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Major Fresh water and Marine Ornamental fishes and Potential for Domestic farming and Exports by B.pptx

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B. BHASKAR

Important fresh water and marine water ornamental aquarium fishes, average economics on setting up of ornamental fish hatchery, proposed unit cost for ornamental fish farming, export potential for Ornamental fish trade

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Major Fresh water and Marine Ornamental fishes and Potential for Domestic farming and Exports By: Bhukya Bhaskar Fisheries
Introduction • Ornamental aquaculture is one of the highest value aquaculture industries, with estimations of around $15 billion United States Dollar (USD) (Moorhead and Zeng, 2010) while King (2019) suggests a higher range estimate of $20 Billion USD, with approximately 5000–6500 individual freshwater species and 1600 marine species traded internationally (Moorhead and Zeng, 2010, Novák et al., 2020). • For comparison, the highest value food fish species (Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar) is currently valued at $16.7 billion USD (Tacon, 2020). • Aquarium can be made of materials like glass, concrete, wood, fiberglass acrylic sheet etc., depending on its location, cost and durability. • Ornamental fish trade started in India in 1969 with export earning of US $ 0.04 million, recently Ornamental fishes of India are contributing about 1% of the total ornamental fish trade. • These fishes are exported to the tune of 54 tons, having the value of Rupees 13.08 crores in 2020-21. • It registered a growth of 66.55 % in terms of quantity and 20.59% in terms of value in INR • The MPEDA has estimated that India has the potential to earn about US $5 billion as foreign exchange by export of ornamental fishes. Glass tank • They are either all glass tanks or metal framed ones. In the metal (steel or iron) framed tanks glass panels are held in place with putty (battery compound). On the other hand in all glass tanks, glass walls are fitted together edge-to-edge using silicone rubber adhesive. • Nowadays, all-glass tanks have completely vanished due to the popularity of metal-framed tanks, which are known for their slim appearance and suitability for keeping marine fishes also. Shape of aquarium tanks • The shape of the aquarium tank may be circular, square, rectangular, oval, hexagonal or octagonal. However, rectangular tanks are preferred as they provide sufficient area for free swimming of the fishes.
Major Fresh water and Marine Ornamental fishes and Potential for Domestic farming and Exports by B.pptx
Barbs • Barbs, members of the Cyprinidae family, comprise more than 400 species in their entire range, which extends from Africa, Asia and Europe to Central China, the Philippines and the East Indies. • About 150 species of barbs are of ornamental value, comprising mostly of wild caught varieties. • Barbus tetrazona (Tiger barb), B conchonius (Rosy barb) and Puntius titteye (cherry barb) are the most common barbs in the aquarium industry. P. denisonii, a wild caught variety of barb is mainly found in Kerala and Karnataka. • Care Level: Easy – Intermediate • Temperament: Peaceful – Semi-aggressive • Swimming Level: Middle • Origin: Asia • Adult Size: 2 – 13 inches • Minimum Tank Size: 15 – 100 + gallons • Water Temperature: 75 – 80°F • pH: 6.8 – 7.8 • Scientific classification: • Domain:Eukaryota • Kingdom:Animalia • Phylum:Chordata • Class:Actinopterygii • Order:Cypriniformes • Family:Cyprinidae • Subfamily:Barbinae • Genus:Puntigrus • Species:P. tetrazona
LOACHES • Loaches, commonly known as Botia, are belonging to the family Cyprinidae. • There are around 40 species of loaches known today, belonging to the genus Botia. • They are natives of Thailand, India, Pakistan, China, Bangladesh and some Indonesian Islands. • They are probably the most diverse group of fish in the hobby, both in pattern and behaviour.
Danios • Danios, another member of the Cyprinidae family, are small and lively fish which are native to the Indian peninsula, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Thailand, Myanmar, Malaysia and Indonesia. • They are found in a variety of habitats from boulder-strewn mountain torrents to small pools in dry zone streams. • There are more than 12 species reported today of which Danio malabaricus (Pearl Danio), D. albolineata and Brachydanio rerio (zebra fish) are common in the hobbyist market. • Brachydanio rerio is mainly found in Kerala and Karnataka. • Scientific Name: Celestichthys, Danio, Brachydanio, etc. • Care Level: Easy – intermediate • Temperament: Peaceful • Swimming Level: Upper levels • Origin: Asia • Adult Size: 1 – 4 inches • Minimum Tank Size: 10 gallons • Water Temperature: 65 – 75°F • pH: 7 – 7.8 • Danios are small Asian schooling fish that are great for community tanks. • Some, like zebra danios, are very hardy and make an ideal choice for beginner fish keepers. • Danios tend to be very active swimmers, and they can add a lot of movement to your aquarium. • They are very social fish, so they need to be kept in a school of at least 6 of their own kind.
Freshwater sharks • Freshwater sharks are different types of minnows, belonging to four genera, Balantiocheilos, Epalzeorhynchos, Labeo and Luciosoma, under the Cyprinidae family. • They are commonly referred to as freshwater sharks in the hobby market. • These minnows are widely distributed over Southeast Asia, the Malay Archipelago, Indonesia, and parts of the Middle East and Africa. Genus Epalzeorhyncho have four types of fresh water sharks, E. bicolor, E. frenatus, E. kalopterus, and E. munense. • The genus, Labeo has over a hundred species, of which two species, Labeo chrysophekadion and L. cyclorhynchus are popular in the aquarium trade. The genus, Luciosoma has five species, of which one, L. siplopleura, is popular in the hobby. • Bala shark, as popularly known, is a short form of its Latin name, Balantiocheilus melanopterus, are native of Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia and Indonesia (Sumatra and Borneo).
Gourami • Gourami, the labyrinth fish, is a native of western and southern Africa, northeastern, southeastern, south and Southeast Asia. • Colisa lalia, the Dwarf Gourami, occurs naturally in freshwater ponds, streams and paddy fields of northeastern India and Bangladesh, and is most popular among the Gouramis. • Important varieties include the Honey Gourami (C. chuna), Indian Gourami (C. fasciata), Thick-lipped Gourami (C. labiosa), three spot gourami (Trichopodus trichopterus), Pearl Gourami (T. leeri), Snakeskin (T. pectoralis), Moonlight Gourami (T. microlepis) and the Kissing Gourami (Helostoma temmincki).
Catfishes • Corydoras, commonly known as catfish, is belonging to the family Callichthydae. • They are natives of South America particularly Brazil, Uruguay, northern Argentina, Venezuela, Peru and Colombia. • The common species found in the hobby market are Corydoras ambiacus, C. agaassizii, C. leucomelas, C. schwa rtzi, C. punctatus, C. parallelus, C. pulcher and C. ornatus.
EELS • Spiny eels or swamp eels are members of the family Mastacembelidae. • They are distributed in India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam and Indonesia. • Macrognathus aculeatus (spotted spiny eel) and Mastacembalus armatus, (zigzag eel) are of much importance as far as the ornamental fish market is concerned. • Macrognathus aculeatus is commonly referred to as the peacock eel or spotted spiny eel. • These are mainly found in West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Maharashtra.
Badis • Badis badis, a native of India, Thailand and Myanmar, belongs to the Nandidae family. • It is better known as the dwarf chameleon fish as it changes its colour quite often depending on mood and environment, especially during courtship and breeding. • Badis has three sub species, Badis badis badis found in India, B. badis siamensis of Thailand and B. badis burmanicus from Myanmar. • Badis badis badis, is native of Indian sub continent is from the northeastern side.
Puffer fish • Puffer fish are members of the family, Tetraodontidae, having a worldwide distribution and found in almost every water condition. • They are quite different from other ornamental fishes in appearance. The fresh water puffers include Carinotetraodon lorteti, C. salivator, Monotetrus travancoricus, Chonerhinos amabilis, C. nefastus, C. modestus, C. remotus, C. asellus, Colomesus asellus, and C. psittacus. • Monotetrus travancoricus, popularly known as Malabar or dwarf pufferfish, is a native of India and is considered as the smallest puffer in the trade. • T. fluviatilus, known as the Ceylon puffer, is a native of Sri Lanka, India, Bangladesh, Myanmar and Borneo.
MURRELS (SNAKE HEADs) • The snakeheads are characterized by their torpedo shaped body, large scale plated head and log dorsal and anal fins. • 28 species of Channa are known today, C. bleheri, C. burmanica, C. gachua, C. micropeltes, C. lucius, and C. orientalis, are well known in the aquarium trade. C .bleheri is widely known as the rainbow snakehead because of its body colouration. • It originates from the upper region of north eastern India, particularly in the Brahmaputra river basins of Assam. • C. gachua or dwarf snakehead found in rainforest streams of Sri Lanka. • They are also found in Southeastern Iran, Eastern and Western Pakistan and Southern China.
Glassfish • Glassfish, belonging to the family Chandidae or Ambassidae, comprise mostly of fish with transparent bodies. • They originate from Asia, especially Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar and Thailand. • There are four species commonly referred to as glassfish in the trade: Chanda ranga, C. lala, C. nama and C. baculis.
shark catfishes • Pangasius is a genus of medium- large to very large shark catfishes native to freshwater in South and Southeast Asia. • The term “pangasius” is sometimes used to specifically refer to the commercially important basa fish. • Important species belonging to this group are Pangasius pangasius, P. nieuwenhuisii, P. humeralis, P. lithostoma, P. kinabatanganensis, P. macronema and P. pleurotaenia. • Pangasius pangasius is distributed throughout India.
Guppy • The guppy (Poecilia reticulata), also known as ‘rainbow fish’ is one of the world’s most widely distributed tropical fish, and one of the most popular freshwater aquarium fish species. • It is a member of the Poecillidae family and is live bearing. The origin is from Central America to Brazil and West Indies. • They are also known as “millions fish” as they are prolific breeders. • Depending on the variations in the tail fins, they are also known as round tail, spear tail, fan tail, veil tail, pin tail etc. • Scientific Name: Poecilia reticulata • Care Level: Easy • Temperament: Peaceful • Swimming Level: All levels • Origin: Northeast South America • Adult Size: 1.5 – 2.5 inches • Minimum Tank Size: 10 gallons • Water Temperature: 72 – 82°F • pH: 7 – 8
MOLLY • Black molly, Poecilia sphenops, is a native of Central America, from Mexico to Columbia; sail fin molly (P. latipinna) is from Southeastern North America, from the Carolinas through the Gulf coast of Southern Mexico while Lyre tail molly (P. velifera) is found in the streams of Southern Mexico. • Molly is very familiar fish in the aquarium. • About 25 strains of molly are being cultured and traded in the market, black molly being well-known • Scientific Name: Poecilia sphenops, P. latipinna, etc. • Care Level: Intermediate • Temperament: Peaceful – semi- aggressive • Swimming Level: Middle • Origin: North & South America • Adult Size: 3 – 5 inches • Minimum Tank Size: 30 gallons • Water Temperature: 70 – 82°F • pH: 7 – 8.5
Gold fish • The gold fish (Carassius auratus) is considered to be the most popular and attractive pet fish among all ornamental fishes, due to its many variations such as colour, fin shape, size and body structure. • Though similar in appearance to carp (Cyprinus carpio), gold fish lack barbels and a dark spot at the base of each scale. • The goldfish is the most common aquarium fish and one of the oldest and best-known fish in the industry. • Scientific Name: Carassius auratus • Care Level: Intermediate • Temperament: Peaceful • Swimming Level: All Levels • Origin: East Asia • Adult Size: 6-12 inches • Minimum Tank Size: 20 – 40 gallons • Water Temperature: 65 – 72°F • pH: 6.5 – 7.5
Platy • The Platy (Xiphophorus maculatus) belonging to the family Poeciliidae is native to the east coast of Central America and Southern Mexico. • It is a live bearer and most popular among aquarium fishes. Several different colour variations have been developed so far such as red, yellow, orange, blue and white. • Three species are commonly available; they are Southern Platy (Xiphophorus maculatus), Variatus Platy (X. variatus) and Swordtail Platy (X. xiphidium). • Scientific Name: Xiphophorus maculatus • Care Level: Easy • Temperament: Peaceful • Swimming Level: All levels • Origin: Mexico & Central America • Adult Size: 2 -3 inches • Minimum Tank Size: 15 gallons • Water Temperature: 68 – 79°F • pH: 7- 8.2
Sword tail • Sword tail is a native of North and Central America stretching from Veracruz, Mexico, to northwestern Honduras belonging to the family Poeciliidae. • Swordtails (Xiphophorus hellerii) have been interbred to produce all kinds of interesting colors and different types of finnage. • Some of the more common varieties of the Swordtail are Red, Red Wag, Red Tux, Painted, Neon Green, Marigold (and wag), Pineapple, Black, Red Twin bar, Sunset, and Gold Tuxedo. • Scientific Name: Xiphophorus hellerii • Care Level: Easy • Temperament: Peaceful • Swimming Level: All levels • Origin: Central America • Adult Size: 4 – 6 inches • Minimum Tank Size: 20 gallons • Water Temperature: 61 – 82°F • pH: 7 – 8
Oscar • Astronotus ocellatus is a member from the cichlid family, known under a variety of names such as Oscar, tiger Oscar or marble cichlid or the velvet cichlid. • They are native of South America particularly Peru, Colombia, Brazil and French Guiana.
Siamese fighting fish • Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens) is a popular aquarium fish coming under the family Osphronemidae. • They are native of Mekong basin of Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam and Thailand. • The colour patterns of this species ranges from vivid red, blue, bright green, purple, white, black to cream with red fins. • Apart from coloration, the finnage also have varieties like veil tail, crown tail, half moon, butterfly, double tail etc. • The males are very aggressive towards other males of their own kind and fight ferociously until death, hence the name of the fish. • Scientific Name: Betta Splendens • Care Level: Easy • Temperament: Aggressive • Swimming Level: All levels • Origin: Thailand • Adult Size: 2.5 – 3 inches • Minimum Tank Size: 5 gallons • Water Temperature: 76 – 82°F • pH: 6.5 – 8
Severum • Severums are widespread throughout the northern Amazon Basin and Guyana and are commonly referred to as ‘poor man’s discus”. • There are several different color variations available, including the “Gold,” Green, Brown, and “Peruvian Green” strains. • The most common species in trade include Heros severus and Heros efasciatus.
Angel fish • Angel fish (Pterophyllum scalare) are very popular and a favorite among hobbyist as they are beautiful and look graceful in the aquarium. • In Asia, there are about 25 varieties now with unique colour patterns. • They are single coloured ones like black, silver and gold and multi coloured pattern ones such as leopard, striped or zebra and lace-like, mottled or marble, half black etc. • Black veil tail, diamond, ghost, blushing, golden marble, pearl scale and koi are the other popular varieties in Asia. • They originate from South American rivers and tributaries such as the Amazon basin and Guyana River where the water bodies have densely over grown by aquatic plants. • Angel fish prefer an environment with thick aquatic vegetation. • Scientific Name: Pterophyllum scalare • Care Level: Easy • Temperament: Peaceful • Swimming Level: Middle/top • Origin: South America • Adult Size: 6 inches • Minimum Tank Size: 30 gallons • Water Temperature: 78 – 84°F • pH: 6.8 – 7.8
Discus • Discus (Symphysodon sp), members of cichlid group, is said to be the queen of the aquarium, native to South America, found in slow-flowing streams with alkaline water. • The wild forms are blue discus (S. aequifa sciatus haraldi) the green discus (S. aequifasciata), Heckel discus (S. discus) and brown discus (S. aequifasciatus axelrodi). • The wild blue discus is distributed in the rivers of Peru and Brazil while green discus is found mainly in the Peruvian Amazon. • The blue discus has a wide variety of blue colouration with some being more bluish while others have blue stripes on the body, head and fins. • The green discus has also varying degree of colours ranging from yellowish green to olive green and solid green to light brown and have green stripes and red spots on the sides of the body. • Scientific Name: Symphysodon discus • Care Level: Intermediate-advanced • Temperament: Peaceful • Swimming Level: Middle • Origin: South America • Adult Size: 5-8 inches • Minimum Tank Size: 70 gallons • Water Temperature: 82 – 86°F • pH: 6 – 7
Tetra • Tetra is one of the several small species of freshwater fishes from Africa, Central America and South America belonging to the biological family Characidae. • There are ten varieties of tetras known, which are Neon tetras (Paracheirodon innesi), Cardinal tetra (Paracheirodon axelrodi), Black neon (Hyphessobrycon herbertaxelrodi), Black tetra (Gymnocorymbus ternetzi), Bleeding heart tetra (Hypessobrycon erythrostigma), Blood fin (Aphyocharax anisitsi), glow light tetra (Cheirodon erythrozonus), Head and tail light tetra (Hemigrammus ocellifer), Lemon tetra (Hyphessobrycon pulchripinnis), Serpae tetra (Hyphessobrycon callistus). • They are peaceful and pose no threat to any other fish in the aquarium and are ideal for a community aquarium with other fish of similar disposition. • Scientific Name: Paracheirodon, Hyphessobrycon, Gymnocorymbus, etc. • Care Level: Easy • Temperament: Peaceful/ Semi-aggressive • Swimming Level: Middle • Origin: South America, Africa • Adult Size: 0.75 – 3 inches • Minimum Tank Size: 15 gallons • Water Temperature: 75 – 80°F • pH: 6.8 – 7.8
Rasboras • Scientific Name: Trigonostigma, Celestichthys, Boraras etc. • Care Level: Easy – Intermediate • Temperament: Peaceful • Swimming Level: Middle • Origin: Asia • Adult Size: 0.75 – 1.75 inches • Minimum Tank Size: 5 – 20 gallons • Water Temperature:68 – 82°F • pH: 5 – 8, depending on the species • Rasboras are nano (very small) fish from the same family as barbs and goldfish. These peaceful schooling fish are perfect for a tropical community in a heavily planted aquarium where they tend to hang out in the middle level. • These social fish should not be kept in groups of less than 5, so make sure you pick up a nice big school of the same species to see them behaving confidently.
Killifish • Scientific Name: Aplocheilus, Jordanella, Fundulopanchax, etc. • Care Level: Easy – Advanced • Temperament: Peaceful – Aggressive • Swimming Level: All levels • Origin: Africa, Asia, America • Adult Size: 1.5 – 5.5 inches • Minimum Tank Size: 5 – 20 gallons • Water Temperature: 68 – 75°F • pH: 6 – 7 • Killifish are great nano fish that come in some amazing colors. • These fish are not very common in the aquarium trade but they are a great choice for fishkeepers looking for something a little different. • Some killifish species are very shortlived because they live in temporary pools that evaporate in the dry season. • Others can live for multiple years
Rainbow • Scientific Name: Marosatherina, Melanotaenia, Pseudomugil etc. • Care Level: Easy • Temperament: Peaceful • Swimming Level: Middle/Top • Origin: Australia, Indonesia • Adult Size: 2 – 6 inches • Minimum Tank Size: 15 – 55 gallons • Water Temperature: 74 – 82°F • pH: 7 – 8 • Rainbowfish are beautiful freshwater fish from Australia and Southeast Asia. • They get their name from their awesome colors, which are especially bright when the fish are spawning. • They are active fish that need a fairly large aquarium. • Rainbowfish have a very peaceful nature and fit in well with most other community fish. • They are social creatures, however, so keep them in a shoal of 6 or more
Freshwater Puffers • Scientific • Name: Carinotetraodon, Tetraodon etc. • Care Level: Intermediate – Advanced • Temperament: Semi- aggressive/ Aggressive • Swimming Level: All levels • Origin: South America, Asia, Africa • Adult Size: 1 – 24 inches • Minimum Tank Size: 5 – 125 + gallons • Water Temperature: 74 – 78°F • pH: 7 – 7.6 • Freshwater puffers are some of the most fascinating fish in the aquarium hobby. These funny-looking fish are known for their ability to puff up into a ball when threatened by a predator. • Freshwater pufferfish range in size from nano species like the 1-inch dwarf pea puffer all the way to 2-foot giants like the Mbu puffer. • Pufferfish are not very active, so the smallest species can be kept in tanks of just 5 gallons or so. Puffers have very sharp parrot-like teeth, however, and they can be aggressive toward other fish. These fish usually work best in a species-only tank.
Hatchetfish • Scientific Name: Carnegiella, Gasteropelecus, etc. • Care Level: Intermediate • Temperament: Peaceful • Swimming Level: Top • Origin: Central & South America • Adult Size: 1.5 – 2.5 inches • Minimum Tank Size: 20 gallons • Water Temperature: 75 – 80°F • pH: 6 – 7 • Hatchetfish are unusual, flattened nano fish that spend their time near the surface of the aquarium. • These schooling fish have long pectoral fins and huge muscles in their chests that they use to leap out of the water to escape their predators. • • Hatchetfish are wonderful freshwater fish for tropical community tanks. • However, their acrobatic abilities mean they need to be kept in a tank with a tight fighting lid and great care is necessary when performing aquarium maintenance.
Freshwater Sharks • Scientific Name: Epalzeorhynchos, Balantiocheilos, etc. • Care Level: Easy – Advanced • Temperament: Peaceful – Aggressive • Swimming Level: Bottom/ Middle • Origin: Southeast Asia & South America • Adult Size: 5 inches – 3 feet + • Minimum Tank Size: 65 – 150 + gallons • Water Temperature: 74 – 80°F • pH: 6.8 – 8 • Freshwater sharks are not true sharks, but they do have a very similar shape. These medium to large aquarium fish are available in some bold colors, including black, red, and silver. • The rainbow shark is probably the most popular species. This fish has bright red fins and a potentially aggressive nature. Rainbow sharks are also available in some amazing neon colors for fish keepers who want an awesome display fish.
Freshwater Gobies • Scientific Name: Stiphodon, Brachygobius, Gobioides, etc. • Care Level: Easy- Intermediate • Temperament: Peaceful – Aggressive • Swimming Level: Bottom • Origin: Africa, Asia, Americas • Adult Size: 2 – 15 inches • Minimum Tank Size: 10 – 50+ gallons • Water Temperature: 72 – 84°F • pH: 7.5 – 8.5 • Freshwater gobies come in a range of shapes and sizes. These fish have loads of attitude and interesting behavior which makes them fascinating creatures to observe in the home aquarium. • They range from specialist algae eaters to carnivores and can be peaceful community fish or aggressive fish eaters. Many of the freshwater gobies sold in the hobby actually need brackish water to thrive, so make sure you research these fish carefully before adding them to your tank.
Cory Catfish • Scientific Name: Corydoras spp. • Care Level: Easy • Temperament: Peaceful • Swimming Level: Bottom/ Middle • Origin: South America • Adult Size: 1 – 4 inches • Minimum Tank Size: 15 – 3o gallons • Water Temperature: 74 – 80°F • pH: 7 – 8 • Cory catfish are an excellent choice for beginner fish keepers. • These small, bottom-dwelling catfish deserve a place in any peaceful community aquarium. • They get along with most other fish so they are ideal for a freshwater community tank. • Corydoras catfish stay small and love to hang out at the bottom of the tank, digging through the substrate to look for food. • They are schooling fish, so keep them in a group of 4 or more to see them at their confident best.
suckermouth catfish (Plecos) • Scientific Name: Ancistrus, Panaque, Hypostomus, etc. • Care Level: Easy-Advanced • Temperament: Peaceful – Semi-aggressive • Swimming Level: Bottom • Origin: South America • Adult Size: 2 inches – 2 feet • Minimum Tank Size: 30+ gallons • Water Temperature: 74 – 80°F • pH: 7 – 8 • Plecos are also known as suckermouth catfish. • These fish are built like tanks, with tough scales for armor and large shark-like fins. • Most species have natural colors which they use for camouflage on the river bottom, although some have bold, striped and spotted markings. • There are over 500 varieties of plecos in the aquarium hobby, ranging from small and beginner-friendly to expert- • only, so you can bet there’s a perfect pleco for you!
Freshwater Stingrays • Scientific Name: Potamotrygon spp. • Care Level: Advanced • Temperament: Peaceful – semi- aggressive • Swimming Level: Bottom • Origin: South America • Adult Size: 1 foot + • Minimum Tank Size: 200+ gallons • Water Temperature: 75 – 82°F • pH: 6.8 – 7.6 • Freshwater stingrays are awesome pets for experienced fish keepers with plenty of space. • These flat members of the shark family need an extra large tank or a shallow indoor pond to provide the space they need. • Stingrays are potentially dangerous animals, although injuries are rare. • The smallest freshwater stingrays are about a foot across, but some species reach truly gigantic proportions • These fish also need excellent water quality and quality filtration, so they are best left to the experts.
• Scientific Name: Caridina, Neocaridina, etc. • Care Level: Easy- Intermediate • Temperament: Peaceful • Swimming Level: Bottom • Origin: Asia • Adult Size: 1 – 2 inches • Minimum Tank Size: 5 gallons • Water Temperature: 64 – 76°F • pH: 6.5-7.5 • Ok, so freshwater shrimp are not technically fish, but they are still some of the coolest animals you can keep in a fish tank! These fascinating crustaceans come in all sorts of colors and breeds. • Ideal Water Parameters for Neocaridina Shrimp • Temperature: 65°F to 85°F • pH: 6.4 to 8.0 • kH: 0 – 10 dKH • gH: 4 – 14 dGH • Caridina shrimp aren’t quite as hardy as Neocaridina shrimp, so you may need to be a little more intentional about cultivating and maintaining ideal water parameters. • Ideal Water Parameters for Caridina Shrimp • Temperature: below 74°F • pH: 6.0 to 6.8 • kH: 0 – 1 dKH • gH: 3 – 6 dGH • Both Neocaridina and Caridina shrimp remain fairly small, growing to an average of maximum around 1 ½ inches in length. They are best kept in groups with other dwarf shrimp – it is possible to mix Caridina and Neocaridina species. • The ideal tank size for freshwater aquarium shrimp is best determined by how many shrimp you plan to keep and whether you plan to keep other tank inhabitants. A 5-gallon tank may be adequate for a small group of dwarf shrimp but if you plan to keep multiple species or larger groups, upgrade to a 10-gallon. For community tanks that include snails, small fish, or other inhabitants, you might consider a 20-gallon tank or larger. • Cherry Shrimp (Neocaridina davidi “Red”) • Red Sakura Shrimp (Neocaridina davidi “Red Sakura”) • Blue Velvet Shrimp (Neocaridina davidi “Blue Velvet”) • Green Jade Shrimp (Neocaridina davidi “Green Jade”) • Orange Fire Shrimp (Neocaridina davidi “Orange”) • Amano Shrimp (Caridina multidentata) • Blue Bolt Shrimp (Caridina cf. cantonensis) • Crystal Red Shrimp (Caridina cantonensis) • Ninja Shrimp (Caridina serratirostris) • Tangerine Tiger Shrimp (Caridina serrata) •
New World Cichlids • Scientific Name: Astronotus, Amatitlania, Rocio, etc. • Care Level: Easy – Advanced • Temperament: Semi- aggressive – Aggressive • Swimming Level: Bottom and middle • Origin: North & South America • Adult Size: 6 – 12 + inches • Minimum Tank Size: 30 gallons • Water Temperature:75 – 80°F • pH: 6.5 – 8
Dwarf Cichlids • Scientific Name: Apistogramma, Mikrogeophagus, etc. • Care Level: Easy to Advanced • Temperament: Peaceful- semi- aggressive • Swimming Level: Bottom • Origin: Africa & South America • Adult Size: 2.5 + inches • Minimum Tank Size: 10+ gallons • Water Temperature: 72 – 86°F • pH: 5 – 8 depending on the species
Arowana • Scientific Name: Scleropages formosus • Care Level: Advanced • Temperament: Aggressive • Swimming Level: Top • Origin: South America • Adult Size: 3 feet • Minimum Tank Size: 250 gallons • Water Temperature: 75 – 82°F • pH: 5 – 7.5 • The Arowana is a large and impressive freshwater fish that is only suitable for expert fish keepers with plenty of space for a huge aquarium. • These beautiful silvery fish can grow to 3 feet in length and need an aquarium of at least 250 gallons when fully grown. • Arowana fish are carnivores, so they need a high-protein diet such as feeder fish, insects, and other meaty foods. • They can do well in community tanks if kept with other more aggressive fish that are too big to swallow.
COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT MARINE ORNAMENTAL FISHES: gobies • The gobies are small colourful species, usually solitary, sedentary, bottom dwelling fishes. • The species include Amblyeleotris gymnocephala (masked shrimp goby), Mahidolia mystacina (Flagfin prawn goby), Paragobiodon echinocephalus,(Redhead goby), Periophthalmus argentilineatus (Barred mud skipper), P.barbarus (Atlantic mud skipper), Priolepis eugenius (Noble goby), P. inhaca (Brick goby), Trimma annosum (Grey beared pygmy goby), T. winterbottomi (Winterbottom’s goby), Valenciennea muralis (Mural goby), V. sexguttata (Sixspot goby), V. strigata (Blueband goby) . • It can be found in mangrove ecosystems and mudflats of East Africa and Madagascar east through the Sundarbans of Bengal, Southeast Asia to Northern Australia, southeast China, and southern Japan, to Samoa and Tonga Islands.
TRIGGER FISH • These are often brightly colored fishes of the family Balistidae. • Marked by lines and spots, they inhabit tropical and subtropical oceans throughout the world, with the greatest species richness in the Indo-Pacific. • The species recorded are Balistapus undulatus ( Orange – lined triggerfish), Balistes vetula (Queen triggerfish), Balistoides conspicillum (Clown triggerfish), B. viridescens (Titan triggerfish), Melichthys niger ( Black triggerfish), Odonus niger ( Redtoothed triggerfish), Psuedobalistes flavimarginatus (Yellow margin triggerfish), P. fuscus (Yellow spotted triggerfish), Rhinecanthus aculeatus (Black bar triggerfish), R. rentangulus (Wedge – tail triggerfish), (Sufflamen chrysopterum (Halfmoon triggerfish) and S. fraenatum ( Masked triggerfish).
Blennies • The blennies are small carnivorous fishes. • Most species have drab colours which harmonise with their environment, but some are brilliantly coloured. • The species recorded are Andamia reyi (Suckerlip blenny), Blenniellia periophthalmus (Bluedashed rock skipper), Cirripectes castaneus (Chest nut eyelash blenny), C. filamentosus (Filamentous blenny), C. perustus (Flaming blenny), C. polyzona, C. quagga (Squiggly blenny), C.stigmaticus (Red streaked blenny) C. variolosus (Red speckled blenny), Ecsenius midas ( Persian blenny), Enchelyurus kraussii (Krauss’ blenny), Exallias brevis (Leopard blenny), Salarias fasciatus (Jewelled blenny). • Blennies are found in tropical and subtropical waters in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans; some species are also found in brackish and even freshwater environments.
ANGEL FISHES • Angelfishes are small to moderate brilliantly coloured fishes. • They are subject to startling changes of colour and pattern as they grow. • Favourite aquarium fishes, especially when small. • The species recorded are Centropyge bicolor (Bicolor angelfish), C. eibli (Blacktain angelfish), C. multispinis (Dusky angelfish), Chaetodontoplus melanosoma (Black- velvet angelfish), Pomacanthus annularis (Blue ring angelfish), P. imperator (Emperor angelfish) and P. semicirculatus (Semicircle angelfish).
Clown fishes • Clown fishes are hardy, typically highly coloured and are in good demand in the marine aquarium trade. • Clown fishes usually live in association with the sea anemones and also called anemone fish. • Clown fishes exude a mucous substance which protects them from the stings of the anemone; when alarmed they immediately take shelter among the tentacles of the anemone, but never straying far. • Clown fishes swim with an odd rising and falling waddling, wriggling motion which has earned them the name of clown fishes. • Major clown fish species are Amphiprion ocellaris (Clown anemone fish), A. percula (Orange clown fish), A. bicinctus (Two band anemone fish), A. chrysogaster (Mauritian anemone fish), A. ephippium (Saddle anemone fish), A. frenatus ( Tomato clownfish), A. nigripes (Maldive anemone fish), A. polymnus (saddleback clownfish ), A. sebae (Sebae anemone fish).
Damselfish • Damselfish, also called demoiselle, are a large group that make the family Pomacentridae together with subfamily Amphiprion (Clownfish) and subfamily Chrominae (Chromis). • These are relatively small, primarily tropical marine fishes found in the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific oceans. • Many species are brilliantly coloured, often in shades of red, orange, yellow, or blue. • Damselfishes are lively and quick, and are usually strongly territorial and aggressive. • Common damselfish available include: white tail humbug Damselfish (Dascyllus aruanus), Lemon Damsel (Pomacentrus moluccensis), Yellow tail blue Damselfish (Chrysiptera parasema), Allen’s Damselfish (Pomacentrus alleni), Yellow Belly Damselfish (Chrysiptera hemicyanea), Blue Devil Damselfish (Chrysiptera cyanea), Blue/Green Chromis (Chromis viridis).
BUTTERFLY FISH • These are small quick-moving marine fishes belonging to the family Chaetodontidae (order Perciformes). • Butterfly fishes are found among tropical reefs around the world but are concentrated in the Indo-Pacific oceanic region. • They move about with a flitting, darting motion and are very brightly coloured. • The major species include four eyed butterfly fish (Chaetodon capistratus), spotfin butterfly fish(C. ocellatus), Feather-fin bull fish (Heniochus acuminatus).
SEA STARS • Starfish, commonly referred to as the sea stars are a large group of marine invertebrates called echinoderms, belonging to the class Asteroidea. • Largest populations of starfish live in the Indian and Pacific oceans. • Most starfish are pentamerous, having five arms that radiate from a central disk. • A sea star can generate lost arms and nearly its entire body if at least a portion of the sea star’s central disc remains. • The major species include ochre sea star (Pisaster ochraceus), reef sea star (Stichaster australis), Crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci).
Sea anemones • Sea anemones, are members of the invertebrate order Actiniaria (Class Anthozoa). • These are soft-bodied, primarily sedentary marine animals resembling flowers. • They are largest, most numerous, and most colourful in warmer seas. • Some live in brackish water. • The common species include Bubble-tip anemone (Entacmaea quadricolor), Condy seaanemone (Condylactis gigantea), Delicate sea anemone (Heteractis malu), Long tentacled anemone (Macrodactyla doreensis).
Low investment high value culture techniques • This technique involves production of ornamental fishes in pools holding less than 1000 liter water or in used refrigerator/ fridge containers with 100-200 litre capacity. • The pools are setup using used flex or silpaulin, sheets. They are constructed at elevated area or at a higher terrain so as to facilitate water exchange by gravity. • At weekly interval 20 % of bottom water is exchanged and this water is used for irrigating plants. This integrated farming approach uses more cops per drop of water. • The pools for fish culture can also be erected on roof top of house employing wooden frames or at backyard using bricks/laterite stones. • fiber tanks which can cost up to Rs.4000 for same dimension. • The rigid foam facilitates stacking of boxes one above other thus enabling effective utilization of floor area. The cost of these fridge boxes in scrape market range from Rs.75 to Rs.125. • There are specialized scrape dealers who effectively separate the metal part without damaging the inner foam in Kozhikode and sell these containers for culturing fish. • On an average Rs.1000 can be earned from these boxes in a year by culturing ornamental fishes. • The farmer can anytime sell back the boxes as scrape if any damage occurs, thus getting maximum benefit from it. • Various varieties of freshwater live bearer fishes like guppy (Poecilia reticulate), Platy (Xiphophorus spp.), Molly (Poecilia latipinna) or Swordtail (Xiphophorus helleri), which belong to the family poecillidae are cultured by this method. • These small size fishes with less than 10 cm length reach marketable size in four months and give assured income to farmers. Similarly used flex banners or sheets can be used for culturing ornamental fishes as a backyard activity or on roof top of concrete houses. • These can be a replacement for conventional concrete pools. Flex banner and hoardings that are flooding in our society are rarely recycled. • They are mostly re-used for roofing purpose and for this only large size sheets are used. • These flex sheets meant for roofing are easily available in shops, but the smaller size are often discarded after use. • Even these small flex sheets can be used for cultivating aquatic plants used in aquarium and for culturing ornamental fishes. • The pools need to be constructed at elevation or at a higher terrain so as to facilitate water exchange by gravity. • They should be covered with net to protect the fishes from birds and other predators. Excess algal bloom can be controlled by covering the tanks with shade nets.
Economics and Optimum Water Quality for culture and Breeding of Ornamental Fish Unit (Ref: Sample DPR for NCDC)
Ornamental fish for Domestic farming and Export potential
COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT ORNAMENTAL FISHES • FRESHWATER ORNAMENTAL FISHES • BARBS • LOACHES • DANIO • FRESHWATER SHARKS • GOURAMI • CATFISH • EELS • BADIS (Dwarf Chameleon) • PUFFER FISH • SNAKE HEAD • GLASS FISH • SHARK CATFISHES • GUPPY • MOLLY • GOLD FISH • PLATY • SWORD TAIL • OSCAR • FIGHTER • SEVERUM • ANGEL FISH • DISCUS • TETRA • COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT MARINE ORNAMENTAL FISHES GOBIES • TRIGGER FISH • BLENNIES • ANGEL FISHES • CLOWN FISHES • DAMSELS • BUTTERFLY FISH • SEA STARS • SEA ANEMONES
References • https://mpeda.gov.in/?page_ id=791 • https://nfdb.gov.in/PDF/Fish %20&%20Fisheries%20of%20 India/3.Ornamental%20Fishe ries%20of%20India.pdf • https://shrimpybusiness.com /blogs/shrimpy-business- blog/caridina-vs-neocaridina- shrimp#:~:text=Neocaridina %20shrimp%2C%20often%20 affectionately%20called,pref er%20soft%2C%20slightly%2 0acidic%20water. • https://aquariumstoredepot. com/blogs/news/best- freshwater-aquarium-fish • https://www.sciencedirect.co m/science/article/pii/S23525 1342300042X • http://www.spices.res.in/kvk calicut/index.php/successsto ries/86- lowinvestmentfishculture • https://www.researchgate.ne t/publication/344553771_Or namental_fish_trade_in_Indi a • Videos on Ornamental fish farming: • https://youtu.be/xT_7F79nkt 8

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Major Fresh water and Marine Ornamental fishes and Potential for Domestic farming and Exports by B.pptx

  • 1. Major Fresh water and Marine Ornamental fishes and Potential for Domestic farming and Exports By: Bhukya Bhaskar Fisheries
  • 2. Introduction • Ornamental aquaculture is one of the highest value aquaculture industries, with estimations of around $15 billion United States Dollar (USD) (Moorhead and Zeng, 2010) while King (2019) suggests a higher range estimate of $20 Billion USD, with approximately 5000–6500 individual freshwater species and 1600 marine species traded internationally (Moorhead and Zeng, 2010, Novák et al., 2020). • For comparison, the highest value food fish species (Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar) is currently valued at $16.7 billion USD (Tacon, 2020). • Aquarium can be made of materials like glass, concrete, wood, fiberglass acrylic sheet etc., depending on its location, cost and durability. • Ornamental fish trade started in India in 1969 with export earning of US $ 0.04 million, recently Ornamental fishes of India are contributing about 1% of the total ornamental fish trade. • These fishes are exported to the tune of 54 tons, having the value of Rupees 13.08 crores in 2020-21. • It registered a growth of 66.55 % in terms of quantity and 20.59% in terms of value in INR • The MPEDA has estimated that India has the potential to earn about US $5 billion as foreign exchange by export of ornamental fishes. Glass tank • They are either all glass tanks or metal framed ones. In the metal (steel or iron) framed tanks glass panels are held in place with putty (battery compound). On the other hand in all glass tanks, glass walls are fitted together edge-to-edge using silicone rubber adhesive. • Nowadays, all-glass tanks have completely vanished due to the popularity of metal-framed tanks, which are known for their slim appearance and suitability for keeping marine fishes also. Shape of aquarium tanks • The shape of the aquarium tank may be circular, square, rectangular, oval, hexagonal or octagonal. However, rectangular tanks are preferred as they provide sufficient area for free swimming of the fishes.
  • 4. Barbs • Barbs, members of the Cyprinidae family, comprise more than 400 species in their entire range, which extends from Africa, Asia and Europe to Central China, the Philippines and the East Indies. • About 150 species of barbs are of ornamental value, comprising mostly of wild caught varieties. • Barbus tetrazona (Tiger barb), B conchonius (Rosy barb) and Puntius titteye (cherry barb) are the most common barbs in the aquarium industry. P. denisonii, a wild caught variety of barb is mainly found in Kerala and Karnataka. • Care Level: Easy – Intermediate • Temperament: Peaceful – Semi-aggressive • Swimming Level: Middle • Origin: Asia • Adult Size: 2 – 13 inches • Minimum Tank Size: 15 – 100 + gallons • Water Temperature: 75 – 80°F • pH: 6.8 – 7.8 • Scientific classification: • Domain:Eukaryota • Kingdom:Animalia • Phylum:Chordata • Class:Actinopterygii • Order:Cypriniformes • Family:Cyprinidae • Subfamily:Barbinae • Genus:Puntigrus • Species:P. tetrazona
  • 5. LOACHES • Loaches, commonly known as Botia, are belonging to the family Cyprinidae. • There are around 40 species of loaches known today, belonging to the genus Botia. • They are natives of Thailand, India, Pakistan, China, Bangladesh and some Indonesian Islands. • They are probably the most diverse group of fish in the hobby, both in pattern and behaviour.
  • 6. Danios • Danios, another member of the Cyprinidae family, are small and lively fish which are native to the Indian peninsula, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Thailand, Myanmar, Malaysia and Indonesia. • They are found in a variety of habitats from boulder-strewn mountain torrents to small pools in dry zone streams. • There are more than 12 species reported today of which Danio malabaricus (Pearl Danio), D. albolineata and Brachydanio rerio (zebra fish) are common in the hobbyist market. • Brachydanio rerio is mainly found in Kerala and Karnataka. • Scientific Name: Celestichthys, Danio, Brachydanio, etc. • Care Level: Easy – intermediate • Temperament: Peaceful • Swimming Level: Upper levels • Origin: Asia • Adult Size: 1 – 4 inches • Minimum Tank Size: 10 gallons • Water Temperature: 65 – 75°F • pH: 7 – 7.8 • Danios are small Asian schooling fish that are great for community tanks. • Some, like zebra danios, are very hardy and make an ideal choice for beginner fish keepers. • Danios tend to be very active swimmers, and they can add a lot of movement to your aquarium. • They are very social fish, so they need to be kept in a school of at least 6 of their own kind.
  • 7. Freshwater sharks • Freshwater sharks are different types of minnows, belonging to four genera, Balantiocheilos, Epalzeorhynchos, Labeo and Luciosoma, under the Cyprinidae family. • They are commonly referred to as freshwater sharks in the hobby market. • These minnows are widely distributed over Southeast Asia, the Malay Archipelago, Indonesia, and parts of the Middle East and Africa. Genus Epalzeorhyncho have four types of fresh water sharks, E. bicolor, E. frenatus, E. kalopterus, and E. munense. • The genus, Labeo has over a hundred species, of which two species, Labeo chrysophekadion and L. cyclorhynchus are popular in the aquarium trade. The genus, Luciosoma has five species, of which one, L. siplopleura, is popular in the hobby. • Bala shark, as popularly known, is a short form of its Latin name, Balantiocheilus melanopterus, are native of Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia and Indonesia (Sumatra and Borneo).
  • 8. Gourami • Gourami, the labyrinth fish, is a native of western and southern Africa, northeastern, southeastern, south and Southeast Asia. • Colisa lalia, the Dwarf Gourami, occurs naturally in freshwater ponds, streams and paddy fields of northeastern India and Bangladesh, and is most popular among the Gouramis. • Important varieties include the Honey Gourami (C. chuna), Indian Gourami (C. fasciata), Thick-lipped Gourami (C. labiosa), three spot gourami (Trichopodus trichopterus), Pearl Gourami (T. leeri), Snakeskin (T. pectoralis), Moonlight Gourami (T. microlepis) and the Kissing Gourami (Helostoma temmincki).
  • 9. Catfishes • Corydoras, commonly known as catfish, is belonging to the family Callichthydae. • They are natives of South America particularly Brazil, Uruguay, northern Argentina, Venezuela, Peru and Colombia. • The common species found in the hobby market are Corydoras ambiacus, C. agaassizii, C. leucomelas, C. schwa rtzi, C. punctatus, C. parallelus, C. pulcher and C. ornatus.
  • 10. EELS • Spiny eels or swamp eels are members of the family Mastacembelidae. • They are distributed in India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam and Indonesia. • Macrognathus aculeatus (spotted spiny eel) and Mastacembalus armatus, (zigzag eel) are of much importance as far as the ornamental fish market is concerned. • Macrognathus aculeatus is commonly referred to as the peacock eel or spotted spiny eel. • These are mainly found in West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Maharashtra.
  • 11. Badis • Badis badis, a native of India, Thailand and Myanmar, belongs to the Nandidae family. • It is better known as the dwarf chameleon fish as it changes its colour quite often depending on mood and environment, especially during courtship and breeding. • Badis has three sub species, Badis badis badis found in India, B. badis siamensis of Thailand and B. badis burmanicus from Myanmar. • Badis badis badis, is native of Indian sub continent is from the northeastern side.
  • 12. Puffer fish • Puffer fish are members of the family, Tetraodontidae, having a worldwide distribution and found in almost every water condition. • They are quite different from other ornamental fishes in appearance. The fresh water puffers include Carinotetraodon lorteti, C. salivator, Monotetrus travancoricus, Chonerhinos amabilis, C. nefastus, C. modestus, C. remotus, C. asellus, Colomesus asellus, and C. psittacus. • Monotetrus travancoricus, popularly known as Malabar or dwarf pufferfish, is a native of India and is considered as the smallest puffer in the trade. • T. fluviatilus, known as the Ceylon puffer, is a native of Sri Lanka, India, Bangladesh, Myanmar and Borneo.
  • 13. MURRELS (SNAKE HEADs) • The snakeheads are characterized by their torpedo shaped body, large scale plated head and log dorsal and anal fins. • 28 species of Channa are known today, C. bleheri, C. burmanica, C. gachua, C. micropeltes, C. lucius, and C. orientalis, are well known in the aquarium trade. C .bleheri is widely known as the rainbow snakehead because of its body colouration. • It originates from the upper region of north eastern India, particularly in the Brahmaputra river basins of Assam. • C. gachua or dwarf snakehead found in rainforest streams of Sri Lanka. • They are also found in Southeastern Iran, Eastern and Western Pakistan and Southern China.
  • 14. Glassfish • Glassfish, belonging to the family Chandidae or Ambassidae, comprise mostly of fish with transparent bodies. • They originate from Asia, especially Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar and Thailand. • There are four species commonly referred to as glassfish in the trade: Chanda ranga, C. lala, C. nama and C. baculis.
  • 15. shark catfishes • Pangasius is a genus of medium- large to very large shark catfishes native to freshwater in South and Southeast Asia. • The term “pangasius” is sometimes used to specifically refer to the commercially important basa fish. • Important species belonging to this group are Pangasius pangasius, P. nieuwenhuisii, P. humeralis, P. lithostoma, P. kinabatanganensis, P. macronema and P. pleurotaenia. • Pangasius pangasius is distributed throughout India.
  • 16. Guppy • The guppy (Poecilia reticulata), also known as ‘rainbow fish’ is one of the world’s most widely distributed tropical fish, and one of the most popular freshwater aquarium fish species. • It is a member of the Poecillidae family and is live bearing. The origin is from Central America to Brazil and West Indies. • They are also known as “millions fish” as they are prolific breeders. • Depending on the variations in the tail fins, they are also known as round tail, spear tail, fan tail, veil tail, pin tail etc. • Scientific Name: Poecilia reticulata • Care Level: Easy • Temperament: Peaceful • Swimming Level: All levels • Origin: Northeast South America • Adult Size: 1.5 – 2.5 inches • Minimum Tank Size: 10 gallons • Water Temperature: 72 – 82°F • pH: 7 – 8
  • 17. MOLLY • Black molly, Poecilia sphenops, is a native of Central America, from Mexico to Columbia; sail fin molly (P. latipinna) is from Southeastern North America, from the Carolinas through the Gulf coast of Southern Mexico while Lyre tail molly (P. velifera) is found in the streams of Southern Mexico. • Molly is very familiar fish in the aquarium. • About 25 strains of molly are being cultured and traded in the market, black molly being well-known • Scientific Name: Poecilia sphenops, P. latipinna, etc. • Care Level: Intermediate • Temperament: Peaceful – semi- aggressive • Swimming Level: Middle • Origin: North & South America • Adult Size: 3 – 5 inches • Minimum Tank Size: 30 gallons • Water Temperature: 70 – 82°F • pH: 7 – 8.5
  • 18. Gold fish • The gold fish (Carassius auratus) is considered to be the most popular and attractive pet fish among all ornamental fishes, due to its many variations such as colour, fin shape, size and body structure. • Though similar in appearance to carp (Cyprinus carpio), gold fish lack barbels and a dark spot at the base of each scale. • The goldfish is the most common aquarium fish and one of the oldest and best-known fish in the industry. • Scientific Name: Carassius auratus • Care Level: Intermediate • Temperament: Peaceful • Swimming Level: All Levels • Origin: East Asia • Adult Size: 6-12 inches • Minimum Tank Size: 20 – 40 gallons • Water Temperature: 65 – 72°F • pH: 6.5 – 7.5
  • 19. Platy • The Platy (Xiphophorus maculatus) belonging to the family Poeciliidae is native to the east coast of Central America and Southern Mexico. • It is a live bearer and most popular among aquarium fishes. Several different colour variations have been developed so far such as red, yellow, orange, blue and white. • Three species are commonly available; they are Southern Platy (Xiphophorus maculatus), Variatus Platy (X. variatus) and Swordtail Platy (X. xiphidium). • Scientific Name: Xiphophorus maculatus • Care Level: Easy • Temperament: Peaceful • Swimming Level: All levels • Origin: Mexico & Central America • Adult Size: 2 -3 inches • Minimum Tank Size: 15 gallons • Water Temperature: 68 – 79°F • pH: 7- 8.2
  • 20. Sword tail • Sword tail is a native of North and Central America stretching from Veracruz, Mexico, to northwestern Honduras belonging to the family Poeciliidae. • Swordtails (Xiphophorus hellerii) have been interbred to produce all kinds of interesting colors and different types of finnage. • Some of the more common varieties of the Swordtail are Red, Red Wag, Red Tux, Painted, Neon Green, Marigold (and wag), Pineapple, Black, Red Twin bar, Sunset, and Gold Tuxedo. • Scientific Name: Xiphophorus hellerii • Care Level: Easy • Temperament: Peaceful • Swimming Level: All levels • Origin: Central America • Adult Size: 4 – 6 inches • Minimum Tank Size: 20 gallons • Water Temperature: 61 – 82°F • pH: 7 – 8
  • 21. Oscar • Astronotus ocellatus is a member from the cichlid family, known under a variety of names such as Oscar, tiger Oscar or marble cichlid or the velvet cichlid. • They are native of South America particularly Peru, Colombia, Brazil and French Guiana.
  • 22. Siamese fighting fish • Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens) is a popular aquarium fish coming under the family Osphronemidae. • They are native of Mekong basin of Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam and Thailand. • The colour patterns of this species ranges from vivid red, blue, bright green, purple, white, black to cream with red fins. • Apart from coloration, the finnage also have varieties like veil tail, crown tail, half moon, butterfly, double tail etc. • The males are very aggressive towards other males of their own kind and fight ferociously until death, hence the name of the fish. • Scientific Name: Betta Splendens • Care Level: Easy • Temperament: Aggressive • Swimming Level: All levels • Origin: Thailand • Adult Size: 2.5 – 3 inches • Minimum Tank Size: 5 gallons • Water Temperature: 76 – 82°F • pH: 6.5 – 8
  • 23. Severum • Severums are widespread throughout the northern Amazon Basin and Guyana and are commonly referred to as ‘poor man’s discus”. • There are several different color variations available, including the “Gold,” Green, Brown, and “Peruvian Green” strains. • The most common species in trade include Heros severus and Heros efasciatus.
  • 24. Angel fish • Angel fish (Pterophyllum scalare) are very popular and a favorite among hobbyist as they are beautiful and look graceful in the aquarium. • In Asia, there are about 25 varieties now with unique colour patterns. • They are single coloured ones like black, silver and gold and multi coloured pattern ones such as leopard, striped or zebra and lace-like, mottled or marble, half black etc. • Black veil tail, diamond, ghost, blushing, golden marble, pearl scale and koi are the other popular varieties in Asia. • They originate from South American rivers and tributaries such as the Amazon basin and Guyana River where the water bodies have densely over grown by aquatic plants. • Angel fish prefer an environment with thick aquatic vegetation. • Scientific Name: Pterophyllum scalare • Care Level: Easy • Temperament: Peaceful • Swimming Level: Middle/top • Origin: South America • Adult Size: 6 inches • Minimum Tank Size: 30 gallons • Water Temperature: 78 – 84°F • pH: 6.8 – 7.8
  • 25. Discus • Discus (Symphysodon sp), members of cichlid group, is said to be the queen of the aquarium, native to South America, found in slow-flowing streams with alkaline water. • The wild forms are blue discus (S. aequifa sciatus haraldi) the green discus (S. aequifasciata), Heckel discus (S. discus) and brown discus (S. aequifasciatus axelrodi). • The wild blue discus is distributed in the rivers of Peru and Brazil while green discus is found mainly in the Peruvian Amazon. • The blue discus has a wide variety of blue colouration with some being more bluish while others have blue stripes on the body, head and fins. • The green discus has also varying degree of colours ranging from yellowish green to olive green and solid green to light brown and have green stripes and red spots on the sides of the body. • Scientific Name: Symphysodon discus • Care Level: Intermediate-advanced • Temperament: Peaceful • Swimming Level: Middle • Origin: South America • Adult Size: 5-8 inches • Minimum Tank Size: 70 gallons • Water Temperature: 82 – 86°F • pH: 6 – 7
  • 26. Tetra • Tetra is one of the several small species of freshwater fishes from Africa, Central America and South America belonging to the biological family Characidae. • There are ten varieties of tetras known, which are Neon tetras (Paracheirodon innesi), Cardinal tetra (Paracheirodon axelrodi), Black neon (Hyphessobrycon herbertaxelrodi), Black tetra (Gymnocorymbus ternetzi), Bleeding heart tetra (Hypessobrycon erythrostigma), Blood fin (Aphyocharax anisitsi), glow light tetra (Cheirodon erythrozonus), Head and tail light tetra (Hemigrammus ocellifer), Lemon tetra (Hyphessobrycon pulchripinnis), Serpae tetra (Hyphessobrycon callistus). • They are peaceful and pose no threat to any other fish in the aquarium and are ideal for a community aquarium with other fish of similar disposition. • Scientific Name: Paracheirodon, Hyphessobrycon, Gymnocorymbus, etc. • Care Level: Easy • Temperament: Peaceful/ Semi-aggressive • Swimming Level: Middle • Origin: South America, Africa • Adult Size: 0.75 – 3 inches • Minimum Tank Size: 15 gallons • Water Temperature: 75 – 80°F • pH: 6.8 – 7.8
  • 27. Rasboras • Scientific Name: Trigonostigma, Celestichthys, Boraras etc. • Care Level: Easy – Intermediate • Temperament: Peaceful • Swimming Level: Middle • Origin: Asia • Adult Size: 0.75 – 1.75 inches • Minimum Tank Size: 5 – 20 gallons • Water Temperature:68 – 82°F • pH: 5 – 8, depending on the species • Rasboras are nano (very small) fish from the same family as barbs and goldfish. These peaceful schooling fish are perfect for a tropical community in a heavily planted aquarium where they tend to hang out in the middle level. • These social fish should not be kept in groups of less than 5, so make sure you pick up a nice big school of the same species to see them behaving confidently.
  • 28. Killifish • Scientific Name: Aplocheilus, Jordanella, Fundulopanchax, etc. • Care Level: Easy – Advanced • Temperament: Peaceful – Aggressive • Swimming Level: All levels • Origin: Africa, Asia, America • Adult Size: 1.5 – 5.5 inches • Minimum Tank Size: 5 – 20 gallons • Water Temperature: 68 – 75°F • pH: 6 – 7 • Killifish are great nano fish that come in some amazing colors. • These fish are not very common in the aquarium trade but they are a great choice for fishkeepers looking for something a little different. • Some killifish species are very shortlived because they live in temporary pools that evaporate in the dry season. • Others can live for multiple years
  • 29. Rainbow • Scientific Name: Marosatherina, Melanotaenia, Pseudomugil etc. • Care Level: Easy • Temperament: Peaceful • Swimming Level: Middle/Top • Origin: Australia, Indonesia • Adult Size: 2 – 6 inches • Minimum Tank Size: 15 – 55 gallons • Water Temperature: 74 – 82°F • pH: 7 – 8 • Rainbowfish are beautiful freshwater fish from Australia and Southeast Asia. • They get their name from their awesome colors, which are especially bright when the fish are spawning. • They are active fish that need a fairly large aquarium. • Rainbowfish have a very peaceful nature and fit in well with most other community fish. • They are social creatures, however, so keep them in a shoal of 6 or more
  • 30. Freshwater Puffers • Scientific • Name: Carinotetraodon, Tetraodon etc. • Care Level: Intermediate – Advanced • Temperament: Semi- aggressive/ Aggressive • Swimming Level: All levels • Origin: South America, Asia, Africa • Adult Size: 1 – 24 inches • Minimum Tank Size: 5 – 125 + gallons • Water Temperature: 74 – 78°F • pH: 7 – 7.6 • Freshwater puffers are some of the most fascinating fish in the aquarium hobby. These funny-looking fish are known for their ability to puff up into a ball when threatened by a predator. • Freshwater pufferfish range in size from nano species like the 1-inch dwarf pea puffer all the way to 2-foot giants like the Mbu puffer. • Pufferfish are not very active, so the smallest species can be kept in tanks of just 5 gallons or so. Puffers have very sharp parrot-like teeth, however, and they can be aggressive toward other fish. These fish usually work best in a species-only tank.
  • 31. Hatchetfish • Scientific Name: Carnegiella, Gasteropelecus, etc. • Care Level: Intermediate • Temperament: Peaceful • Swimming Level: Top • Origin: Central & South America • Adult Size: 1.5 – 2.5 inches • Minimum Tank Size: 20 gallons • Water Temperature: 75 – 80°F • pH: 6 – 7 • Hatchetfish are unusual, flattened nano fish that spend their time near the surface of the aquarium. • These schooling fish have long pectoral fins and huge muscles in their chests that they use to leap out of the water to escape their predators. • • Hatchetfish are wonderful freshwater fish for tropical community tanks. • However, their acrobatic abilities mean they need to be kept in a tank with a tight fighting lid and great care is necessary when performing aquarium maintenance.
  • 32. Freshwater Sharks • Scientific Name: Epalzeorhynchos, Balantiocheilos, etc. • Care Level: Easy – Advanced • Temperament: Peaceful – Aggressive • Swimming Level: Bottom/ Middle • Origin: Southeast Asia & South America • Adult Size: 5 inches – 3 feet + • Minimum Tank Size: 65 – 150 + gallons • Water Temperature: 74 – 80°F • pH: 6.8 – 8 • Freshwater sharks are not true sharks, but they do have a very similar shape. These medium to large aquarium fish are available in some bold colors, including black, red, and silver. • The rainbow shark is probably the most popular species. This fish has bright red fins and a potentially aggressive nature. Rainbow sharks are also available in some amazing neon colors for fish keepers who want an awesome display fish.
  • 33. Freshwater Gobies • Scientific Name: Stiphodon, Brachygobius, Gobioides, etc. • Care Level: Easy- Intermediate • Temperament: Peaceful – Aggressive • Swimming Level: Bottom • Origin: Africa, Asia, Americas • Adult Size: 2 – 15 inches • Minimum Tank Size: 10 – 50+ gallons • Water Temperature: 72 – 84°F • pH: 7.5 – 8.5 • Freshwater gobies come in a range of shapes and sizes. These fish have loads of attitude and interesting behavior which makes them fascinating creatures to observe in the home aquarium. • They range from specialist algae eaters to carnivores and can be peaceful community fish or aggressive fish eaters. Many of the freshwater gobies sold in the hobby actually need brackish water to thrive, so make sure you research these fish carefully before adding them to your tank.
  • 34. Cory Catfish • Scientific Name: Corydoras spp. • Care Level: Easy • Temperament: Peaceful • Swimming Level: Bottom/ Middle • Origin: South America • Adult Size: 1 – 4 inches • Minimum Tank Size: 15 – 3o gallons • Water Temperature: 74 – 80°F • pH: 7 – 8 • Cory catfish are an excellent choice for beginner fish keepers. • These small, bottom-dwelling catfish deserve a place in any peaceful community aquarium. • They get along with most other fish so they are ideal for a freshwater community tank. • Corydoras catfish stay small and love to hang out at the bottom of the tank, digging through the substrate to look for food. • They are schooling fish, so keep them in a group of 4 or more to see them at their confident best.
  • 35. suckermouth catfish (Plecos) • Scientific Name: Ancistrus, Panaque, Hypostomus, etc. • Care Level: Easy-Advanced • Temperament: Peaceful – Semi-aggressive • Swimming Level: Bottom • Origin: South America • Adult Size: 2 inches – 2 feet • Minimum Tank Size: 30+ gallons • Water Temperature: 74 – 80°F • pH: 7 – 8 • Plecos are also known as suckermouth catfish. • These fish are built like tanks, with tough scales for armor and large shark-like fins. • Most species have natural colors which they use for camouflage on the river bottom, although some have bold, striped and spotted markings. • There are over 500 varieties of plecos in the aquarium hobby, ranging from small and beginner-friendly to expert- • only, so you can bet there’s a perfect pleco for you!
  • 36. Freshwater Stingrays • Scientific Name: Potamotrygon spp. • Care Level: Advanced • Temperament: Peaceful – semi- aggressive • Swimming Level: Bottom • Origin: South America • Adult Size: 1 foot + • Minimum Tank Size: 200+ gallons • Water Temperature: 75 – 82°F • pH: 6.8 – 7.6 • Freshwater stingrays are awesome pets for experienced fish keepers with plenty of space. • These flat members of the shark family need an extra large tank or a shallow indoor pond to provide the space they need. • Stingrays are potentially dangerous animals, although injuries are rare. • The smallest freshwater stingrays are about a foot across, but some species reach truly gigantic proportions • These fish also need excellent water quality and quality filtration, so they are best left to the experts.
  • 37. • Scientific Name: Caridina, Neocaridina, etc. • Care Level: Easy- Intermediate • Temperament: Peaceful • Swimming Level: Bottom • Origin: Asia • Adult Size: 1 – 2 inches • Minimum Tank Size: 5 gallons • Water Temperature: 64 – 76°F • pH: 6.5-7.5 • Ok, so freshwater shrimp are not technically fish, but they are still some of the coolest animals you can keep in a fish tank! These fascinating crustaceans come in all sorts of colors and breeds. • Ideal Water Parameters for Neocaridina Shrimp • Temperature: 65°F to 85°F • pH: 6.4 to 8.0 • kH: 0 – 10 dKH • gH: 4 – 14 dGH • Caridina shrimp aren’t quite as hardy as Neocaridina shrimp, so you may need to be a little more intentional about cultivating and maintaining ideal water parameters. • Ideal Water Parameters for Caridina Shrimp • Temperature: below 74°F • pH: 6.0 to 6.8 • kH: 0 – 1 dKH • gH: 3 – 6 dGH • Both Neocaridina and Caridina shrimp remain fairly small, growing to an average of maximum around 1 ½ inches in length. They are best kept in groups with other dwarf shrimp – it is possible to mix Caridina and Neocaridina species. • The ideal tank size for freshwater aquarium shrimp is best determined by how many shrimp you plan to keep and whether you plan to keep other tank inhabitants. A 5-gallon tank may be adequate for a small group of dwarf shrimp but if you plan to keep multiple species or larger groups, upgrade to a 10-gallon. For community tanks that include snails, small fish, or other inhabitants, you might consider a 20-gallon tank or larger. • Cherry Shrimp (Neocaridina davidi “Red”) • Red Sakura Shrimp (Neocaridina davidi “Red Sakura”) • Blue Velvet Shrimp (Neocaridina davidi “Blue Velvet”) • Green Jade Shrimp (Neocaridina davidi “Green Jade”) • Orange Fire Shrimp (Neocaridina davidi “Orange”) • Amano Shrimp (Caridina multidentata) • Blue Bolt Shrimp (Caridina cf. cantonensis) • Crystal Red Shrimp (Caridina cantonensis) • Ninja Shrimp (Caridina serratirostris) • Tangerine Tiger Shrimp (Caridina serrata) •
  • 38. New World Cichlids • Scientific Name: Astronotus, Amatitlania, Rocio, etc. • Care Level: Easy – Advanced • Temperament: Semi- aggressive – Aggressive • Swimming Level: Bottom and middle • Origin: North & South America • Adult Size: 6 – 12 + inches • Minimum Tank Size: 30 gallons • Water Temperature:75 – 80°F • pH: 6.5 – 8
  • 39. Dwarf Cichlids • Scientific Name: Apistogramma, Mikrogeophagus, etc. • Care Level: Easy to Advanced • Temperament: Peaceful- semi- aggressive • Swimming Level: Bottom • Origin: Africa & South America • Adult Size: 2.5 + inches • Minimum Tank Size: 10+ gallons • Water Temperature: 72 – 86°F • pH: 5 – 8 depending on the species
  • 40. Arowana • Scientific Name: Scleropages formosus • Care Level: Advanced • Temperament: Aggressive • Swimming Level: Top • Origin: South America • Adult Size: 3 feet • Minimum Tank Size: 250 gallons • Water Temperature: 75 – 82°F • pH: 5 – 7.5 • The Arowana is a large and impressive freshwater fish that is only suitable for expert fish keepers with plenty of space for a huge aquarium. • These beautiful silvery fish can grow to 3 feet in length and need an aquarium of at least 250 gallons when fully grown. • Arowana fish are carnivores, so they need a high-protein diet such as feeder fish, insects, and other meaty foods. • They can do well in community tanks if kept with other more aggressive fish that are too big to swallow.
  • 41. COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT MARINE ORNAMENTAL FISHES: gobies • The gobies are small colourful species, usually solitary, sedentary, bottom dwelling fishes. • The species include Amblyeleotris gymnocephala (masked shrimp goby), Mahidolia mystacina (Flagfin prawn goby), Paragobiodon echinocephalus,(Redhead goby), Periophthalmus argentilineatus (Barred mud skipper), P.barbarus (Atlantic mud skipper), Priolepis eugenius (Noble goby), P. inhaca (Brick goby), Trimma annosum (Grey beared pygmy goby), T. winterbottomi (Winterbottom’s goby), Valenciennea muralis (Mural goby), V. sexguttata (Sixspot goby), V. strigata (Blueband goby) . • It can be found in mangrove ecosystems and mudflats of East Africa and Madagascar east through the Sundarbans of Bengal, Southeast Asia to Northern Australia, southeast China, and southern Japan, to Samoa and Tonga Islands.
  • 42. TRIGGER FISH • These are often brightly colored fishes of the family Balistidae. • Marked by lines and spots, they inhabit tropical and subtropical oceans throughout the world, with the greatest species richness in the Indo-Pacific. • The species recorded are Balistapus undulatus ( Orange – lined triggerfish), Balistes vetula (Queen triggerfish), Balistoides conspicillum (Clown triggerfish), B. viridescens (Titan triggerfish), Melichthys niger ( Black triggerfish), Odonus niger ( Redtoothed triggerfish), Psuedobalistes flavimarginatus (Yellow margin triggerfish), P. fuscus (Yellow spotted triggerfish), Rhinecanthus aculeatus (Black bar triggerfish), R. rentangulus (Wedge – tail triggerfish), (Sufflamen chrysopterum (Halfmoon triggerfish) and S. fraenatum ( Masked triggerfish).
  • 43. Blennies • The blennies are small carnivorous fishes. • Most species have drab colours which harmonise with their environment, but some are brilliantly coloured. • The species recorded are Andamia reyi (Suckerlip blenny), Blenniellia periophthalmus (Bluedashed rock skipper), Cirripectes castaneus (Chest nut eyelash blenny), C. filamentosus (Filamentous blenny), C. perustus (Flaming blenny), C. polyzona, C. quagga (Squiggly blenny), C.stigmaticus (Red streaked blenny) C. variolosus (Red speckled blenny), Ecsenius midas ( Persian blenny), Enchelyurus kraussii (Krauss’ blenny), Exallias brevis (Leopard blenny), Salarias fasciatus (Jewelled blenny). • Blennies are found in tropical and subtropical waters in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans; some species are also found in brackish and even freshwater environments.
  • 44. ANGEL FISHES • Angelfishes are small to moderate brilliantly coloured fishes. • They are subject to startling changes of colour and pattern as they grow. • Favourite aquarium fishes, especially when small. • The species recorded are Centropyge bicolor (Bicolor angelfish), C. eibli (Blacktain angelfish), C. multispinis (Dusky angelfish), Chaetodontoplus melanosoma (Black- velvet angelfish), Pomacanthus annularis (Blue ring angelfish), P. imperator (Emperor angelfish) and P. semicirculatus (Semicircle angelfish).
  • 45. Clown fishes • Clown fishes are hardy, typically highly coloured and are in good demand in the marine aquarium trade. • Clown fishes usually live in association with the sea anemones and also called anemone fish. • Clown fishes exude a mucous substance which protects them from the stings of the anemone; when alarmed they immediately take shelter among the tentacles of the anemone, but never straying far. • Clown fishes swim with an odd rising and falling waddling, wriggling motion which has earned them the name of clown fishes. • Major clown fish species are Amphiprion ocellaris (Clown anemone fish), A. percula (Orange clown fish), A. bicinctus (Two band anemone fish), A. chrysogaster (Mauritian anemone fish), A. ephippium (Saddle anemone fish), A. frenatus ( Tomato clownfish), A. nigripes (Maldive anemone fish), A. polymnus (saddleback clownfish ), A. sebae (Sebae anemone fish).
  • 46. Damselfish • Damselfish, also called demoiselle, are a large group that make the family Pomacentridae together with subfamily Amphiprion (Clownfish) and subfamily Chrominae (Chromis). • These are relatively small, primarily tropical marine fishes found in the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific oceans. • Many species are brilliantly coloured, often in shades of red, orange, yellow, or blue. • Damselfishes are lively and quick, and are usually strongly territorial and aggressive. • Common damselfish available include: white tail humbug Damselfish (Dascyllus aruanus), Lemon Damsel (Pomacentrus moluccensis), Yellow tail blue Damselfish (Chrysiptera parasema), Allen’s Damselfish (Pomacentrus alleni), Yellow Belly Damselfish (Chrysiptera hemicyanea), Blue Devil Damselfish (Chrysiptera cyanea), Blue/Green Chromis (Chromis viridis).
  • 47. BUTTERFLY FISH • These are small quick-moving marine fishes belonging to the family Chaetodontidae (order Perciformes). • Butterfly fishes are found among tropical reefs around the world but are concentrated in the Indo-Pacific oceanic region. • They move about with a flitting, darting motion and are very brightly coloured. • The major species include four eyed butterfly fish (Chaetodon capistratus), spotfin butterfly fish(C. ocellatus), Feather-fin bull fish (Heniochus acuminatus).
  • 48. SEA STARS • Starfish, commonly referred to as the sea stars are a large group of marine invertebrates called echinoderms, belonging to the class Asteroidea. • Largest populations of starfish live in the Indian and Pacific oceans. • Most starfish are pentamerous, having five arms that radiate from a central disk. • A sea star can generate lost arms and nearly its entire body if at least a portion of the sea star’s central disc remains. • The major species include ochre sea star (Pisaster ochraceus), reef sea star (Stichaster australis), Crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci).
  • 49. Sea anemones • Sea anemones, are members of the invertebrate order Actiniaria (Class Anthozoa). • These are soft-bodied, primarily sedentary marine animals resembling flowers. • They are largest, most numerous, and most colourful in warmer seas. • Some live in brackish water. • The common species include Bubble-tip anemone (Entacmaea quadricolor), Condy seaanemone (Condylactis gigantea), Delicate sea anemone (Heteractis malu), Long tentacled anemone (Macrodactyla doreensis).
  • 50. Low investment high value culture techniques • This technique involves production of ornamental fishes in pools holding less than 1000 liter water or in used refrigerator/ fridge containers with 100-200 litre capacity. • The pools are setup using used flex or silpaulin, sheets. They are constructed at elevated area or at a higher terrain so as to facilitate water exchange by gravity. • At weekly interval 20 % of bottom water is exchanged and this water is used for irrigating plants. This integrated farming approach uses more cops per drop of water. • The pools for fish culture can also be erected on roof top of house employing wooden frames or at backyard using bricks/laterite stones. • fiber tanks which can cost up to Rs.4000 for same dimension. • The rigid foam facilitates stacking of boxes one above other thus enabling effective utilization of floor area. The cost of these fridge boxes in scrape market range from Rs.75 to Rs.125. • There are specialized scrape dealers who effectively separate the metal part without damaging the inner foam in Kozhikode and sell these containers for culturing fish. • On an average Rs.1000 can be earned from these boxes in a year by culturing ornamental fishes. • The farmer can anytime sell back the boxes as scrape if any damage occurs, thus getting maximum benefit from it. • Various varieties of freshwater live bearer fishes like guppy (Poecilia reticulate), Platy (Xiphophorus spp.), Molly (Poecilia latipinna) or Swordtail (Xiphophorus helleri), which belong to the family poecillidae are cultured by this method. • These small size fishes with less than 10 cm length reach marketable size in four months and give assured income to farmers. Similarly used flex banners or sheets can be used for culturing ornamental fishes as a backyard activity or on roof top of concrete houses. • These can be a replacement for conventional concrete pools. Flex banner and hoardings that are flooding in our society are rarely recycled. • They are mostly re-used for roofing purpose and for this only large size sheets are used. • These flex sheets meant for roofing are easily available in shops, but the smaller size are often discarded after use. • Even these small flex sheets can be used for cultivating aquatic plants used in aquarium and for culturing ornamental fishes. • The pools need to be constructed at elevation or at a higher terrain so as to facilitate water exchange by gravity. • They should be covered with net to protect the fishes from birds and other predators. Excess algal bloom can be controlled by covering the tanks with shade nets.
  • 51. Economics and Optimum Water Quality for culture and Breeding of Ornamental Fish Unit (Ref: Sample DPR for NCDC)
  • 52. Ornamental fish for Domestic farming and Export potential
  • 53. COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT ORNAMENTAL FISHES • FRESHWATER ORNAMENTAL FISHES • BARBS • LOACHES • DANIO • FRESHWATER SHARKS • GOURAMI • CATFISH • EELS • BADIS (Dwarf Chameleon) • PUFFER FISH • SNAKE HEAD • GLASS FISH • SHARK CATFISHES • GUPPY • MOLLY • GOLD FISH • PLATY • SWORD TAIL • OSCAR • FIGHTER • SEVERUM • ANGEL FISH • DISCUS • TETRA • COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT MARINE ORNAMENTAL FISHES GOBIES • TRIGGER FISH • BLENNIES • ANGEL FISHES • CLOWN FISHES • DAMSELS • BUTTERFLY FISH • SEA STARS • SEA ANEMONES
  • 54. References • https://mpeda.gov.in/?page_ id=791 • https://nfdb.gov.in/PDF/Fish %20&%20Fisheries%20of%20 India/3.Ornamental%20Fishe ries%20of%20India.pdf • https://shrimpybusiness.com /blogs/shrimpy-business- blog/caridina-vs-neocaridina- shrimp#:~:text=Neocaridina %20shrimp%2C%20often%20 affectionately%20called,pref er%20soft%2C%20slightly%2 0acidic%20water. • https://aquariumstoredepot. com/blogs/news/best- freshwater-aquarium-fish • https://www.sciencedirect.co m/science/article/pii/S23525 1342300042X • http://www.spices.res.in/kvk calicut/index.php/successsto ries/86- lowinvestmentfishculture • https://www.researchgate.ne t/publication/344553771_Or namental_fish_trade_in_Indi a • Videos on Ornamental fish farming: • https://youtu.be/xT_7F79nkt 8