This is expected to improve efficiency by reducing the time taken for valve lapping compared to existing manual methods. The goal of the project was to design an efficient and effective machine for automating the valve lapping process in internal combustion engine maintenance.
IRJET- A Review Paper on Pneumatic Controlled ABSIRJET Journal
This document provides a review of pneumatic controlled anti-lock braking systems (ABS). It begins with an abstract that introduces ABS and its importance in improving vehicle safety. It then reviews 16 previous research papers on topics related to ABS control systems, including pneumatic, electro-pneumatic, and various controller designs. The document concludes by discussing the use of orthogonal models and sliding mode control for ABS systems.
NEW TECHNOLOGIES USED IN AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST SYSTEMS, REVIEWIAEME Publication
The exhaust system is an integral part of an automobile. Components such as Exhaust Manifolds, Connector pipes, X, Y, H Pipes, Oxygen Sensors, Resonators, Catalytic Convertors, Selective Catalytic Reduction and Diesel Particulate Filter techniques have evolved greatly. With
increasingly stringent emission reforms being passed by governments and increasingly stringent performance requirements being demanded of by customers, the importance of this system is increasing dramatically.
IRJET- Design and Development of Centralized Tyre Pressure SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and development of a centralized tire pressure system. The system uses a centralized compressor connected to the tires via hoses and rotary joints. The rotary joints allow air to be channeled to the tires as they rotate. Sensors monitor tire pressure and valves control inflation. The goals are to automatically maintain proper tire pressure, improving fuel efficiency and safety. A prototype was developed using off-the-shelf components like a compressor, pressure sensors, solenoid valves and 3D printed parts to demonstrate the concept.
Design & Fabrication of Automatic Pneumatic VehicleIRJET Journal
The document summarizes the design and fabrication of an automatic pneumatic vehicle. The vehicle is intended to reduce pollution by using compressed air instead of combustion fuels for industrial material handling. It uses pneumatic actuators powered by compressed air stored in a reservoir to drive the rear wheels. A primary actuator moves the wheels half a revolution while a back-fill actuator refills the primary actuator and moves the wheels the other half revolution. The components were designed and analyzed using CAD software. The pneumatic vehicle was designed to carry 60kg of load up to 15-20 meters on a single air filling, making it suitable for industrial transportation applications.
This document discusses using centrifugal oil cleaners to improve energy efficiency in industrial applications. It begins by introducing the problem of increasing contamination of lubricating oils in industrial machinery from wear particles and soot, which reduces efficiency. It then describes how centrifugal oil cleaners work by spinning oil at high speeds to remove contaminants down to micron sizes. The document evaluates centrifugal oil cleaners in applications like diesel engines, aluminum wire drawing, and quenching oil systems. It finds that centrifugal filtration extends oil life, reduces maintenance costs, and improves surface finish, power usage, and component wear. Overall, centrifugal oil cleaning is presented as an effective technique for improving energy conservation in industry.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document describes a hands-on model of a sucker rod pumping facility constructed using low-cost, locally available materials. The model includes surface components like a prime mover, gear reducer, walking beam and subsurface components like a reservoir, casing, tubing and plunger pump. Testing showed the model could produce over 75% of oil and nearly 98% of water from a multi-phase fluid reservoir, accurately simulating a real sucker rod system. This affordable model is intended to help students in developing countries better understand oil production processes that are otherwise inaccessible.
This document discusses various maintenance policies and strategies. It describes different types of maintenance tasks including breakdown maintenance, planned maintenance (preventive maintenance, corrective maintenance, predictive maintenance, condition-based maintenance, and reliability-centered maintenance). Preventive maintenance aims to eliminate breakdowns and deviations from optimal operating conditions. Predictive maintenance uses equipment operating data to optimize plant operations. Condition-based maintenance techniques include vibration monitoring, thermography, tribology, and electrical motor analysis. The document also covers lubrication methods like hydrostatic, hydrodynamic, boundary, and extreme pressure lubrication. Automatic lubrication systems include single line parallel, dual line parallel, single line progressive, mist lubrication, and multi-port direct lubrication systems.
Tribological Aspects of Internal Combustion EngineIRJET Journal
This document discusses tribological aspects of internal combustion engines. It begins by defining tribology as the study of interacting surfaces in relative motion, including friction, wear, and lubrication. It then discusses the various sources of friction losses in engines, including direct friction between components, pumping losses, blowby losses, and power used to drive accessories. Wear in engines can result from abrasion, adhesion, fatigue and other mechanisms. Effective lubrication is needed to minimize friction and wear between moving engine parts. The key functions of engine lubricants are discussed as well as different lubrication systems used in engines. The document concludes that minimizing friction through effective lubrication is important for optimizing engine performance and reducing wear on components.
This document provides details on the design of a valve lapping machine for internal combustion engines. The machine aims to improve on current manual and powered methods for lapping engine valves by reducing human involvement. It uses a cam system driven by DC motors to perform the two motions needed for lapping. The design includes a machine bed, cylinder head supports, machine stand, motor bracket, and cam and follower components. The bed supports the head and houses the movable lapping mechanism. Supports allow adjusting the head's position for access. The stand transmits loads from lapping to the bed. Various steel alloys are selected for their strength and machinability properties. The machine is designed to lap valves from large engine heads.
This document is a seminar report on the Multi Air engine technology developed by Fiat. It discusses the history of the technology's development over 10 years at a cost of over $100 million. The Multi Air system allows variable valve lift and timing on individual cylinders using electro-hydraulic actuation of the intake valves. This precision air control enables improved fuel efficiency, power and emissions compared to conventional engines. Fiat claims the Multi Air technology is a breakthrough that will license to other manufacturers.
The document is a seminar report on the Multi Air engine technology developed by Fiat. It discusses the history and development of Multi Air, how the technology works, the advantages it provides over existing variable valve timing systems such as reduced fuel consumption and emissions. The technology allows independent control of intake valves on a cylinder-by-cylinder basis to optimize air flow. The first engines to use Multi Air will be Fiat's 1.4L and new 900cc two-cylinder engines.
Regular automobile maintenance is important to ensure safety, reliability and longevity. The schedule varies depending on factors like climate and driving conditions. Common maintenance tasks include oil changes, filter replacements, brake and suspension inspections. Brake pads are a key component of disc brakes, converting kinetic energy to heat through friction with the rotor to slow the vehicle. They are made of various materials that balance factors like fade resistance and wear.
Based On Oil Analysis Applicable To Transportation Fleets Using A Viscosimeterijceronline
At the present paper we try to explain the analysis techniques use in engine oil for the lubricating in a maintenance period of a city bus (Mercedes Benz Boxer 40), in a transportation company. This experiment is done to estimate the optimal time for the oil change. using devices such as the rotational viscometer and the atomic absorption spectrometer as they can detect the incipient form when the oil loses its lubricating properties, and therefore cannot protect the mechanical components of diesel engines such these trucks. Timely detection of lost property in the oil, allows us taking preventive plan maintenance for the truck and subsequently these methodologies could be use in a fleet.
1. DEE 1203 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DRAWING.pdfAsiimweJulius2
This lecture will equip students with basic electrical engineering knowledge on various types of electrical and electronics drawings, different types of drawing papers, different ways of producing a good drawing and the importance of electrical engineering drawing to both engineers and the users.
By the end of this lecture, students will be to differentiate between different electrical diagrams like, block diagrams, schematic diagrams, circuit diagrams among others.
FINE-TUNING OF SMALL/MEDIUM LLMS FOR BUSINESS QA ON STRUCTURED DATAkevig
Enabling business users to directly query their data sources is a significant advantage for organisations.
The majority of enterprise data is housed within databases, requiring extensive procedures that involve
intermediary layers for reporting and its related customization. The concept of enabling natural language
queries, where a chatbot can interpret user questions into database queries and promptly return results,
holds promise for expediting decision-making and enhancing business responsiveness. This approach
empowers experienced users to swiftly obtain data-driven insights. The integration of Text-to-SQL and
Large Language Model (LLM) capabilities represents a solution to this challenge, offering businesses a
powerful tool for query automation. However, security concerns prevent organizations from granting direct
database access akin to platforms like OpenAI. To address this limitation, this Paper proposes developing
fine-tuned small/medium LLMs tailored to specific domains like retail and supply chain.These models
would be trained on domain-specific questions and Queries that answer these questions based on the
database table structures to ensure efficacy and security. A pilot study is undertaken to bridge this gap by
fine-tuning selected LLMs to handle business-related queries and associated database structures, focusing
on sales and supply chain domains. The research endeavours to experiment with zero-shot and fine-tuning
techniques to identify the optimal model. Notably, a new dataset is curated for fine-tuning, comprising
business-specific questions pertinent to the sales and supply chain sectors. This experimental framework
aims to evaluate the readiness of LLMs to meet the demands for business query automation within these
specific domains. The study contributes to the progression of natural language query processing and
database interaction within the realm of business intelligence applications.
The Control of Relative Humidity & Moisture Content in The AirAshraf Ismail
To many of us Relative Humidity (RH%) & Moisture Content (g/ kg) are confusing terms & we often don't know which one of them to choose in order to highlight our "Humidity" issues!
This post is to briefly address the definition of Relative Humidity, Moisture Content , Moisture Load Sources & Humidity Control Hazard!
Slides from my talk at MinneAnalytics 2024 - June 7, 2024
https://datatech2024.sched.com/event/1eO0m/time-state-analytics-a-new-paradigm
Across many domains, we see a growing need for complex analytics to track precise metrics at Internet scale to detect issues, identify mitigations, and analyze patterns. Think about delays in airlines (Logistics), food delivery tracking (Apps), detect fraudulent transactions (Fintech), flagging computers for intrusion (Cybersecurity), device health (IoT), and many more.
For instance, at Conviva, our customers want to analyze the buffering that users on some types of devices suffer, when using a specific CDN.
We refer to such problems as Multidimensional Time-State Analytics. Time-State here refers to the stateful context-sensitive analysis over event streams needed to capture metrics of interest, in contrast to simple aggregations. Multidimensional refers to the need to run ad hoc queries to drill down into subpopulations of interest. Furthermore, we need both real-time streaming and offline retrospective analysis capabilities.
In this talk, we will share our experiences to explain why state-of-art systems offer poor abstractions to tackle such workloads and why they suffer from poor cost-performance tradeoffs and significant complexity.
We will also describe Conviva’s architectural and algorithmic efforts to tackle these challenges. We present early evidence on how raising the level of abstraction can reduce developer effort, bugs, and cloud costs by (up to) an order of magnitude, and offer a unified framework to support both streaming and retrospective analysis. We will also discuss how our ideas can be plugged into existing pipelines and how our new ``visual'' abstraction can democratize analytics across many domains and to non-programmers.
Hate speech detection using machine learningrakeshrocking3
Hate speech detection involves the application of natural language processing (NLP) and machine learning techniques to identify and categorize text that contains harmful, offensive, or discriminatory language targeted towards individuals or groups based on attributes like race, religion, ethnicity, gender, or sexual orientation. The goal is to automate the process of identifying such content to prevent its spread and mitigate its negative impact.
Presentation slide on DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF MOBILE CONTROLLED DRAINAGE.pptxEr. Kushal Ghimire
To address increased waste dumping in drains, a low-cost drainage cleaning robot controlled via a mobile app is designed to reduce human intervention and improve automation. Connected via Bluetooth, the robot’s chain circulates, moving a mesh with a lifter to carry solid waste to a bin. This project aims to clear clogs, ensure free water flow, and transform society into a cleaner, healthier environment, reducing disease spread from direct sewage contact. It’s especially effective during heavy rains with high water and garbage flow.
Maintenance cost reduction of a hydraulic excavator through oil analysis
1. Lucas Resende Viegas et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 11, (Part - 5) November 2015, pp.07-12
www.ijera.com 7 | P a g e
Maintenance cost reduction of a hydraulic excavator through oil
analysis
Lucas Resende Viegas, Lucas Nogueira Assis, Pedro Américo Almeida
Magalhães Júnior
Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Av. Dom José
Gaspar, 500 – Coração Eucarístico, CEP 30535-901, Belo Horizonte, M.G., Brasil.
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this article is to present the economic advantages that the Oil Analysis can offer to companies
operating with hydraulic excavators. The financial advantages are the result of lower maintenance costs and
increased productivity of the equipment. Real situations of an infrastructure construction company in which there
were mechanical failures that could have been avoided if implemented with efficiency analysis of lubricants.
Keywords – Failure Analysis, Hydraulic Excavator, Maintenance Costs, Oil Analysis.
I. INTRODUCTION
The current economic context increasingly
requires accurate and lower service costs to allow for
greater profit margins and more efficient planning for
companies. Large projects such as infrastructure
construction are going through adjustments to adjust
costs and productivity to levels once considered
impossible. To reach the service cost targets, it is
necessary to contain one of the main portion that
compose it: the equipment maintenance cost. As the
main players of these large projects in Brazil there
are construction and mining companies. Fig. 1 below
shows an example of Hydraulic Excavator.
Figure 1: Hydraulic Excavator loading a truck. [1]
The hydraulic excavator is one of the main
production equipment into a work of infrastructure
once from that equipment is that the ground cuts are
performed for earthworks, ore processing,
foundation, etc. Stopping a bulldozer, however,
should not be considered a single loss, since it
implies consequent stop of as many planned to
operate together as trucks, bulldozers, road rollers,
tire tractors, water trucks, crushers and asphalt plants,
increasing unproductive rates to these dependent
equipment it. As a direct result of lack of productivity
there is the increased cost of downtime machines and
manpower lost.
As a tool to mitigate the mechanical failure of
hydraulic excavators, there is the method called
predictive maintenance Oil Analysis. The process of
analyzing the condition of the lubricant in use is
applied for decades and in recent years have been
widely used as a tool for predictive maintenance and
one of the most effective ways of assess the
equipment.
The objective of this study is to demonstrate
through empirical data of an infrastructure
construction company that the use of lubricants
analysis technique lowers maintenance costs by
reducing failures, higher availability and reliability,
longer life, higher efficiency to maintenance team,
lower lubricant consumption, less downtime for
corrective maintenance and less rework rate.
II. RELATED WORK
MAINTENANCE COSTS
The maintenance cost is the set of actions needed
to maintain equipment in proper working order. The
company which conducted out the present study, the
cost of maintenance is considered includes the
following items:
Services performed, as a whole, including parts,
accessories for replacement and labor costs in
subcontractors and own workshops;
Washing of equipment (just for maintenance),
adjustments, painting and others;
All undercarriages including tires, inner tubes,
pin and bushing, shoes, belts, screws, tracks and
other expenses;
All preventive maintenance, including the
applied lubricants, filters and also hand
manpower used to perform.
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
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According to DNER (in English, National
Department of Highways), today DNIT (1996), cites
a relevant paragraph regarding the maintenance costs
over the lifetime of an equipment:
This cost can oscillate depending on the type of
equipment from 50% to 100% of the cost of
acquisition; these percentages include spending on
preventive and corrective maintenance. (DNER,
1996).
The maintenance cost is related to GDP (Gross
Domestic Product) of Brazil because the indicator
Maintenance Cost / Gross Revenue that on average
between 1995 and 2011 is 4.11%. (Kardec & Nascif,
2009).
HYDRAULIC EXCAVATOR
The excavator is an equipment whose purpose is
to stir or remove certain type of soil or material.
Works parked and are usually mounted on
undercarriage. It has mechanisms that allow it to spin
360 degrees and the digging system movement
occurs through hydraulic cylinders. Fig. 2 shows the
main components of this equipment, with their
numbering.
The equipment has a set of components called
"undercarriage" which is in the track area. This
consists of rollers, pins, bushings, chain, shoes,
sprocket and idler gear also called the idler. The
sprocket is coupled to the belt gearbox and this set is
commonly called "final drive".
In the bucket, teeth, also called spikes or nails
adapters are fitted and these adapters are embedded.
These teeth have various chemical compositions and
different formats for different types of materials to be
excavated.
Figure 2: Hydraulic Excavator with details of some
components. Adapted from [4]
The hydraulic excavator uses diesel engine as a
power source for their other components, and there
are two hydraulic pumps attached for braces system.
Both are activated simultaneously when the engine
speed is transmitted to the front drive shaft. The
pump consists of rotating set, flow plate group, the
block group valves and regulators. The displacement
of the pump is controlled by the regulator and the
motor output power is actually used by the
proportional solenoid valve (Volvo, 2010).
The main control valve consists of two blocks of
five reels and an intermediate block connected by
screws. It contains six main spools for excavation
units, three drums confluence and straight
locomotion, a reel for the optional unit, a main relief
valve, port relief valves and fastening and retention
valves. These are controlled remotely by hydraulic
servo system (Volvo, 2010).
The engine of the tracks is responsible for the
displacement of the excavator. It is a hydraulic motor
of variable piston axially, which consists of a
housing, a rotating group and a door plate. The
housing is equipped with a screw control for the flow
angle. The rotating group consists of cylinders and
pistons. The door plate consisting of compensation
valve, check valves, exhaust valves and the switching
valve displacement. The reducing tracks (or tracks
gearbox) is a three stages planetary mechanism, three
sets of sun gear, planetary gears and pinions, belt
driven by the motor output shaft, mounted directly on
the change box. The gearbox also houses the parking
brake set, which is coupled by spring and released
hydraulically (Volvo, 2010).
The rotating motor is responsible for spinning
the machine. It is a hydraulic fixed piston motor. The
group consists of a rotatable cylinder block and nine
pistons positioned in the cylinder. The section of the
cap has exhaust valves, and anti-cavitation valves and
anti-recoil valves. The housing has a delay valve and
a brake disc type. The reducer rotation (also called
spinning Gearbox) is composed of sun gear,
planetary gear, pinion gear and housing. The force
applied to the rotating motor output shaft reduces
engine speed through the solar and planetary gears,
developing high torque is transmitted to the pinion
gear (Volvo, 2010).
The hydraulic excavator has an important
component called "H". It is responsible for the
structural strength of the machine, as it is located
below the operator's cab and the mats are engaged in
it. Fig. 3 below shows this part.
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Figure 3: Structural part of the lower the excavator
cabin, called "H". Adapted from [4]
FAILURES
As defined by Nepomuceno (1989), a failure is
any problem in a system that remains until
appropriate action is taken. A failure can cause
interruption of the production, reduced efficiency and
loss of a particular component in a catastrophic way.
Thus, if the equipment is critical in a given process,
is important provide some sort of monitoring to
reduce its number of failures.
OIL ANALYSIS
The use of oil analysis as a maintenance
technique began to be applied in the decade 50. The
oil crisis has intensified the use of oil analysis, which
started to fulfill a new role in maintaining allowing
the monitor lube oil condition and identify the need
for change or only partial replacement. During this
period were introduced predictive techniques that
allowed by oil analysis diagnose equipment
problems. Currently environmental laws become
even stricter the maintenance action related to using
oil in industry, being necessary to the implementation
of treatment plants and disposal methods and
recycling of lubricants. The lube oil analysis is used
with two main objectives: to identify potential
equipment failures (SUPREME, 2012).
Nepomuceno at ALVES (2007) emphasizes the
importance of analyzing the oil used in a preventative
maintenance program, focusing on the monitoring of
equipment and lubricant economy ceasing to replace
the lubricating oil every operation period and starting
to run the exchange only when necessary. He pointed
out that an analysis program requires special
investment and proper personnel’s training and
should be done with great accuracy, organization and
rationalization, that the analysis results are well used.
An analysis methodology is established, with
physical-chemical tests such as the measurement of
kinematic viscosity, determination of water in oil,
metallographic analysis. He also pointed out the
limitations of the process due to the high cost
imposed to a permanent monitoring and to determine
rapidly evolving faults (Alves, 2007).
According API2 apud at Alves (2007) the
following services: oil trading, exchange the filter
element of the oil and the maintenance and
replacement of elements of the intake air filtering
system when they are not monitored by analysis of
lubricants, should be performed observing the
recommendations of the engine manufacturers. Also
according to the API, among the major sources of
contamination of lubricating oils engines it was
highlighted: dust, particles from wear of parts and
combustion by-products such as water, acids, soot
and dilution by fuel (Alves, 2007).
Through the oil analysis we can plan to stop the
equipment, reducing downtime maintenance. Fig. 4
shows a predictive maintenance chart where near the
warning level there is a reduction in the gap of
acquisition and data analysis to define the exact time
to intervene in the machine.
Figure 4: Predictive Maintenance Chart. Adapted
from [3]
The lubricating oil analysis can be used for the
assessment of equipment condition. Through
evaluation of the chemical composition, amount, and
form of the contaminants have been developed
monitoring and analysis techniques which allow to
define the machine component failure mechanisms.
Analysis of lubricating can be divided into four
groups: physical and chemical analysis; analysis of
contamination; spectrometry; ferrography.
(SUPREME, 2012).
The company which had undertaken the present
study, reports of oil analysis laboratories feature all
the groups, with a history of past results, indicating
contamination levels are higher. All reports received
by the oil analysis lab are transferred to the SAP
software system, creating the results history for each
equipment group, including hydraulic excavators. On
SAP is allowed to make a report to demand feedback
from test with negative reports, allowing advise on
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the criticality of wear or contamination. The
laboratory responsible for analyzing the samples
collected also indicates the mechanical interventions
that must be performed on the equipment.
III. METHODOLOGY
GATHERING INFORMATION
The methodology proposes the gathering and
organization of information of twenty-seven
hydraulic excavators which provide services in
different works of construction in distinct regions of
the country. These machines perform earthworks to
adjust the terrain.
Information was collected regarding the full year
2014, from January 1 to December 31.
Not to enter the construction sector
particularities, the analyzed values do not distinguish
the types of work and applications of the equipment,
only the higher costs involved in repairs that could be
avoided with the use of oil analysis.
Data and hours worked costs were obtained
through SAP management software and two
management reports (Machine Stop Daily Report -
MSDP - and Report of the Work Measurement
Monthly).
There was too much trouble to organize the data
and put them in a practical way available and easy to
access. This resulted from to the lack of SAP
integration with other management reports (available
in Excel sheets).
The absence of subsets of reform reports also
interferes with the reliability of costs, making it
difficult to determine which parts and labor
workforce dedicated service were indeed due to
component failure.
SAP
SAP is a software that assists in the integrated
management system used by the company. On it are
inserted various relevant information to the
equipment through the program records.
Through SAP manufacturer data of each device
were extracted. Information such as model, date of
purchase, worked hours in the period, maintenance
orders and cost of detailed parts. All reports obtained
by the software were extracted in Excel .XLS format
to make it possible the query and compilation of
information without internet connection. Data were
handled and rearranged properly.
MANAGEMENT REPORTS
The Machine Daily Report Stop (MDRS) reports
which devices are in maintenance, detailing the
parade causes. Specific and quick maintenance are
not considered, as the report informs you only
stopped equipment for longer than a day. Reports of
2014 were obtained to ensure that the costs reported
in SAP were corrective maintenance, not accident or
operating errors.
The reports were all inserted into the Excel
PivotTable manually confronting dates reported in
SAP to define the causes of failures, appropriating
maintenance costs for each corrective maintenance
performed. Costs were obtained through the
maintenance orders relating to equipment in the given
period of research.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The purpose of this study is to demonstrate
through the collected data that it is feasible to obtain
financial advantage through oil analysis in heavy
construction companies. The construction company
in question has the entire necessary infrastructure to
reduce costs through predictive maintenance, but not
to effectively practice by lack of investment in labor
workforce and specialized training focused on
predictive maintenance.
As it was not possible to collect enough
information that prove the real cause of the subsets’
failure, it was reported that the subsets with the
negative oil analyses with consequent failure, could
have the mechanical failure avoided, or minimized,
through the subset maintenance after the negative
conclusions of the oil analysis. This corrective
maintenance is much less expensive than the part
collapse, once the collapse do not allow the
maintenance planning, increasing the dedicated time
for the labor perform the maintenance, increasing the
time for parts supplying, also causing worse quality
of the service and, commonly, rework.
For the hydraulic excavators analyzed in this
study, fails were detected at the following
subsystems:
Electrical: electrical system, lamps. Headlights,
battery, horn, alternator and sensors.
Structure: associated with the structural parts of
the machine and general body shop.
Motor and components: diesel motor, lubrication
system, cooling system, admission system and
the air conditioning system.
Hydraulic: hydraulic cylinders, hydraulic hoses,
valves, bombs and hydraulic motors.
Driver’s compartment: command knobs,
windshields, windows, cleaner, rearview and
general items inside the compartment.
Excavation tools: digging shell and theirs fixers.
I.I. Collected data
The construction company in this study divides
the excavators in two different equipment families,
divided by their loading capacity
EH 1 – Excavators with capability of 21 tons.
EH 2 – Excavators with capability of 36 tons.
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For each one of these excavators families, there
are pre-defined values of their maintenance costs, in
order to define the costs that the Equipment Central
of the company will pay for the equipment rental.
The estimated costs for the maintenance in each
family in 2014 are:
EH 1 – R$ 26,33 per hour.
EH 2 – R$ 20,50 per hour.
These values were extracted using the SAP
system of the company. These values were organized
in Dynamic Tables, and are showed at the Tables 1
and below:
Table 1: Maintenance costs for EH 1 excavators
Table 2: Maintenance costs for EH 2 excavators
Through the distortion pointed by these tables, a
research were performed in order to identify the
equipments that could have their maintenance costs
reduced, in case the oil analysis were effectively
performed. These equipments are showed at Table 3
below.
Table 3: Equipment under study data
The estimated costs for each excavator are
showed at Table 4 below.
Table 4: Estimated and real maintenance costs
It is possible to notice that the maintenance cost
for the R-944 C model at Table 4 reached the order of
400% higher than estimated cost.
The selected equipment for this study has a
negative historic reports to at least one subset. The
analyzed reports pointed to contaminations and worn
of equipment between the period of 2012 and 2013,
failing in 2014.
The reports of equipment EH-0006 and EH-
0030 pointed problems at the hydraulic system and,
therefore, the cost reduction considered for this
equipment would involve only the maintenances
related to the hydraulic system of the equipment. The
same criterion were applied to EH-0007 and EH-
0009, with negative reports for the oil used at the
engine crankcase.
I.II. Maintenance costs
For each equipment, the most relevant
maintenance were determined and the costs that
could have been avoided with the oil analysis.
EH-0006 – Reconditioning of the hydraulic
pump, services at the hydraulic cylinders,
elevation cylinder inspection, valves commands
inspection, hydraulic motor services. Costs: R$
36.680,00.
EH-007 – Services and repairs at the injector
pump, injection pump inspection and valves and
engine head inspection. Cost: R$ 15.170,00
EH-009 – Repair and conditioning of the injector
units, purchase of parts, technical service of
inspection and inspection at the engine inlet.
Cost: R$ 40.917,00.
EH-0030 – Performed services at the hydraulic
cylinders. Cost: R$ 21.593,77.
Table 5 shows the hypothetical maintenance
costs in case all the aforementioned costs were
avoided reducing the per houst cost of the hydraulic
excavators.
Table 5: Maintenance costs with the oil analysis
applied at the studied excavators
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The comparative Table 6 exposes the percentual
cost reduction that would be obtained with the correct
oil analysis for these equipment.
Table 6: Per hour reduction of maintenance cost,
comparing with 2014 values
For a more complex and comprehensive study, it
is necessary to also analyze the time that these
equipment remained stopped for maintenance and the
value of these hours would be added to the
maintenance cost. However, the lack of information
from the studied company do not allow that these
kind of calculation were performed, allowing us to
analyze only the parts and the labor involved at
maintenance.
The results are significantly positives, varying
from 12% to 52% the positive impact at the
excavators maintenance costs.
V. CONCLUSION
From the maintenance costs obtained through the
oil analysis and remaining the same worked hours, it
was possible to define the cost of R$ 114.360,77 that
could have been reduced by the maintenance of the
equipment studied.
Generally, it is possible to conclude that efficient
application of the oil analysis for the excavators
results in the cost reduction, increasing the
infrastructure company’s competitiveness.
It was verified that the necessity of computing
with precision the equipment’s stopped hours in order
to obtain the relevant data as the mechanical
disponibility and the average time of preparation of
these equipment. Therefore, it is necessary to use the
SAP system with more efficiency, integrating
information of the time that the equipment remains
operating and the repair time required, considering
the time required to mobilize the equipment for the
repair station, the repair time and the time required to
give back the equipment for service.
It was found that maintenance cost calculation
for the excavators is outdated, once the real values
for maintenance are not similar with the estimated
costs, justifying the company’s difficulty to obtain
the real information of these equipment. To obtain
the real maintenance cost also allow to analyze the
fleet renewal through the equipment production,
involved costs, disponibility and the resale value.
In order to perform a more accuracy study about
these maintenance costs, the operational costs of
these equipment must be considered in order to
obtain the economic viability of the equipment
operation and to qualify these equipment in more
productive or less productive. These values were not
considered because the company in study did not
published them.
Therefore, it is possible to conclude that the
lubricating analysis is efficient in terms of the
maintenance cost reduction although the lack of
information and data compromise the real calculation
of this benefit.
REFERENCES
[1] Caterpillar: performance manual (ed. 41).
Peoria, Illinois, EUA.
[2] DNER: manual de pavimentação do DNER,
1996 p. 292. Brasil
[3] Kardec, A. & Nascif. J. Manutenção Função
Estratégica. Qualitymark, Rio de Janeiro,
2009.
[4] Volvo: Manual de Instruções do Operador –
Volvo EC360B. Volvo Equipment
Construction, 2010.
[5] L. X. Nepomunceno. (Técnicas de
Manutenção Preditiva (Vol. 1), São Paulo,
1989.)
[6] Supreme: Análise de Óleo. Blumenau, Santa
Catarina, 2012.
[7] G. F. Alves, Análise de confiabilidade
aplicada aos ensaios de óleos lubrificantes
para motores de tratores, doctoral diss.,
Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu,
São Paulo.