Making Better Decisions Using IBM WebSphere Operational Decision Management

ibm.com/redbooks Redpaper
IBM® WebSphere® Front cover
Making Better Decisions Using
IBM WebSphere Operational
Decision Management
Duncan Clark
Pierre Berlandier
Business rules and events in solution
applications and processes
Decision management lifecycle
and governance guidelines
Best practices for
automating decisions

International Technical Support Organization
Making Better Decisions Using IBM WebSphere
Operational Decision Management
April 2012
REDP-4836-00

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First Edition (April 2012)
This edition applies to Version 7.5 of IBM WebSphere Operational Decision Management.
Note: Before using this information and the product it supports, read the information in “Notices” on page v.

© Copyright IBM Corp. 2012. All rights reserved. iii
Contents
Notices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .v
Trademarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
The team who wrote this paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii
Now you can become a published author, too! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii
Comments welcome. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
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Chapter 1. Decision management overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Decision management technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 WebSphere Operational Decision Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 Decision management solution development process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4 Insurance demonstration scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.5 WODM Insurance solution overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.6 Website: Eligibility and pricing decisions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.7 Website: Situational decisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.8 Call center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.9 Underwriting approval process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.10 Decision management and governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Chapter 2. Development process overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1 Roles and responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.2 Decision development lifecycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.2.1 Service lifecycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2.2 Decision lifecycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.3 Process development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.4 Decision point development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.5 Situation identification and response development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.6 Decision information models and vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.6.1 Business object definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.6.2 Business object field primitives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.6.3 Domains and enumerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.6.4 Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Chapter 3. Decision design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.1 Identifying business decisions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.2 Defining the domain of discourse for the rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.2.1 Tailoring the model for the business users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.2.2 Sharing a common model across decisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.3 Establishing the decision signature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.4 Decomposing the decision and orchestrating the subtasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.5 Authoring business rules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.6 Decision integration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.7 Roles, responsibilities, and decision development lifecycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Chapter 4. Situation identification and response development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.1 Situations and events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.2 Defining situations of interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

iv Making Better Decisions Using IBM WebSphere Operational Decision Management
4.3 Identifying business objects and the correlation context. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.4 Identifying touchpoint system events and actions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.5 Mapping event data to business objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.6 Using event rules to invoke actions in response to patterns of events . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.7 Mapping business objects to action data and executing the action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.8 Identifying situations using temporal event rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.9 Identifying situations using contextual event rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.10 Reacting to identified situations using event rule groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Chapter 5. Detect-Decide-Respond pattern design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
5.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5.2 Using context variables to accumulate situation state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
5.3 Using data stores to enrich a situation state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
5.4 Making a decision in response to a situation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
5.4.1 Creating events and actions from a decision service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
5.4.2 Triggering the decision from event rules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
5.5 Responding to a decision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
5.6 Raising events using web services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
5.7 Raising events from within rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
5.7.1 Creating a JMS event publishing client. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
5.7.2 Exposing the JMS client in the rules business object model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
5.7.3 Verbalizing the means to publish an event . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Chapter 6. Business process design with rules and events. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
6.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
6.2 Identifying the underwriting approval process activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
6.3 Defining decision services in a BPM process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
6.4 Initiating a BPM process from an event . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
6.5 Triggering a BPM process from a WebSphere ODM action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
6.6 Providing the information for the manual review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
6.7 Raising an event from within a BPM process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Chapter 7. Managing decision changes across rules, events, and processes . . . . . 109
7.1 Support for managing and governing change in WebSphere ODM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
7.1.1 Access control and permission mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
7.1.2 Rule and event status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
7.1.3 Decision test suites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
7.1.4 Decision simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
7.1.5 Event testing and simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
7.1.6 Deployment baselines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
7.1.7 Branch management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
7.2 Rule lifecycle and governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
7.3 Decision lifecycle and governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
7.3.1 Define phase. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
7.3.2 Deploy phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
7.3.3 Monitor and Measure phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
7.3.4 Update phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Related publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Other publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Online resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Help from IBM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

© Copyright IBM Corp. 2012. All rights reserved. v
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vi Making Better Decisions Using IBM WebSphere Operational Decision Management
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© Copyright IBM Corp. 2012. All rights reserved. vii
Preface
Decision management is emerging as an important capability for delivering agile business
solutions. Decision management is not a solution in its own right, but must be integrated into
the solutions or business processes that it supports.
In this IBM® Redpapers™ publication, we describe the recommended best practices and
integration concepts that use the business events, business rules, and other capabilities of
IBM WebSphere® Operational Decision Management V7.5 (WebSphere ODM) to provide
better decision making in those solutions and business processes.
To illustrate these recommended best practices and integration concepts, we use an
insurance scenario that is implemented by a number of Web Applications and a business
process implemented with IBM Business Process Manager V7.5. The scenario provides the
opportunity to show:
How decisions can be used by Custom Applications.
How decisions can be used in business processes.
How to identify situations of interest based on events that occur across the applications
and process.
How to decide on the action to take when situations are identified.
How to manage and govern the design and change of these decisions to optimize
the business.
Chapter 1, “Decision management overview” on page 1 provides an introduction to decision
management and the WODM Insurance demonstration scenario and solution that is used as
an example.
This solution is also available in the IBM SOA Sandbox, allowing readers to explore aspects
of how the solution works in more detail. Although the scenario and concepts described here
are based on this exercise, there might be implementation differences in the recommended
best practices described in this document.
For this reason, it is not our intention to include detailed scenario screen capture or
implementation details in this document, but to concentrate on the best practices and patterns
for realizing the business values of decision management into service-oriented
solution scenarios.

viii Making Better Decisions Using IBM WebSphere Operational Decision Management
The team who wrote this paper
This paper was produced by a team of specialists from around the world working with the
International Technical Support Organization.
Duncan Clark is a Product Manager for WebSphere Operational Decision Management with
responsibilities for integration between WebSphere ODM and other IBM Products. He is
based in IBM Hursley Labs. Over the last year, he has been responsible for demonstrations
and integrations of IBM products, including WebSphere ODM, BPM, and IBM Tivoli®
products. He managed the integration of the IBM ILOG® embedded rules into BPM V7.5 and
the development of support pack LA71, which provides integration tools and development
patterns for using WebSphere ODM with Business Process Manager. Before this
assignment, Duncan led the Governance and Policy architecture for IBM WebSphere Service
Registry and Repository.
Pierre Berlandier is a Senior Technical Staff Member with IBM Software Services for
WebSphere. As part of the ILOG service team for 15 years, Pierre has worked on the
different incarnations of rules programming paradigm, from expert systems to real-time
intelligent agents, and business rules management systems. As part the Service Engineering
group of IBM Software Services for WebSphere, he develops service delivery processes,
mentors practitioners, and captures and organizes best practices in the business process and
decision management space. Pierre has a Ph.D. in Computer Science from INRIA in France,
where he started working on the synergy between the rules and the constraint
programming paradigms.
We thank others who contributed to this paper, in the form of written content, advice, and
project support. The team acknowledges help from our sponsors and reviewers, including:
Margaret Thorpe, WebSphere ODM Product Management lead
Jerome Boyer, STSM - Software Services for WebSphere
Brett Stineman, WebSphere ODM Product Marketing
Stephen J. Lyons, STSM - Lead Architect WebSphere ODM Business Events
Jonathan Bond, Decision Server Requirements Manager (Events & Runtime)
Dave Wakeman, WebSphere POC Team
Mary Comianos, Publications Management
Stephen Smith, Technical Writer
International Technical Support Organization
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Preface ix
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x Making Better Decisions Using IBM WebSphere Operational Decision Management

© Copyright IBM Corp. 2012. All rights reserved. 1
Chapter 1. Decision management overview
Decision management is a business discipline that empowers organizations to automate,
optimize, and govern repeatable business decisions. It is an extension of the decisions
business people would make if they had unlimited time to make those decisions.
Decision management technology provides the means for these decisions to be automated
and called in real time by processes, applications, and other business solutions.
To realize this automation, the technology must also make it possible to capture, change, and
govern the important decision logic in a controlled, scalable, and rapid manner. It is only by
effectively managing the decision logic that the wanted business agility can be delivered.
1

2 Making Better Decisions Using IBM WebSphere Operational Decision Management
1.1 Decision management technology
There are two interrelated forms of decision management technology (Figure 1-1).
Figure 1-1 What is decision management
In both cases, the business processes and Applications make calls to the Decision Services
that encapsulate the behavior of the decision being automated.
In analytical decision management, the history of decisions is analyzed to build a model that
can be used to predict the best decision response for the future.
In operational decision management, policy, best practices, and business experience is used
to write rules that describe how to make those decisions or identify situations that need to be
reacted to. In many cases, the models that result from analytical decision management can
also be used in the operational decision management automation.
There are situations where all the decision automation needed for a solution can initially be
provided by one of these forms of decision management. However, as decision making
become more complex, the need for synergistic use of both forms of technology becomes
greater. When starting from analytical decision management, the models that define best
practices or probability can be encapsulated and applied in a broader systems context
through operational decision management. When starting from operational decision
management, the decision logic that defines best practices can benefit from the data mining,
segmentation, and insight provided by analytical decision management
In both cases, there needs to be some measure of how good the decisions are. These key
performance indicators (KPIs) relate to the overall goals of the business and, when used with
Scenario Analysis and Simulation, allow for a real-world method of assessing how decision
changes affect the behavior of business systems.
Operational Decision Management Analytical Decision Management
Business Processes, Applications and Solutions
Decision
Services
Internal and External Data
 Policy
 Regulation
 Best Practices
 Know-how
 Risk
 Clustering
 Segmentation
 Propensity
Scenario Analysis
and Simulation
Decision
Services
Business
Rules and Events
Predictive Analytics
and Optimization

Chapter 1. Decision management overview 3
1.2 WebSphere Operational Decision Management
This paper focuses on WebSphere Operational Decision Management and its capabilities
(Figure 1-2).
Figure 1-2 WebSphere Operational Decision Management components
IBM WebSphere Decision Center provides a convenient working environment for business
people to collaborate, share, and manage their business policies in a secured environment.
Operational decision projects are then stored in a centralized repository where releases can
be saved as versions and accessed in a secure way. Decision Center also comes with
various user interfaces:
The web console providing a full set of management capabilities, including testing
and simulations
Plug-ins for maintaining rules using Microsoft Office documents
Through widgets deployed in IBM Business Space
IBM WebSphere Decision Server is the environment designed for IT users to design,
implement, integrate, prepare, and deploy operational business decision-based applications.
The Decision Server integrated rules and events designers, both being specific Eclipse
plug-ins, provide dedicated design perspectives for business rules and business events.
Decision Server is also the execution environment for the business rules and business
events policies.
This packaging means that WebSphere Decision Server provides a complete stand-alone
capability for developers to design, deploy, and execute both business rules and business
events in a SOA solution. WebSphere Decision Center provides capabilities to govern the
changes to the policies or rules that define how those services behave.
WebSphere Operational Decision Management
WebSphere Decision Center
Design
Management
Versioning
Decision Artifacts Access and Control
Repository
Rule
Execution
Event
Execution
Decision
Monitoring
Connectors
WebSphere Decision Server
Define
Deploy
Update
Measure
Visibility &
Governance
Rule Designer
Event Designer
Decision Center
for Business Space
Rule Solutions
for Office
Decision Center
Console

1.3 Decision management solution development process
The goal of this paper is to provide guidance and best practices for realizing effective decision
management solutions using WebSphere Operational Decision Management. Before going
into the details of the example scenario and solution, it is necessary to consider the important
steps that must be undertaken to define a solution.
The goal of decision management is to empower the business decision makers to rapidly
understand and manage the way automated decisions are made within the solution. Decision
management enhances their understanding, increases their throughput, and provides more
precise fine-grained decisions that are appropriate to the situation.
However, the integration of decision management into the solution requires a deep
understanding of the IT infrastructure and architecture. It is therefore important to understand
the roles and tasks that are typically undertaken when developing a decision management
solution. This topic is described in Chapter 2, “Development process overview” on page 9,
which sets the scene for the more detailed design practices chapters in the rest of the paper.
1.4 Insurance demonstration scenario
In this paper, we use a fictional automobile insurance organization to demonstrate how the
decision management capabilities of WebSphere ODM can be used in a realistic solution.
The automobile insurance organization (WODM Insurance) currently has two channels for
marketing:
A self-service website
A call center
Using either channel, customers can apply for insurance quotes by providing the driver
characteristics, vehicle characteristics, and type of coverage required.
Based on these characteristics, underwriting decisions are made as to the risk of providing
insurance and, if approved, a price is calculated and a quote offer made to the customer.
WODM Insurance wants to automate the underwriting decisions and pricing rules to reduce
risk, improve profitability, and ensure that they can react quickly to marketplace trends.
They are also concerned about the amount of market share they have and need to attract a
higher proportion of profitable customers. They intend to accomplish this task by identifying
situations where there is an opportunity to retain a desirable customer by offering
personalized promotions.
WODM Insurance identified a number of situations where it is not possible to safely automate
an underwriting decision. In this case, they require underwriter approval before offering a
quote. They intend to use a business process to automate the approvals, ensuring that the
underwriters can quickly decide which of these situations should be approved and which
should be rejected. Automation of the approval process should also improve the turnaround
time of the quote and improve customer satisfaction and retention.

1.5 WODM Insurance solution overview
The WODM Insurance solution illustrating the role of the WebSphere Operational Decision
Management components is shown in Figure 1-3.
Figure 1-3 WODM Insurance solution
Each of the main components of the solution is now described, relating the component to
later chapters in this paper where the design of that component is described in more detail.
1.6 Website: Eligibility and pricing decisions
The website is the main channel for customers to obtain quick quotations. On the website, the
customer is asked for details about the driver, the vehicle, and the type of insurance
coverage required.
The website application first validates the information provided and then starts WebSphere
Decision Server to check the underwriting rules and assess if this driver is eligible for
insurance. The Eligibility decision assesses the risk and identifies the quote as eligible,
ineligible, or requiring manual approval.
If the decision is ineligible or manual, the quote is rejected and a reason for rejection passed
to the customer. If the quote is eligible, the Pricing decision is made and a quote is offered to
the customer.
The design of these decisions is described in Chapter 3, “Decision design” on page 21.
Web Site Logic Flow
WebSphere Decision
Server
WebSphere Decision
Center
Accept Event
Decline Event
Reject
Event
Offer
Event
ReplyRequest
Eligibility
Rules
Data
Validation
Rules
Reminder,
Refer to
Call Center
Auto Insurance
Approval
process
Manual
Eligibility
Follow Up
Offer Promotion
Investigate Fraud
Decision Center Console
Decision Center
Repository
Deploy
Pricing
Rules
Call
Center
Event
Rules
Promotion
Rules
Get driver
information
Get vehicle
information
Select
coverage
options
Display
pricing
Accept or
decline
quote

1.7 Website: Situational decisions
When a quote is offered to the customer, they have the option of either accepting or declining
the quote. As with any web application, they can also close the browser and leave the site.
The website application also integrates with the WebSphere Decision Server Event run time.
Events are generated whenever a quote is offered or rejected by Decision Server and also
when a customer accepts or declines a quote.
These events are used in the Customer Acquisition Situations project (shown as Event Rules
in Figure 1-3 on page 5) to determine customer behavior and determine what actions to take
to close a sale. Two actions that influence the customer are possible through the website:
Reminder Messages can be sent to the customer about quote offers, encouraging them to
accept the quote.
The customer can also be referred to the call center where they can obtain quotes that
cannot be provided through the website.
In the situation when a manual eligibility approval is required, an action is raised to start the
Approval process and the customer is referred to the call center to obtain the quote.
The design of stand-alone situational decisions is described in Chapter 4, “Situation
identification and response development” on page 37. This design includes how to use Event
rules to correlate and detect the responses from an individual customer across the website
and call center.
If a promotional situation is identified, the Customer Acquisition Promotions (shown as
Promotion rules in Figure 1-3 on page 5) decision is made to determine the most effective
promotion. This decision uses business rules associated with events in a Detect - Decide -
Respond pattern; it is described in Chapter 5, “Detect-Decide-Respond pattern design” on
page 59.
1.8 Call center
The call center has an interface that is similar to the website, but it is used by a call center
operator, who enters the customer details based on information received on the phone. After
the details are provided, the Eligibility decision is made, and if the customer is eligible, the
Pricing decision is made and a quote is obtained. The call center operator can also see the
result of any promotion decisions and accept the quote on behalf of the customer or reject the
quote. This situation illustrates the consistent reuse of the Eligibility and Pricing decisions
described in Chapter 3, “Decision design” on page 21.
In addition, the call center maintains a list of referrals from the website with guidance about
how to respond to those particular customers. These referrals include:
Following up a customer that is unable to obtain a quote through the website.
Providing a promotion to a desirable customer to close a sale.
Alerting about potentially fraudulent quote applications where, for example, several quotes
are requested for the same vehicle by different drivers in different states.
This capability uses the situation design principles described in Chapter 4, “Situation
identification and response development” on page 37and the Detect - Decide - Respond
patterns described in Chapter 5, “Detect-Decide-Respond pattern design” on page 59.

1.9 Underwriting approval process
The underwriting approval process is implemented using IBM Business Process Manager
(Figure 1-4).
Figure 1-4 Underwriting approval process
The approval process can be initiated in two ways:
The driver, vehicle, and coverage requirements can be implemented using a coach. This
situation occurs when WODM Insurance receives an email or paper application form
where the quote details must be manually entered into the system. This path through the
process shows how WebSphere ODM business decisions can be used within a process to
automate and improve consistency in the decision making.
Alternatively, if a quote from the website needs manual approval, the quote characteristics
already obtained from the website or call center can be retrieved and passed into
the process.
As with the website and call center, the process first starts the Decision Server Eligibility
decision. In the case of a manual Eligibility quote, the Eligibility decision is repeated to
provide the rationale to the Underwriter, even though it is already made by the website.
The process flow gateway (called “Risk?” in Figure 1-4) uses the Eligibility decision response
to route the process as follows:
An eligible response routes the process to perform the Pricing decision and notification to
the customer of a quote offer.
An ineligible response routes the process to notify the customer of an
unsuccessful application.
A manual response routes the process to Manual Application Approval.

The Manual Application Approval provides a coach that displays the characteristics of the
driver, vehicle, and cover to the underwriter together with the reason for the manual review.
Based on this information, the underwriter can approve or reject the quote application
together with a rationale for rejection.
If the underwriter tasked with the review does not respond quickly enough, the approval is
escalated to the underwriter’s manager, ensuring a fast turnaround in quote approvals. Based
on the underwriter's response, the customer is notified of their unsuccessful application or the
quote is priced and an offer is made to them.
The key design concepts of a business process and its integration with decision management
are described in Chapter 6, “Business process design with rules and events” on page 85.
1.10 Decision management and governance
The final part of the WODM Insurance solution is to use Decision Center to provide the
business with the capability to quickly change, simulate, validate, and deploy changes to the
decisions and situations of interest.
This capability is achieved by making and managing the following decisions and
situation projects:
The Data Validation rules used by the website and call center to check the fields entered
by the user.
The Eligibility decision defining the acceptable underwriting conditions and those
conditions that need manual approval.
The Pricing decision defining the pricing rules for the different insurance cover, driver, and
vehicle characteristics. This decision also shows how these pricing decisions might be
managed at a regional level, allowing different regional managers to define the pricing
rules needed for their regions while still complying with a global pricing policy.
The Customer Acquisition Situations project that detects situations where customers
might need promotions or other actions to obtain their business.
The Customer Acquisition Promotions decision that determines a personalized promotion
offer matched to each customer quote request.
The Decision lifecycle of authoring, simulating, validating, and deploying, together with the
roles and governance features to support versioning and change management, are described
in Chapter 7, “Managing decision changes across rules, events, and processes” on page 109.

Chapter 2. Development process overview
This chapter presents the high-level steps needed to develop a solution involving a collection
of business processes, with decision points implemented by business rules, and where
situations are detected and acted upon through business events.
2

2.1 Roles and responsibilities
Service-oriented architectures (SOAs) and Business Agility promise organizations the ability
to quickly adapt and optimize the way their IT solutions behave in response to changing
market conditions and thus remain competitive in the marketplace. However, the
responsibilities for defining and developing these solutions are spread across
the organization.
The responsibility for specifying and managing the business must be considered from the
point of view of different roles:
Business Analysts are responsible for specifying how the business should behave,
identifying key performance indicators (KPIs) that reflect how well the business is doing,
and defining the processes and decision points needed to manage the business.
Line of Business Users are responsible for the day to day management of the business
using the solutions. They are responsible for monitoring the KPIs and modifying the way
decisions are made to optimize the business. In a decision management solution, these
roles have responsibility for optimizing decisions to meet the business need.
End Users, such as call center operators (and to some extent, customers) are responsible
for using the solution and need to be considered from a consumability and process
efficiency perspective. In many cases, the End User role might be the subject of KPIs that
the solution is designed to support, for example, customer satisfaction or call center
response times.
The responsibility for the delivery and maintenance of these systems is usually an IT
department. These IT solutions must be developed and tested in a rigorous manner to ensure
that they are reliable, available, and meet the requirements of the business. Within this IT
department, a number of key roles can be identified:
Operational Roles have responsibility for maintaining the solutions and ensuring the
availability and performance.
Architectural Roles have responsibility for the design of the solution and ensuring that it
meets the business requirements. This responsibility includes the requirements to be able
to respond rapidly to certain changing market or business conditions.
Development and Integration Roles have responsibility for configuring the products and
building deployable solutions for operations to manage according to the
architectural designs.
2.2 Decision development lifecycles
The service development lifecycle is often used by IT departments to undertake the delivery
and maintenance of service-oriented solutions. While the details and products used to
support this lifecycle vary considerably across organizations, the key activities undertaken by
the IT roles are similar. The introduction of decision or policy management into these
solutions allows an alternative lifecycle that interacts with the service development lifecycle.
This alternative lifecycle provides the business roles with a faster means of changing the way
decisions are made and thus react quickly to the emerging market changes.

Chapter 2. Development process overview 11
These intersecting lifecycles are shown in Figure 2-1.
Figure 2-1 Intersecting lifecycles for service development and business decision management
When considering the design and development of solutions that use decision management
capabilities, such as those provided in WebSphere ODM, consider both of these intersecting
development lifecycles and the conditions under which changes in one lifecycle imply
changes to artifacts managed in the other lifecycle.
The service lifecycle defines how decisions are exposed as decision services and integrated
into the solution environment. This decision service definition then provides an initial
definition of the decisions that can be managed by the business. Often, this initial design is
undertaken by both Business and IT resulting in a set of deployed decision services and an
initial set of rules that implement the decisions to be managed.
This initial service lifecycle is undertaken mostly by IT and is usually a relatively slow lifecycle
to ensure that all the software quality testing is undertaken. Providing changes to or new
decisions for the solution usually implies that the decision rules and vocabulary that realize
that decision need to be revised.
The decision lifecycle defines how the business defines and manages the decisions that
implement those decision services. After the decision service and associated vocabulary is
defined, changes to the way the decision is made can be made faster (and ideally) by Line of
Business Users. In this lifecycle, the Business Users can rapidly change the rules, simulate
them, deploy them and thus deliver the business agility needed.
However, there are some cases when the changes to the decisions cannot be
accommodated simply by changing the rules. A new decision might be needed or the
vocabulary might need to be extended. In this case, a new decision service must be
undertaken, resulting in a new version of the decision services being deployed and a new set
of decisions available for the Line of Business Users to manage. This situation implies that
the longer IT driven service lifecycle must be undertaken before those decision changes can
be deployed.
Having summarized the interactions between these lifecycles, the phases and main activities
in the lifecycles are described in the following sections.
Service
Lifecycle
Decision
Lifecycle
Define
Update
Measure
Deploy
Model
Manage
Deploy
Assemble
New decision point / situation defined
Decision signature or information model changed
Dependent decision provider rework
Exposed interface to the decision modified.
Dependent decision consumer rework

2.2.1 Service lifecycle
The service lifecycle describes how the interfaces to the decisions are designed and exposed
to the solution applications and processes. The emphasis is on how these decisions are
exposed as services whose signatures are governed and managed as part of the software
development lifecycle.
These interfaces represent the decision services and thus the identification of decisions, the
input and output parameters, and the associated vocabulary. Relating these items to a
centralized SOA Governance capability ensures that control over the purpose of these
decisions and their role in the overall business solution is maintained. It also provides a
common mechanism for discovering and sharing these decision services across
the organization.
The versioning strategy for decisions in regard to the decision interface and endpoints
available externally must be considered and aligned with any solution BPM governance and
snapshot strategy. This situation ensures that the decision service definitions are used
consistently in the business processes and solutions.
The phases and activities undertaken by the various roles are summarized here:
Model
The Business Analyst and Architect work together to identify the processes and their
activities, the decision points, and their role in the solution and the situations of interest to
the business. This phase is then further decomposed to identify the business information
needed to make any decisions together with how that decision is used in the solution.
The situation characteristics and initial responses are elaborated and the KPIs used to
assess how well the decisions are performing. Simulation scenarios are defined based on
the expected business requirements and the KPIs evaluated. These simulations can be
used to optimize the information needed and the basic rules needed to meet the
initial requirements.
Assemble
The Architect works with Rule and Integration developers to develop the decision service
implementations and integrate them into the solutions. This situation includes elaborating
the vocabularies and business objects used in the rules and providing an initial set of rules
to realize the decisions. The decisions and situations are integrated into the solution
according to the decision service signatures agreed and the events and actions available
in the solution.
This phase might be iterative until a satisfactory solution is achieved. Test cases are
developed to ensure that the decisions and situation rules can be modified safely without
breaking the integration and thus their role in the solution.
Deploy
In this phase, the IT development organization hands over to the operational department
and the processes, decisions, and situations are deployed as part of the solution.
Although the development organization deployed the services to development
environments, this deployment phase deploys to environments such as QA and Staging
before deploying to the final production environment.

Manage
In this phase, the processes, services, decisions, and situations are all operating as part
of the solution and the KPIs agreed are being monitored by the LOB Users in dashboards.
The LOB roles with responsibility for decision management examine the KPIs and the
ways the decisions are performing to ensure that the wanted business goals are being
met. If the business is not operating optimally, they use the Decision lifecycle to simply
modify the way the decision is made. It is only when significant changes are required that
they need to instruct IT to modify the decisions and perform another iteration of the
decision service lifecycle. This iteration should be undertaken using the existing SOA
Governance practices.
2.2.2 Decision lifecycle
The decision lifecycle describes how the business can change the way decisions are made,
the way situations are identified, or the actions that are taken in response to situations being
identified. The decision services and vocabulary is fixed within this lifecycle, as is the way
each decision is used in the solution.
The business can extend the rules within the boundaries of the existing vocabulary and
change the way the information and patterns are interpreted and responded to. As with the
Decision Service lifecycle, a number of phases are described. These phases are summarized
in the following list, and the activities are described in more detail in Chapter 7, “Managing
decision changes across rules, events, and processes” on page 109:
Define
This phase is undertaken between the Business Analyst and the Architect when the
decision definition overlaps with the decision service lifecycle. In the case of a policy
change or decision lifecycle iteration, the extent of the changes required need to be
evaluated to determine whether the change can be accommodated simply by changing
the decision.
This phase also includes simulation to ensure that the changes deliver the improvement in
KPIs that are required. If the decision interface and vocabulary need to be modified, this
action has an impact on the solution and another cycle of the service lifecycle is required.
Deploy
This phase is undertaken by the Operational department and should include checking the
validity of rules changed in the decisions and running the test suites to make sure that the
new rules do not introduce any unpredicted behavior. After this validation is performed,
the decision implementations are deployed through the various environments (for
example, QA and Staging) to ensure validity before deploying to the
Production environment.
It is important to point out that this deployment is for changes to the rules in response to
the business and does not need to involve development. The initial version of the rules is
deployed by development with the decision services and part of the decision
service lifecycle.
Measure
This phase is undertaken by the LOB Users observing the decisions made and the KPIs
through dashboards and ensuring that the business is running optimally. Usage of the
decision warehouse can help you understand what is actually happening in the business
and identify those decisions that are working well and those decisions that need to
be improved.

Update
This phase is undertaken by the Business Analyst or LOB User who needs to have
sufficient understanding of the way the decisions are made to be able to modify them to
improve the performance. The output of this phase is a set of current KPI measurements
and target KPI goals for the next iteration, version, or baseline of the decision lifecycle.
Further details of the decision lifecycle are described in Chapter 7, “Managing decision
changes across rules, events, and processes” on page 109.
The remainder of this chapter describes key aspects of the decision service lifecycle that
need to be considered to realize decisions.
2.3 Process development
In many cases, the solution design can be obtained by an analysis of the current activities
and processes being undertaken by the business. This analysis leads to identification of
decision points, situations of interest (exceptions and escalations), and other important
pieces of information. Process analysis is not the subject of this paper, but considerations for
integrating decision management into business processes are described in Chapter 6,
“Business process design with rules and events” on page 85, including:
Making decisions from within processes
Initiating a process as a result of an action or in response to a situation
Raising an event to be used in the assessment of a situation across processes or systems
2.4 Decision point development
Identification of key decision points across the solution is crucial to the whole decision
development. This topic is described in Chapter 3, “Decision design” on page 21and is
applicable to decision use across solutions, processes, or situations (events). A key part of
this development is the identification of the information used in the decisions. This analysis is
similar but different for processes, decisions, and situations, so a comparison of the
information modeling is described in 2.6, “Decision information models and vocabulary” on
page 15.
2.5 Situation identification and response development
The activities are still emerging for the identification of situations and how to respond to them.
There are many similarities with identification of decisions, so we do not define the situation
development activities in detail. Instead, we identify some of the key integration patterns for
situation identification and response in Chapter 4, “Situation identification and response
development” on page 37and then describe how to combine situations and decisions into a
Detect - Decide - Respond paradigm in Chapter 5, “Detect-Decide-Respond pattern design”
on page 59.

2.6 Decision information models and vocabulary
Before any form of decision making can be undertaken, the information about which the
decision is to be based must be identified. This identification is an iterative process and
involves a good understanding of the solution and the information being processed by
that solution.
A starting point is to identify the concepts or types of object that are processed by the
solution. In the WODM Insurance solution, the concepts of Driver, Vehicle, and Coverage
Request can immediately be seen as useful concepts. Each of these object types has a set of
characteristics that is used by the solution or decision making, although different parts of the
solution might have different perspectives of these concepts and require different
characteristics to be defined, such as:
The solution needs a driver’s address to send out quote policies
The decision making component is interested in a driver’s age
The event processing component is interested in other quotes that the driver requested
The approval process needs to know a driver’s identifier to ensure that approvals are
applied to the correct quotes.
It is therefore important to identify a common business terminology that can be used across
the solution, Rules, Events, and Process tools. This terminology includes the naming,
verbalization, and characterization of decisions, situations, and actions, and aligning business
object types across rules events and processes. This situation does not imply that a single
representation must be used for these information models. However, you have better
interoperability and achieve a common understanding between business and IT (and the
different tools that support them) if you follow the recommended practices described in this
section.
2.6.1 Business object definitions
This section describes the characteristics of business objects and how they are represented
across the Rules, Events, and Processes. When identifying the information needed for these
decisions, it is the business objects and the fields that describe them that are important. This
capability is available across the different tools, but the manner in which it is implemented
is different.
Table 2-1 shows the different characteristics of the information model and how it may be
represented in the different tools.
Table 2-1 Information model characteristics
Characteristic Rules Events PD IBM Integration
Designer / Schema
Class representing
a type of object
Business Class
with natural
language
verbalizations
and
descriptions
Only
available as
shared
objects
currently
Data ->
Business
Object
representing a
type of
business object
xsd:ComplexType

Although it might be convenient to have a single representation, it is important to recognize
that the different types of processing actually require different sorts of information models.
Decisions usually use rich information models based on deep hierarchies of classes or types
of objects meant to provide a detailed factual context for the decision. The more refined the
decision is, the more information it requires to be established. Decisions are provided with the
full context that they need to render the decision and do not retrieve additional information
after they are started (for a more detailed explanation, see 3.6, “Decision integration” on
page 33). The decision response can also require a complex model. For example, a complex
eligibility decision might return a list of alternative coverage quotes, potentially upselling the
prospect with additional coverage, or other types of insurance, such as home, life, and so on.
Object or instance
of a class
representing a
named concept of
relevance to the
business
Variable or
Decision
parameter of
type Business
Class
A Business
Object
Variable xsd:Element
Fields Attributes
referencing
simple types or
Business
Classes
Field
available in
Business
Objects. Can
reference
only simple
types
Parameters
referencing
simple types or
Business
Objects
xsd:Element
Scope allowing the
same names to be
resolved within a
single solution
Package Package None namespace/prefix
Name (nls) -
allowing the
business to refer to
the characteristic in
a business like form
Verbalization of
classes,
variables, and
attributes
Verbalization
of business
objects and
their fields
No
Description -
allowing the
semantic meaning
of the characteristic
to be understood
Available for
Classes and
attributes and
can be defined
for multiple
languages
Available for
objects and
fields in a
single
language
Available for
business
objects, and
parameters in
the language of
definition
Available through the
use of annotations
Field cardinality
defining how
collections of
objects or primitives
can be handled
Field cardinality
constraints and
verbalization for
handling
collections of
field values
Single
cardinality at
a field level
although
objects can
be collections
Field cardinality
supported
Complex type
cardinality constraints
on field elements
Characteristic Rules Events PD IBM Integration
Designer / Schema

Events consider patterns of objects and usually need an array of objects of the same
structure. The fields are a subset that is used to determine the pattern, which means that they
should not be complex types (classes) or collections of values. Key fields should be added
that either:
Allow the objects to be correlated (for example, a Vehicle Identification Number allowing
different quotes for the same vehicle to be associated)
Allow other processing to augment the concept fields with information not provided in the
event (for example, having a quote ID that can retrieve information from a database).
Often, the keys from different objects need to be brought together to identify the patterns, so
a quote might include a driver’s full name, a Vehicle Identification Number, and quote ID fields
which allows identification to be based on different contexts. The nature of event processing
is that many objects must be held in memory at the same time, so wherever possible, the size
of the objects (number of fields) should be minimized.
Processes tend to have little emphasis on information, but focus on the sequence of activities
to be performed. Information that is added by those activities may be stored in databases or
in some cases stored in process state variables. Similarly, information presented to users
participating in activities are retrieved from databases or other services based on some key
process state variables.
For example, when processing a quote approval, it might be adequate to simply maintain the
quote ID of the quote. When an activity is undertaken, the subset of fields appropriate to that
activity can be obtained from the database, the activity undertaken, and the results stored
back to the database.
When integrating systems using this approach, the requirement is then about mapping or
augmenting the fields that are required from the fields that are provided. This capability can
easily be provided by ESB mediations or is often provided as a core capability of individual
products. In WebSphere ODM event processing, event object fields can be mapped to
business object fields directly or by using JavaScript functions. Process Designer web service
integrations have mapping tables that allow the web service parameters to be mapped into
process variables for the duration of an activity.
These different perspectives mean that attempts to unify the information model often result in
failure. The approaches often used within SOA start with a data dictionary that defines the
concepts and ways that they are expressed. They also describe the fields or characteristics to
be associated with each concept. This situation does not mandate that every representation
uses every field, but it does provide a basis for using common terminology when creating the
system-specific concepts.
2.6.2 Business object field primitives
Software technologies often provide an extensive number of ways of representing
information, especially the simple fields. In practice, there are a few primitive types that can
support most of the business requirements.

Table 2-2 describes the preferred primitive types in use and the recommended subset to
avoid the extensive mapping required for the individual fields.
Table 2-2 Information model field primitives
By using these field primitives, mapping of field values can often be undertaken automatically
by the products. This situation means that the mapping can concentrate on selecting the
fields that need to be included in the particular representation.
2.6.3 Domains and enumerations
Many information models can be built on the class and field constructs described earlier.
However, many information models require that only a limited range of values be used in a
field. This set of values is often termed an enumeration or domain. In the WODM Insurance
scenario, domains are used to represent many different fields, including the type of vehicle
(Sedan, Coupe, Pickup, and so on) or the type of coverage (comprehensive, liability, and so
on). Although the values in these domains might be fairly static, other domains might be much
more likely to change. Examples of this change could include vehicle makes and models or
even product classification systems.
These domain values usually have representations used in the solution and definitions for
what the value actually means. This meaning is important when making decisions, so
individual values often have a verbalization, allowing rules to compare the field value to
detect the condition intended by the rule author.
Domains normally reflect a range of possible values that may be used in the solution, which
usually has checks to ensure that only the values in the domain are handled correctly. As new
domains values are added, the solution provides the means to make sure that the solution
can handle those values.
Decisions that are made based on those values now need to be modified to reflect the
responses for the new values. This management of domain updates in decision management
is an important feature that needs to be considered in the information model. WebSphere
ODM does support various techniques for updating domain values, but it is often difficult to
maintain domain values across different system boundaries.
2.6.4 Variables
In the previous sections, we described the general structure of an information model and how
the characteristics of its concepts can be described. This description does not provide
information about the context or role of the concept in the solution or decision being made.
Type Rules Events PD IBM Integration
Designer /
Schema
String String String String xsd:string
Integer Integer Integer Integer xsd:int
Real Double Double Decimal xsd:double
Boolean Boolean Boolean Boolean xsd:boolean
Date Date DateTime Date xsd:date
Time Time DateTime Time xsd:dateTime

This context is defined by giving a concept a name or by defining a variable that describes
that particular concept.
In the WODM Insurance solution, a quote could refer to multiple drivers. The context must
distinguish between:
The driver applying for the quote
The main driver for a vehicle
The set of drivers for a vehicle
Providing named variables similar to these items makes the context far clearer when writing
rules for decisions.
Variables are used in a similar manner for correlating the patterns of events. In this case, a
variable holds a sequence of objects (of the same type, such as Quote) associated with
Events from the same context (for example, the main Driver full name).
When considering the analysis of decisions and the solution business performance, it is
important to define KPIs. These KPIs must have a context that defines what they are a
measure of, so they are examples of the use of variables in the information model.
Putting these recommendations together:
Variables should be used to identify concepts of interest in the solution or decision
making, such as the main driver.
The variables should represent a certain type of object, such as a driver.
The fields associated with the type of object should be defined in a data dictionary to
ensure consistent interpretation.
Each system representation of a variable should use the fields needed.
System variable fields should avoid complex types and arrays where possible.
Care should be taken when considering the use of domains for field values to ensure that
the values are interpreted correctly across the systems and can be extended when the
domains are updated.

Chapter 3. Decision design
This chapter describes how to use the business rule modeling and execution capabilities of
WebSphere ODM to build complex decision services. These decision services look at the
context of information submitted by an application and determine what should be the
response to that context according to an established business policy.
The approach is to create a model of the business context that gathers all of the necessary
pieces of information that are needed to:
Make the decision.
Decompose the overall decision process into a set or organized substeps.
Define each substep as a set of business rules that, when applicable in the context of
information, enriches that context with new information that contributes to the
final decision.
In WebSphere ODM, decisions are implemented by rule sets that are deployed to the Rule
Execution Server. Decision services can then be constructed that request the execution of the
decision on the Rule Execution Server.
3

3.1 Identifying business decisions
Decisions that can be implemented through business rules emerge from the application
requirements or the business process maps at the time labels or high-level descriptions are
applied to the different activities of the solution. Descriptions that use an action verb, such as
determine, check, calculate, evaluate, decide, and so on, that are applied to business objects
typically indicate the potential for a decision point.
Examples from the WODM Insurance scenario are the Validate quote request data,
Determine driver eligibility, and Compute quote pricing descriptions that appear in the
high-level design of either the Insurance website or the call center application.
Rule-based decisions are made using a stateless context of information. This context of
information should be complete before the decision is made and represents a snapshot of a
business situation at a certain time. This decision contrasts with event-based decisions that
yield their outcome from observing the evolution of context-based information over time.
Decisions interface with the outside world through a set of input and output parameters.
Decisions are invoked synchronously, with the caller waiting for the decision outcome before
proceeding (for more information, see 3.6, “Decision integration” on page 33). You are free to
process requests asynchronously (for example, using a message driven bean) to efficiently
perform tasks such as batch processing.

Chapter 3. Decision design 23
The outcome of a decision is a combination of flags and computed values, which result in a
set of actions taken on the side of the decision maker:
A flag returned by a decision influences the flow of the application code or the business
process. In the latter case, the activity that makes the decision is directly followed by a
gateway in the process map. The Data Validation and Eligibility determination fall in this
category (see the Check Eligibility activity in Figure 3-1).
A value computed by a decision is assigned to an attribute of one of the application or
process business objects. In the context of a business process, a decision that computes
a value may not be followed by a gateway, but the returned value directly participates in
the result of the business transaction. The Pricing determination of the WODM Insurance
scenario falls in this category (see the Calculate Pricing activity in Figure 3-1).
Figure 3-1 Decision points in the business process
Decisions commonly involve knowledge that belongs to business subject matter experts
(SMEs). Looking for human tasks that are followed by a gateway in a business process is a
good way to identify decision points. These decisions can be split into a straight-through
processing component that defers to business rules, and an exception component that
handles complex cases involving human expertise. As the decision point is better understood
and the set of rules is extended, the proportion of cases addressed by the rules versus the
one that should be addressed manually is growing.
Decisions are characterized by:
Their complexity: A valuable business decision represents a complex business operation.
This operation commonly involving hundreds of rules organized in a number of functional
subtasks that might involve the participation of several business departments and cover
multiple business dimensions, such as geographies, channels, products, and so on.

The large amount of context data they need to execute:
– As a corollary of the decision complexity and because it needs to make fine-grained
inferences based on many business dimensions (the channels, geography, and so on),
the decision rules need extensive information about the business situation it is
examining. The more context information about the borrower’s credit history or the line
items of the insurance claim is provided to the decision maker, the more accurate and
powerful the decision can be.
– Reference data: Decisions involving the validation of a business artifact often need a
catalog of prototypes and constraints to perform the validation process (for example,
the list of phones or calling plan available for a zip code).
The volatility of their definition: The definition of business policies changes often,
motivated by competitive or regulatory factors coming from outside the enterprise, or by
the needs to address new business situations (extend the decision footprint) or existing
situations (improve the decision quality).
Based on the first two characteristics, the business rules components embedded in BPM
platforms are not suited to define and manage complex business decisions. The data that is
passed through the activities of a business process is not detailed enough to make
complex decisions.
Also, externalizing decisions to a decision management system allows users to:
Agree on common terminology and vocabularies that can be used for decision making
across applications and business processes. This situation makes the decision rules
understandable and accessible across the organization.
Make the decisions reusable across applications and business processes. As more
business processes are automated and applications are modernized, common decision
services are identified and can be shared through a decision management system. This
situation is the case in the Web Quote application, where the Eligibility and Pricing
operations are shared by the website and the call center. Decisions are commonly
encapsulated and exposed as web services, which allows easy reusability and integration.
Clearly decouple the lifecycle and the governance of the decisions from the lifecycle of the
application or business process. Indeed, the motivations and the stakeholders that drive
changes in the decisions are different from the aims of processes. Also, decision changes
(business policy, market shifts, new regulatory requirements, and so on) tend to be more
frequent than application or process changes.
During the decision point identification process, although the details of the data that are
needed as input to the decision are often unclear and incomplete, the outcome of the decision
should be well-defined, as it directly influences the continuation of the application or business
process execution. The precise input needed by the decision is determined while harvesting
the business rules and building the business object model, as described in 3.2, “Defining the
domain of discourse for the rules” on page 24.
3.2 Defining the domain of discourse for the rules
After the set of decision points needed by the solution is decided, the Rule Projects that
provide the implementation of the different decisions can be created. The starting point for the
development of a Rule Project is to identify the conceptual object model that supports the
representation of the context data for the decision and also captures the decision response.

The discovery and organization of the conceptual object model is an activity that is
concomitant with the harvesting of some initial business rules that apply to it. Harvesting rules
prompts the definition of the business terms and facts that are needed to structure the object
model. Conversely, structuring the terms and facts in an object model has an impact on how
the rules are eventually written.
It is a best practice to define the conceptual object model as a UML class model. This action
facilitates the iterative design that is bound to occur during the early phases of the model
construction, and also makes the design task more approachable and manageable by a
business analyst.
In the WODM Insurance application, the three decisions rely on a common object model
because all the business rules revolve around the context of an AutoQuoteRequest. The
model is organized hierarchically, based on the concepts illustrated in Figure 3-2.
Figure 3-2 AutoQuoteRequest model
The conceptual object model should be designed to accommodate two (often conflicting)
characteristics: Cover all the details needed to make the decision while staying
understandable to the business users. Therefore, the model can end up being large and
complex, and it must be instrumented and adapted for the business users.
In most cases, the object model acted upon by a rule-based decision is much larger and
demands more details than the business objects that are managed by the business process
or the events.

Conversely, the object model is much less complex than industry standard models such as
ACORD and MISMO, which tend to be all encompassing and are better suited to exchange
information across systems or enterprise boundaries.
3.2.1 Tailoring the model for the business users
After a first workable version of the conceptual model is available, it can be transformed into
an eXecution Object Model (XOM), which is a set of Java classes or an XML Schema. If a
UML tool is used to design the conceptual object model, this transformation is
straightforward. The XOM represents the model of the data that is passed to the decision
when it is executed. The rules are applied to this model.
To make the rule writing activity intuitive for the Business Users, a Business Object Model
(BOM) is built on top of the XOM. The BOM allows you to associate verbalizations with
classes, attributes, and methods from the XOM. It also allows you to mask elements from the
XOM that are technical and are not directly relevant to rule authoring, and it allows you to add
some business terms to the BOM that are derived from the combination of attributes and
operations from the XOM.
Using in Rule Designer, A BOM in a Rule Project is defined by someone in an IT role or a
business analyst with enough technical background and experience in
object-oriented modeling.
In the AutoQuoteResponse BOM class example shown in Figure 3-3, the
GlobalAdjustmentsList and the MessagesList attributes come from the associated
AutoQuoteResponse XSD complex type, which carries back the outcome of the response to
the decision.
Figure 3-3 AutoQuoteResponse BOM class structure
However, these attributes are not directly relevant to the business person who writes the
pricing rule. The business person wants to be able to “add a dollar adjustment” or “add a
percent adjustment” to the quote while adding a justification for doing so.

The BOM editor of Rule Designer empowers you to:
Make placeholders that are not directly relevant to the business (for example,
GlobalAdjustmentList and MessageList) invisible by not verbalizing them (Figure 3-4).
Attributes that do not need to be used in rule project artifacts should not be part of the
BOM. Attributes that are in the BOM, but not verbalized, can be used in technical artifacts,
such as functions or technical rules, which are written against the structure of the
BOM classes.
Create business level actions (addDollarAdjustment and addPercentAdjustment) that use
underlying XOM class placeholders (Figure 3-5).
Figure 3-4 Not verbalizing attributes that are not needed by the business rule authors
Figure 3-5 Creating business level operations in the BOM
Deep hierarchies of classes in the XOM may lead to complex expressions being needed in
business rules. One role of the BOM is to simplify terminology. For example, a driver could
have an Address type field with a State field. This situation means that rules that make
decisions based on the state of residence would need to be expressed as:
If the state of the address of the driver is “CA” then…
This situation can be confusing, so in the BOM representation of the driver, you could include
a state of residence virtual field that leads to more understandable rules, such as:
If the driver resides in “CA” then…

3.2.2 Sharing a common model across decisions
Because all the decisions in the WODM Insurance application are using the same BOM, a
common rule project named AutoInsuranceQuotingBOM is dedicated to the BOM definition,
and does not contain any rules. See Figure 3-6.
Figure 3-6 Common insurance BOM isolated in a rule project
The three rule projects that correspond to our three decisions reference this BOM project so
that they can use it in the definition of the rule artifacts. Figure 3-7 shows the reference from
the Eligibility rule project to the AutoInsuranceQuotingBOM project.
Figure 3-7 Sharing the common BOM through a project reference

The project organization is shown in Figure 3-8.
Figure 3-8 Shared BOM
In the WODM Insurance application, the common BOM includes the model for the outcome of
the three decisions. The class ValidationResponse is associated with the DataValidation
decision, the class EligibilityResponse with Eligibility, and the class AutoQuoteResponse with
Pricing.
The BOM can be composed of multiple BOM entries, and you could have:
Excluded the classes ValidationResponse, EligibilityResponse, and AutoQuoteResponse
from the BOM defined by the AutoInsuranceQuotingBOM project.
Defined a BOM entry in each of the decision project, containing only the response class
relevant to that decision.
The goal of this practice is obviously to place exactly the set of concept and operations where
they belong and the benefit is to not bother the business user with concepts and operations
that are irrelevant to a specific decision.
AutoInsuranceQuotingBOM
DataValidation Eligibility Pricing

The resulting design is shown in Figure 3-9.
Figure 3-9 Shared BOM with local BOM entries extensions
3.3 Establishing the decision signature
After the Business Object Model is defined, the decision signature is established by defining
the interface of the decision to the outside world. That is, what data does the decision need as
input and what data it returns as the output of the decision. This interface is defined by the
ruleset parameters associated with the rule project (Figure 3-10).
The type of the ruleset parameters is drawn from the set of classes defined in the BOM.
Therefore, part of the XOM and BOM design activities is to plan for classes that are used as
input and output parameters.
Figure 3-10 Pricing project ruleset parameters
AutoInsuranceQuotingBOM
DataValidation Eligibility Pricing

As described in 3.1, “Identifying business decisions” on page 22, the outcome of a decision is
usually a collection of flags or computed values, often completed by a collection of messages
that gives insight into the reasons for the decision. It is then the responsibility of the invoker to
process the flags and use the computed values as needed.
For example, the DataValidation and Eligibility decisions focus is on determining a flag value,
which is reflected in their output parameters, the Validated and the Eligible flags. See
Figure 3-11and Figure 3-12.
Figure 3-11 DataValidation output parameter
Figure 3-12 Eligibility output parameter
3.4 Decomposing the decision and orchestrating the subtasks
A complex decision is composed of multiple substeps. So, before you create individual rules,
you need to model the decomposition of the decision into substeps and organize the
sequencing of the substeps through a flow.
Each substep is usually a group of rules that revolve around a common business criterion.
For example, the Eligibility decision performs a group of validations based on the driver’s age,
one based on the driver’s perceived risk, and one based on the concept of profile, which is
the aggregation of multiple characteristics of the driver. The resulting groups are defined as
rule packages (Figure 3-13).
Figure 3-13 Rule packages decomposition
The next step is to place the functional groups of rules into a sequence using a rule flow.

For decisions that perform a validation such as Eligibility, the common rule flow pattern
(Figure 3-14) is a cascade of rule tasks associated with a rule package, in which, after each
task, the value of the output flag is tested. If the task detects an invalid state, the execution
terminates; otherwise, it continues to the next group of validations.
Figure 3-14 Eligibility rule flow
For decisions that perform a computation, such as Pricing, the rule flow is decomposed into a
set of tasks that represent the different steps of the computation (Base Premium, Local
Adjustments, and Global Adjustments for Pricing). There is also some branching that
determines which of the steps are needed for the request context.
3.5 Authoring business rules
With the decomposition and orchestration of the different steps of the decision in place, the
individual business rules can now be specified in the rule package they belong to. Rule
authoring is performed by the Business users using the Decision Center.
The business rules are written to recognize a pattern in the context of information provided to
the decision. When the pattern is recognized by the rule conditions, a set of actions is applied
by the rule.
Although the actions can correspond to an arbitrary snippet of code, they usually assign or
update the value of an attribute that contributes to the decision response. The goal of the
Eligibility decision, for example, decides whether the insurance application should be
accepted or rejected. By default, the application’s eligibility flag is set to “Eligible” and the goal
of the rules is to recognize the conditions under which the application is “Ineligible” (or should
go through a manual review process) and mark it as such.

The simplest metaphor to express a rule is an Action Rule, which is a simple if-then entity.
Figure 3-15 shows an example of such as rule in the context of the Eligibility decision, which
rejects the application for a driver who is too young. This rule belongs to the Age Check rule
task defined in the rule flow.
Figure 3-15 Action rule definition
The rule action is designed to set the eligibility flag of the application to Ineligible and record
an explanation message. Its verbalization, defined through the Business Object Model,
makes its intent clear to the Business user.
When multiple rules share a template of conditions and actions, they can be grouped in a
more concise metaphor, which is the decision table, such as the one shown in Figure 3-16.
This decision table belongs to the Profile rule task defined in the rule flow.
Figure 3-16 Decision table definition
3.6 Decision integration
A ruleset encapsulates the rule artifacts that compose a decision. A ruleset is extracted from
a rule project and its dependencies, and is associated with a RuleApp, which can group
multiple rulesets. In the WODM Insurance example, a single RuleApp groups all the decisions
used in the solution, that is, the decisions used for underwriting (Data Validation, Eligibility,
and Pricing) and decisions made in reaction to identified situations
(CustomerAcqusitionPromotions). After the RuleApp entity is deployed to the Rule Execution
Server, the decisions are available for invocation.

A common way to expose a decision to potential clients is through a decision web service. A
complex business decision usually requires a significant amount of context information to be
properly executed and automated. There is often a relationship between the amount of
information that is made available to the decision rules and the accuracy of the decision, and
the extent of the business situations it can address.
For example, in a first approach to the decision implementation, you can decide that having
only the number of accidents and tickets of a driver available for the rules is enough to decide
the driver’s eligibility for a quote.
This situation is the case of the rules for the Eligibility decision of the WODM Insurance
application when assessing whether a driver presents high risks. However, you might realize
that this approach yields a crude decision that ends up routing many quote requests to the
manual review process.
You can later decide to refine the decision and use a more precise snapshot of the driver risk,
such as a Motor Vehicle Report (MVR), which provides a detailed history of the driver’s
tickets, with dates and severity. This refinement empowers you to write more discriminating
business rules. These actions are a part of the iterative and incremental approach to the
development of a business decision, which starts with a simplified version and incrementally
adds the handling of more cases.
One direct consequence of this incremental approach is from the decision web service design
point of view. Although the definition of the interface is stable over time, the definitions of the
ruleset parameters evolve as the footprint and the complexity of the decision increases. We
must enrich the data that is received by the decision web service to execute the rules.
This enrichment cannot be performed from within the ruleset execution, as best practices of
rule execution dictate that the rule engine should not perform any outside system call during
its execution. Using this best practice avoids having a rule engine instance idling while
waiting for the external system call to complete.
Enrichment should thus be performed before the invocation of the ruleset execution, through
for example, call to data services within the implementation of a custom web-service. As a
result, the WSDL of the custom web service that provides the decision operations is stable,
referencing mostly business object keys and light context information, while the data needed
for the ruleset parameters is gathered by the service operation.
We can initially use the Hosted Transparent Decision Service (HTDS) deployment facility of
the Rule Execution Server to quickly make the decision services available to their consumers.
The HTDS can then be replaced by a custom web service that is enriching the data provided
by the service input before performing the ruleset invocation.
3.7 Roles, responsibilities, and decision development lifecycle
The initial development of a business rules based decision is the shared responsibility of
three main roles:
The Business Policy Manager is the source for the business rules and the business terms.
This person is responsible for describing the intent of the business policy, the different
business dimensions involved, the KPIs against which the decision can be measured, and
how the policy is decomposed down to the rules level. This person is also responsible for
providing concrete scenarios that can be run through the rules.

The Business Policy Analyst is responsible for establishing and organizing the business
terms into a usable business object model, and harvesting, analyzing, and classifying the
rules. This person plays the central role in defining the BOM, capturing the rule flow and a
characteristic sample of rules that goes in each task of the flow.
The IT Developer is responsible for establishing the infrastructure of the rule project and
enriching the XOM or BOM with utility functions to support business operation. This
person is also in charge of preparing the decision for integration, implementing, for
example, the decision services that are exposed.
The Business Policy Analyst has a pivotal role in the development of the decision. This
person works with the Business Process Analyst for the identification of the decision point.
After the decision points and their interfaces are agreed upon, the Business Policy Analyst
can work with minimal need for synchronization with the business process development
cycle.
The Business Policy Analysts provide the IT Developer with the requirements for the rule
project instrumentation (for example, changes to the rule model, dynamic domains,
vocabulary extensions, and so on) to best support rule authoring from a business point
of view.
The overall development of the decision follows an agile and iterative approach. The best
such approach is captured by the Agile Business Rules Development process described in
detail in Agile Business Rule Development: Process, Architecture, and JRules Examples by
Boyer, et al.

A high-level view of this process is presented in Figure 3-17.
Figure 3-17 Agile Business Rules Development (ABRD) process
This process is characterized by a decomposition in a sequence of phases (Harvesting and
Prototyping typically lasts for one week each, Building for two weeks, and Enhancing long
enough to arrive to a complete version of the decision). Each phase includes iterations for a
set of activities, with a goal to deliver a workable set of rules (on paper for the Harvesting
phase, then in Rule Designer for Prototyping and Building, and eventually in Decision Center
for Enhancing).
Rule
Discovery
Rule
Analysis
Rule
Discovery
Rule
Analysis
Rule
Authoring
Rule
Discovery
Rule
Analysis
Rule
Authoring
Rule
Validation
Rule
Deployment
Rule
Deployment
Rule
Authoring
Rule
Validation
Harvesting
Partial Rule Set
PrototypingBuildingIntegratingEnhancing

Chapter 4. Situation identification and
response development
This chapter describes how to use the event processing capabilities of WebSphere ODM to
identify specific situations of interest based on events from a broad range of applications and
sources. It also describes how to create actions that make the solution respond to those
situations in the wanted manner.
This decision logic is defined in Event Projects, which are initially created by IT Architects and
developers. After the events, actions, data connector, and business objects are defined and
verbalized, Business Users can write event rules and event rule groups that define the
situations of interest and the appropriate actions to take in those situations.
4

4.1 Situations and events
Before describing the design approach, it is worth describing the relationship between a
situation and an event. An event is usually a measurable physical occurrence that can be
represented as a message in the solution. In the WODM Insurance solution, we use events to
define discrete system or customer occurrences, such as offering, accepting, or rejecting
a quote.
Conversely, a situation is not directly measurable. It defines a set of circumstances that might
arise in the solution. It is this defined pattern that makes it useful to the business, as the
business can use rules to define both:
When that situation is deemed to occur
The appropriate action to take when it does occur
The approach taken in WebSphere ODM is to correlate related events to build up a stateful
context over time and then use event rules to make a decision based on that stateful context
to determine the course of action to take. This Detect - Respond paradigm is the basis for
defining event rules described in this section.
In some cases, it is useful to split this paradigm into two parts. The first part correlates related
events to build up a stateful context over time and then uses event rules to simply identify a
situation. The situation is represented as a special action that is immediately injected back
into the event processing as a synthetic event. Whenever a situation is identified, there is an
event that occurs that can be used to trigger the response that is required. After the situation
is identified in this way, another set of event rules may determine the course of action to take
whenever the situation occurs.
This chapter describes a recommended set of steps to design an event project that delivers
this situational decision making behavior.
4.2 Defining situations of interest
A recommended starting point for an Event Project is for the business users to identify the
initial business situations that are of interest in the solutions. This action determines the
events that need to be considered and the actions that are required to respond to those
situations. The definition and integration of the situations as synthetic events is undertaken by
an IT Architect or Developer role working in Event Designer to meet the specifications
provided by the Business User.
In the WODM Insurance scenario, there are two major situations of interest to the business:
Multichannel customers represents those customers that seem keen to buy insurance and
have looked for the best price on both the website and call center. If these customers can
be encouraged to use a new multichannel insurance policy, support costs would be lower
and a discount can be offered to encourage them to buy.
Customer acquisition represents those situations where a good customer prospect (low
risk with a potential revenue stream) seems to be leaving or rejecting the quotes. In these
situations, WODM Insurance can offer a personalized promotion that is tailored to the
customer quote request to encourage the customer to close the deal.

Chapter 4. Situation identification and response development 39
Each situation of interest can be captured as a synthetic event in Event Designer, if an action
that can be invoked to identify that the situation occurred and an event can be used to trigger
the response to the situation. Figure 4-1 shows the initial representation of these situations in
Event Designer.
Figure 4-1 Situation definition in Event Designer as synthetic events
To allow the situation to be used easily by a Business User in their event rules, a natural
language verbalization is provided (Figure 4-2).
Figure 4-2 Situation verbalization
At this stage, the situations are conceptual and the design needs to concentrate on the
information needed to represent and identify the situation. This process is undertaken
through business objects.
4.3 Identifying business objects and the correlation context
The basis for identifying situations is to correlate related but different events and recognize
the patterns that are appearing over time. Correlation must be based on a particular piece of
information provided in an event. To hide the details of the event implementations from the
business user, Information is mapped out of the events into business objects whose fields can
be used to define the basis for event correlation and filtering when identifying the situations.
When identifying business objects, it is likely that these same objects appear in the events
that are used to populate them and the actions that are populated in response to a situation.
Therefore, there are three sorts of objects:
Business objects are verbalized and available to the business user. They can hold the
correlated state over multiple events and represent the context in which the interaction
takes place.

Event objects represent the information available in an event. They must be mapped into
the business objects on receipt of each event, allowing the events contribution to the
context to be taken into account. Event objects are part of the integration and are not
visible to the business user.
Action objects are populated from the business objects when an action occurs. They allow
the action to pass information that describes the state of the situation that is identified.
Action objects are part of the integration and are not visible to the business user.
The mapping of fields between objects can be undertaken using four techniques:
Field Mapping: The value from one field object is copied into the mapped field. For this
technique to occur, the two fields must be of the same type.
Constant values: The field is always initialized with a fixed value.
JavaScript: The field uses a JavaScript expression to determine the value of the field.
Database enrichment: If the field is needed, a value is obtained by looking up the
information from a database. The keys for the lookup are defined in the data
store definition.
In the WODM Insurance scenario, we consider four business objects that are meaningful to
the business user:
Driver represents the identity and characteristics of the main driver and customer applying
for insurance. Events that relate to the same driver as determined by their full name can
be correlated to understand what the customer is doing and thus the customer’s likelihood
to buy.
Vehicle represents the identity and characteristics of the vehicle being insured. Correlating
events based on the vehicle identification number (VIN) would allow situations to be
detected where quotes were being requested for the same vehicle but with different
drivers or in different states for fraudulent intent.
Quote represents a particular quote that is requested or obtained. Correlating based on
the quote ID allows a quote case history to be obtained and thus determine quote takeup
rates. Because the whole scenario is about obtaining quotes, this business object can also
be used to summarize the important correlation information in one place.
CoverageRequest represents the type of cover requested. In general, although these
fields might be used to filter events, they are not suitable as correlation keys.
These business objects can be defined directly in Event Designer or based on existing events
or actions.

The Architect or Developer then defines and verbalizes these business objects so that the
Business User can refer to them in their event rules when identifying the situations
(Figure 4-3).
Figure 4-3 Business object definition in Rule Designer
In general, it is a best practice to minimize the fields in the Business Objects, as each field
might represent additional information that must be stored in memory to represent the
situation state, potentially increasing computing resource requirements. In addition, each field
is exposed to the Business User role, adding complexity to the vocabulary available to them
when writing the event rules. This latter issue can be resolved by removing the verbalization
for the fields that do not need to be exposed to the business user, but might still be needed
when populating an action.
4.4 Identifying touchpoint system events and actions
The situations and the information needed to detect the situations are defined. Before you
can write the rules to identify the situations, you must integrate the solution events used to
identify the situations, and find a means to populate any business object information that is
not available directly from those events.
The first step in identifying the business events (and actions) is to identify the different
systems that need to be integrated. These systems are referred to as touchpoint systems and
are represented as folders containing the events and actions for that system.

In the WODM Insurance scenario, you can initially identify two main systems and summarize
the events available from those systems (Table 4-1).
Table 4-1 WODM Insurance solution touchpoint systems and events
While examining these touchpoint systems, identify the actions that could be triggered from a
situation response (Table 4-2).
Table 4-2 WODM Insurance solution touchpoint systems and actions
Touchpoint
system
Events Description
Website WebQuoteOffered
WebQuoteRejected
AcceptWebQuote
DeclineWebQuote
Priced quote offered to
customer.
Customer is ineligible for
insurance.
Customer accepts an offered
quote.
Customer declines an offered
quote.
Call center RequestCallCenterQuote
AcceptCallCenterQuote
DeclineCallCenterQuote
Customer requests a quote
from the call center.
Customer accepts an offered
quote.
Customer declines an offered
quote.
Touchpoint
system
Actions Description
Website CustomerReminder
ReferToCallCenter
Display a reminder alert to
customer.
Refer the customer to the call
center.
Call center FollowUp
OfferPromotion
InvestigateFraud
Instructs a call center operator
to follow up on a quote.
Instructs an operator to offer a
quote promotion.
Warns an operator of
potentially fraudulent quotes.

Each of these touchpoints can be captured in the Event project together with the events and
actions that are integrated (Figure 4-4).
Figure 4-4 Touchpoint systems, events, and actions
Each event can be verbalized (and documented) to provide a clear means by which the
Business User can refer to the event when developing the rules for situation identification
(Figure 4-5).
Figure 4-5 Event verbalization and documentation

The definition of the event can also describe information passed within the event in terms of
event objects (Figure 4-6).
Figure 4-6 Event object definition
The final stage of configuration is to define the connector that the touchpoint system uses to
signal that the event occurred and pass in the event data objects. These connectors can be
selected by the developer from drop-down menus in the Connector tab (Figure 4-7).
Figure 4-7 Event connector definition
Connectors are provided for the following protocols:
Email
File
FTP
HTTP
JDBC

JMS
SOAP
After the connector type is selected, settings appropriate to that connector can also be set up.
More details about the technology connectors available from WebSphere ODM are available
in the Information Center at the following address:
http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/dmanager/v7r5/topic/com.ibm.wbe.appdev.do
c/doc/whataretechnologyconnectors.html
The connector allows any events in the solution to be referenced by the rules that the
business user requires.
4.5 Mapping event data to business objects
Each event object is defined in terms of a number of primitive fields in the same way as the
business objects are defined. These objects can be defined manually in Event Designer or
imported automatically from schemas used to describe the events. Although different
connectors are often available for the events (JMS, SOAP, and HTTP), the common
underlying definition format is usually an XML schema. This situation results in an event
object definition similar to the one shown in Figure 4-8.
Figure 4-8 Event object definitions

The cardinality of the event object within the event can be set, which means that an event can
contain multiple event objects. The fields within an event object are limited to simple types.
There are no hierarchical types allowed inside an event object. Each field can contain only
one value, and if the field is not present in an event object, a default can be used (Figure 4-9).
Figure 4-9 Event Object field definitions
The final stage in the event information mapping is to define which business objects are
created and how the business object fields are initialized as a result of an event arriving.
In Event Designer, each event object can have its fields mapped to business object fields.
Each event object may construct fields in any number of business objects, but each business
object can be constructed only from one event object within an event. You cannot have a
single business object with fields populated from different event objects.

In Figure 4-10, the Quote and Quote Event business objects are both initialized from the
QuoteEvent event object, but they could not have fields initialized from the Driver event object
in the event.
Figure 4-10 Constructing business objects from event objects
In many cases, the definition of each business object field is simply obtained from the
mapped event object field. For more complex mapping combining fields, JavaScript
expressions can be used to map the field values, and in simple situations, the Business
Object field can be populated with a fixed value.
This mapping allows the Business Object fields required for situation identification to be
populated in a consistent manner from the information provided in the event.

4.6 Using event rules to invoke actions in response to patterns
of events
The simplest form of event processing decision is to use an event rule to define the actions to
take in response to a particular pattern of events. Event rules are tested on receipt of a
specific event. Events can be correlated with previous events based on a Context ID that
refers to a business object field. This situation means that the rule then has access to all
business objects, events, and actions that are related by the same Context ID. In the WODM
Insurance scenario, there is a requirement to remind a customer if they have not responded
to a quote. This action can be undertaken by using an event rule (Figure 4-11).
Figure 4-11 Simple Event rule - mapping an event pattern to an action
In this case, the rule evaluates the situation a minute after the quote is offered and checks to
see if the customer accepted or declined a quote in this time. If there is no response from the
customer in this interval, an action is raised to remind the customer of the quote.
In an event rule then clause, it is not possible to set Business Object fields from the rules.
This situation means that currently (unlike with business rules) business users cannot change
the state of the business objects. This mapping must be undertaken at design time.
In current solutions, the business objects are used to define the correlation and aggregation
needed for the rules and action objects. This process includes accumulating correlated
results and maintaining arrays of correlated objects.

It is possible to define action parameters that are supplied by the rules. These action
parameters are then mapped into the Action described in 4.7, “Mapping business objects to
action data and executing the action” on page 50. This situation allows the business rule to
set information in an action (Figure 4-12).
Figure 4-12 Using action parameters in an event rule

4.7 Mapping business objects to action data and executing the
action
After an action is triggered, the WebSphere ODM event run time populates the action objects
with information provided in the business objects. Figure 4-13 shows the definition of the
CustomerReminder Action, showing the different Action Objects and the verbalization of the
action that was used in the preceding event rule.
Figure 4-13 Action object definitions

The action objects and their fields are populated from the business objects in the same way
as for the event objects. This action is shown in Figure 4-14 for the message action object,
which in this case is initialized from the action parameter.
Figure 4-14 Populating Action object fields from business objects
As for the event object field mapping, fields can be mapped to constants, and business object
fields or JavaScript expressions can be used to calculate the value.

After the Action object data fields are populated, the action can then be sent to the touchpoint
system using the appropriate technology connector (Figure 4-15) for the customer reminder
that is sent to the website using the HTTP protocol.
Figure 4-15 Using Action technology connectors to execute actions in the solution
Having followed the complete cycle of responding to an event pattern by executing an action,
you can now look at how this process is applied to business situations.
4.8 Identifying situations using temporal event rules
The events are defined and mapped to initialize the content of the business objects. You can
now define the rules to identify the situations. This task can be undertaken by IT Architects
(using Event Designer) or by Business Users using Decision Center.

It is worth considering creating folders to collect together all the event rules associated with a
particular situation. This setup allows the rules to be managed consistently, where all the
behaviors for a particular situation are in one place. This folder can also be used to contain
the situation synthetic event (Figure 4-16).
Figure 4-16 Using folders to organize situations
In the WODM Insurance scenario, you want to acknowledge that a MultiChannelCustomer
situation occurred if a customer obtained at least two quotes from the website and one from
the call center. You can accomplish this task by writing an event rule (Figure 4-17).
Figure 4-17 Event Designer situation identification event rule
This rule defines the patterns that indicate that the customer is using both website and call
center to obtain a quote.

As this pattern can arise only in response to a customer obtaining a quote from the call
center, other event rules need to be defined that indicate the pattern triggered by a customer
obtaining a quote from the website. In this case, as there are likely to be many quote
requests, the conditions under which the situation is identified might be more stringent
(Figure 4-18).
Figure 4-18 Event Designer situation identification event rule
By providing a number of these event rules, the conditions under which situations occur can
be clearly expressed and managed by the business user. Each of these rules has a number
of important clauses (Table 4-3).
Table 4-3 Event rules
Clause Description
<Event> This clause selects the event that triggers the
evaluation of the rule. Rules are not evaluated on
every event, only on the specific event identified. In
this case, the event is whenever a web quote (or in the
previous case a call center quote) is offered.
<Context ID> This clause selects the business object field
(populated as a result of the event) that is used to
correlate other events and actions into the same
context. In this case, it is the applicant’s name that
derived from the driver’s full name.
<Delay Clause>
“after 5 minutes”
This clause determines that the rule is not evaluated
immediately in response to the event, but delays the
evaluation to allow other events or actions to be
inserted into the context.

Examples of condition clauses include:
“all” occurrences of web quote offered is at least 2": Counts up the total number of events
or actions (web quotes offered in this case) in this context (this customer) and compares
the count against a number.
“past” occurrences of customer requests call center quote within 1 day is 2": Counts up
the number of events or actions (customer requests call center quote, in this case) within a
specific time interval. The count can then be compared against a number.
<Action Clause "then" <action> ; <action>: This clause determines the different actions
that are invoked if the condition clauses evaluate to true. This clause just specifies the
name of the action to be undertaken.
4.9 Identifying situations using contextual event rules
Although some situations can be identified by looking at the temporal patterns between
events, WebSphere ODM also supports conditions based on information in the Business
Object fields. In the WODM Insurance scenario, the Customer Acquisition Situation needs to
use this information to determine if the customer has the wanted characteristics.
To simplify the event rules, it is possible to combine conditions into filters that can be
verbalized and used in the event rules. A filter that determines the characteristics of a
desirable customer is shown in Figure 4-19.
Figure 4-19 Using filters to simplify complex conditions
<Condition Clauses>
"if" <condition>
"and" <condition>
This clause allows a number of condition clauses to
be combined by using Boolean operators. If all
conditions are met, the <Action> clauses are invoked.
Clause Description

The grammar used in these rules is the same as in the business rules projects, but the
vocabulary is drawn from the verbalizations of the business objects and their fields rather
than a Business Object Model. This situation means that care must be taken to ensure
consistent verbalization if information models are shared across Rules and Events.
After a filter is defined, it can be used in an event rule in combination with temporal conditions
to identify the situation illustrated in Figure 4-20 for the Customer
Acquisition Situation.
Figure 4-20 Using Filters in event rules to enhance understanding
This combination of temporal and contextual rules provides a powerful way of clearly defining
the situations that are important to the business.
4.10 Reacting to identified situations using event rule groups
When a situation is identified, the objective of decision management is to decide how best to
respond to that situation. In many cases, the response is not a simple action execution but a
sequence of related actions.
In the WODM Insurance scenario, the objective of identifying the multichannel customer
situation is to encourage the customer to accept an offered quote. This action is undertaken
by offering a promotional discount on their last quote. The promotional discounts are only
available through the call center, so we need to direct the customer to the call center if their
promotion discount is identified as a result of the website.

This action can be undertaken using an event group, which provides a collection of
responses to the same situation, as shown in Figure 4-21.
Figure 4-21 Using Event Rule Groups to define multiple actions
The mapping from the business objects to the actions is performed in the same way as
described 4.7, “Mapping business objects to action data and executing the action” on
page 50. When the action is executed, an instruction is sent to the appropriate system in the
solution to act accordingly.

Chapter 5. Detect-Decide-Respond pattern
design
In this chapter, we describe a method for designing a Situation and Decision to work in a
Detect- Decide - Respond pattern. After this foundation is designed and implemented by your
IT department, the Business Users can use WebSphere ODM Decision Center to quickly
define the best behavior for the Situation Identification, Decision, and Action.
The WODM Insurance scenario uses the Customer Acquisition Situation to identify a situation
where a customer might be about to be lost. Business rules are used to decide about a
personalized promotion to offer to that customer to get them to buy the insurance. Having
decided what promotional offer to make based on the customer’s history, the event
processing must then be used to turn the decision into actions, and close the deal with
the customer.
Applying this design to the solution means that business users can use Decision Center to
rapidly define and test:
Situation Identification Rules: When do we think we have a customer that we want
to retain?
Promotion Decision Rules: What promotion should we give to this customer to make
them buy?
Promotion Action Rules: How do we engage the customer to offer the promotion and close
the deal?
5

5.1 Overview
The Situation Design described in Chapter 4, “Situation identification and response
development” on page 37 showed how to use the event processing capability of WebSphere
ODM to detect situations and act in response to those decisions. It is possible to use filters
and event rules to make simple contextual decisions about the situation in determining the
response, but a much more powerful pattern can be achieved by using the contextual
decisions of the business rules engine.
In this pattern, you use the Situation identification concepts described in Chapter 4, “Situation
identification and response development” on page 37 to detect that a situation occurred and
to decide what to do. You then accumulate the information you know about the situation and
pass that information to a decision service to make an informed appraisal of what to do in this
particular situation case. The response from the decision can then be used in the event rules
to decide which action to take.
This pattern is summarized in Figure 5-1 and is described in more detail in the
following sections.
Figure 5-1 Detect-Decide-Respond pattern combining event and rules-based decisions
In Figure 5-1:
1. The Detect stage uses Event rules to identify a situation when the decision needs to be
made based on an event pattern, as described in Chapter 4, “Situation identification and
response development” on page 37.
2. During this processing, information about the situation is accumulated, as described in
5.2, “Using context variables to accumulate situation state” on page 61.
3. In many cases, the events might not hold enough information, so Situation information can
be enriched using JavaScript or data sources, as described in 5.3, “Using data stores to
enrich a situation state” on page 64.
4. The information provided to the situation can be mapped to a decision service and the
decision made, as described in 5.4, “Making a decision in response to a situation” on
page 66.
5. The response from the Decision is then used to generate appropriate actions, as
described in 5.5, “Responding to a decision” on page 71.
Detect ActDecide

Chapter 5. Detect-Decide-Respond pattern design 61
5.2 Using context variables to accumulate situation state
Chapter 4, “Situation identification and response development” on page 37 described how to
detect business situations in response to a pattern of events by correlating events with the
same context. It also showed how the information contained in the events could be mapped
into business objects and from there mapped into the actions that result from the event rules
(Figure 5-2).
Figure 5-2 Mapping of information through business objects in event processing
Business objects can also be used to hold arrays of information based on successive events
that are correlated with the same context.
In the WODM Insurance scenario, this situation means that if a customer requested a number
of quotes (possibly from different channels or systems), the quote details, driver’s details,
vehicle details, and coverage requests could be stored in separate business object arrays.
This situation allows comparisons across successive quotes.
Figure 5-3 shows an example of setting up a QuoteHistory Business object to hold summary
information about quoting events for a context. The definition and verbalization can be set as
for any other business object.
Figure 5-3 Accumulating array verbalization
Events
Event Rules
Event Rule
Groups
Business
Objects
Actions

The fields are defined based on the event object that populates each element of the array
(Figure 5-4).
Figure 5-4 Accumulating array fields
There might be situations where an event does not initialize a business object field. In this
case, the Definition Type setting can be used. This setting provides a number of different
ways to define the business object field value:
Constant values: The field is initialized with a fixed Definition Value or a named constant.
Filters: The field is initialized with the Boolean result of a filter. This tool allows the event
rules to set binary flags in the business objects.
Javascript: The field uses a JavaScript expression to determine the value of the field.
Database enrichment: If the field is needed, a value can be obtained by looking up the
information from a database. The keys and values for the lookup are defined in the data
store definition. A Data mappings tab for the business object then defines how each field
in the business object relates to the lookup. It defines which fields form the keys (and
therefore must be present) and which fields are populated as a result of a lookup.
There are three types of business object context settings supported by the event run time:
Single Event: This type of context populates the business object based on an individual
event. Each successive event overwrites the variable. These variables might be an array if
each event provides multiple objects.
Summary: This type of context uses JavaScript to combine the results from each event
with results from previous events with the same context. This context can be useful for
determining statistical patterns and trends in sequences of events.
Multiple Events: This type of context provides an array of values that is kept in a rolling
buffer. As new events arrive in the same context, they are added to the top of the list.
Objects are removed from the end of the list either when the list becomes a certain size or
after a certain time interval. This issue is important to understand in an operational
system, as it implies that all this information for every event is persisted for this time. This
form of context variable is useful for maintaining event histories and providing the
information to make a complex situational decision.

These context- scoped settings for business objects are shown in Figure 5-5.
Figure 5-5 Business object context scoped settings
The top radio button shows the default settings that we used in Chapter 4, “Situation
identification and response development” on page 37, where each business object contains
data from a single event. The illustrated setting provides a Quote object instance for each
event received. In this case, data is held in the business object array for 5 minutes.
The settings also highlight another way of accumulating information through a summary
instance. This way allows event fields to be averaged or counted and reflect a single instance
that describes the sequence of data.

All business objects can be mapped to action objects with the accumulating array providing a
complete list of the business objects instances reflecting the quote history over the retention
period. This situation means that when we detect a situation, the situation context can now
contain a set of objects reflecting all the correlated events (Figure 5-6). This set of objects can
be added to the situation action and is displayed as the event data for the
situation event.
Figure 5-6 Situation context
The information available when the situation is identified can reflect the whole of the event
history if required. The amount of information recorded this way has a significant impact on
performance, so it is important to be precise about the information stored and how it is used
when deciding what to do in the next steps.
5.3 Using data stores to enrich a situation state
This section describes how to use the event database connections to provide information not
available in the situation state, but needed to make a decision.
It is a best practice in many event processing or messaging solutions to minimize the
information being sent between systems. If information is not used or not needed, then
sending it just in case causes a network bandwidth impact. As we saw in 5.2, “Using context
variables to accumulate situation state” on page 61, maintaining a large numbers of fields in
an object can also have performance implications for event processing. Relying on all
required information being available in an event also has implications for change
management, as the slightest change in information content needed means that all event
sources and sinks must be modified to handle the new event structure.
Events
Event Rules
Event Rule
Groups
Situation
Synthetic Event
Business
Objects
Context state

In practice, most detailed records are stored in a database and can be retrieved by using a
unique key to those records. When we look at the objects that we are using in the WODM
Insurance scenario, we can see that we already identified these keys and are using them in
the solution:
The customer or driver uses a key of the driver’s full name.
The vehicle uses a key of the vehicle identification number
The decision warehouse stores the quotes and decisions according to a quote or
decision ID.
This situation means that it is possible to minimize the information sent around the event
processing but still be able to retrieve the full information needed to make a decision.
WebSphere ODM provides a database connector that can be used during the event
processing to augment Business Object fields (Figure 5-7).
Figure 5-7 Usage of a data store to enrich the situation context
For example, a Customer Business Object could be available from a customer database. This
object would include static characteristics, such as the phone number, email, and address,
which are not normally used in any of the decision making, but might be needed to take
appropriate action. Other fields such as Date of Birth and StateOfResidence might be used to
cross-check with information provided on the quote.
Access to the Customer Records is keyed to the FullName of the driver, which is also the
correlation context for the situation.
If the synthetic event action references the Customer Business Object, the run time looks up
the missing fields in the Customer Business Object from the database connector. This action
completes the information available in the customer object, allowing it to be included in the
Situation action objects.
Events
Event Rules
Event Rule
Groups
Situation
Synthetic Event
Business
Objects
Context stateData
Connection

5.4 Making a decision in response to a situation
Section 5.3, “Using data stores to enrich a situation state” on page 64, described how to
populate a situation with all the information needed to make a decision. In this section, you
see how we can map that situational information onto a decision service call and get the
response back in the form of an event.
In the WODM Insurance scenario, in response to the Customer Acquisition Situation
situation, you are going to call the Customer Acquisition Promotions decision to decide what
promotion to offer the customer.
The Decision is implemented as a service and can be started from the event run time by
using the SOAP web services connector (Figure 5-8).
Figure 5-8 Starting a decision service from the event run time
The information needed to make the decision is passed as an input parameter to the web
service. This parameter can be mapped onto the action objects using the SOAP connector.
When the decision returns, the response is displayed as a new event with the event objects
corresponding to the output parameters of the service.
In the WODM Insurance scenario, you input in the driver, vehicle, coverage request, quote,
and quote history. The Customer acquisition promotions look at the current quote (driver,
vehicle, coverage request, and quote) and might look at the quote history to determine what
the customer is trying to achieve and therefore what promotion should be offered. In practice,
looking at the coverage request history might be more meaningful to determine what the
customer is trying to achieve. If you are looking for fraudulent behavior, you might need to
look at the driver and vehicle histories. As this action necessitates storing more information in
the situation context, a balance must be made when considering the information to pass
between the situation and decision.
5.4.1 Creating events and actions from a decision service
The simplest way of performing this integration is to obtain the WSDL describing the decision
service and import it into the Event Project in Event Designer.
Action Event
Decision
Service
Input Output
BOM
ResponseRequest

The WSDL declares define operation signatures that are based on the Ruleset Parameters of
the decision (Figure 5-9).
Figure 5-9 CustomerAcquisitionPromotions decision service parameters
When this web service is imported, the Service request is mapped onto an action
(CustomerRequestPromotions) and the response onto an event
(CustomerAcquisitionPromotionResponse). An additional event is generated for each fault in
the WSDL (CustomerAcquisitionPromotionsSoapFault). The input and output parameters are
then mapped onto the request action and response event (Figure 5-10).
Figure 5-10 Actions, Events, and Connector settings after importing a decision service
At run time, a decision is requested by populating the CustomerAcquisitionPromotions action
objects with the information to define the driver, vehicle, coverage request, and current quote
(action object QuoteEvent_D) and then sending the action.
The decision response is returned as an event called
CustomerAcquisitionPromotionResponse containing a modified quote in event object
QuoteEvent_D1. The response event also contains a copy of the request action objects
(QuoteEvent_D <- QuoteEvent_D) so that the original request is available to the response
event processing.

There are a number of issues to be aware of when using this form of integration.
The event and action object fields must not contain complex types or lists. This mapping
limits the complexity of the decision service parameter types. If the decision vocabulary
requires hierarchical types, this mapping must take place inside the ruleset.
If a parameter is to contain a repeated object, it must contain a single member that is a
Vector of the actual type required. In this case, the QuoteEventHistory type is a Vector of
QuoteEvent. The representation of this member in the CustomerAcquisitionPromotions
BOM is shown in Figure 5-11.
Figure 5-11 Representation of arrays of objects in a parameter
This integration approach allows the Situation Context state, including any information
added from the database connection augmentation, to be mapped directly into the
decision service request and thus into the decision vocabulary.

5.4.2 Triggering the decision from event rules
There are two options for triggering the decision service request. The first uses the Situation
Synthetic Event to trigger an event rule, which then starts the decision service action
(Figure 5-12).
Figure 5-12 Starting the decision service from the situation
This approach is useful if you need to use the Situation synthetic event in other event rules,
but it impacts the processing of the synthetic event and another set of mappings.
Events
Request
Action
Response
EventDecision
Business
Objects
Context state
Decision
Service
Response
BOM
Business
Objects
Request
Situation
Synthetic Event
Event Rules
Event Rule
Groups
Event Rule

The decision call can alternatively replace or be combined with the synthetic event
(Figure 5-13).
Figure 5-13 Starting the decision service from the situation identification rules
If the situation is only used to trigger the decision, then the situation context can be mapped
directly to the decision service request, and you have a simplified form of Detect - Decide
pattern. The Situation synthetic event can then be omitted or, if it is required, a second set of
mappings can be provided.
After the decision is invoked, all the facilities of managed rule-based decision making are
available. Business Users can modify how the decision is made and (in this scenario)
determine how to optimize the promotions offered to individual customers. With the
architecture set up, the business now can rapidly change the customer acquisition rule.
The decision response is normally returned to the calling application, which waits until the
response is available. In an event-based system, there is no notion of a calling system, so the
response is represented as a new event.
You now have an event coming back from the decision that is used to trigger the Respond
part of the interaction.
Events
Request
Action
Response
EventDecision
Business
Objects
Context stateData
Connection
Decision
ServiceEvent Rules
Event Rule
Groups
ResponseRequest
BOM
Situation Synthetic Event

5.5 Responding to a decision
The previous sections described how you provide business users with the control to identify
situations and make decisions about what should be done in those situations. The final step
allows those business users to control what actions should result from those decisions.
Realizing the actions involves sending the appropriate messages to control points within the
solution applications and processes.
In the WODM Insurance scenario, there are a number of possible actions, depending on the
channel the customer is using to interact with the solution.
If you look at the actions that are provided through the touchpoint systems, you see that the
promotion offer needs to be provided through the call center. Tor any customers coming
through the website, you must refer them to the call center (Table 5-1).
Table 5-1 WODM Insurance solution touchpoint systems and actions
Touchpoint
system
Actions Description
Website CustomerReminder
ReferToCallCenter
Display a reminder alert to
customer.
Refer the customer to the call
center.
Call center FollowUp
OfferPromotion
InvestigateFraud
Instructs a call center operator
to follow up a quote.
Instructs an operator to offer a
quote promotion.
Warns an operator of
potentially fraudulent quotes.

Architecturally, you are performing the same actions described in 4.6, “Using event rules to
invoke actions in response to patterns of events” on page 48 and 4.7, “Mapping business
objects to action data and executing the action” on page 50. The overall approach is
summarized in the two event rules shown in Figure 5-14 and Figure 5-15.
Figure 5-14 Promotion action rule to send quote promotion details to the call center
Figure 5-15 Promotion action rule to send quote promotion details to the call center

In Figure 5-14 on page 72, the Promotion action rule indicates to the call center that they
should offer a promotion using the message and price provided by the promotion decision.
The action mapping undertaken by IT passes all the essential fields to make sure that the
promotion is offered correctly.
The event rule shown in Figure 5-15 on page 72 sends a message to a customer who applies
from the website, informing them that a promotion is available from the call center.
This rule uses an additional field in the "the quote" business object called "channel", which is
populated from the Event field using a JavaScript field definition type (described in 5.2, “Using
context variables to accumulate situation state” on page 61) (Example 5-1).
Example 5-1 Event quote
if ( Event.contains( "Web" ) )
"Web" ;
else
"Call Center";
This example shows how the vocabulary available to the Business User can be made easier
to understand by choosing suitable business object fields and verbalizing them to convey the
correct meaning.
5.6 Raising events using web services
This chapter has focused so far on how to use a rule-based decision to decide what to do in a
particular situation. Many solutions use decision services directly from their applications, as
described in Chapter 3, “Decision design” on page 21. The rules in these decision services
can often identify characteristics, patterns, or situations in the information being processed
that is not relevant to the system invoking the decision, but might need to be acted upon by
another system.
As an example, the website accepts only eligible quotes; all others are rejected. The Eligibility
decision rules can, however, identify situations where a quote may be offered subject to
manual underwriter approval.
Although code could be inserted into each application that invokes the Eligibility decision to
check and perform the necessary processing, it is better to raise an event and have the event
processing route that to the correct system.
To send an event to the event run time, you can provide a web service that the rules or other
client raising the event can call.

In Event designer, first create an Event that is to be generated. In the WODM Insurance
scenario, it makes sense to have a QuoteApproved event that uses the same event structure
and objects as existing events (Figure 5-16).
Figure 5-16 Defining the Quote Approved event to be sent from BPM to WebSphere ODM event run time
To make this event available as a web service, select the SOAP connector type in the
Connector tab (Figure 5-17).
Figure 5-17 Configuring the event connector to make it available as a web service
In the WODM Insurance scenario, you have two events that are initiated through web
services:
The ManualApproval request provided from the rules projects
The QuoteApproved event from BPM.

By combining these events in the same folder (Figure 5-18), we can group them into a single
web service.
Figure 5-18 Grouping events in a folder to form web service operations
After the connectors are configured and the project deployed the WSDL, describing the
service can be obtained from the run time from the following URL:
http://<host>:<port>/wbecasoap/SOAPEventWSDL?folder=<folder>
If this WSDL is downloaded and viewed in a WSDL editor, the structure of the service can be
seen in Figure 5-19 as a one-way call containing the event payload.
Figure 5-19 Web Service signature provided by exposing events use SOAP connector
The payload and structure of the events can be seen from the inline schema provided in the
WSDL (Figure 5-20).
Figure 5-20 Web Service signature showing repeated event payload

The detailed fields can then be seen to match those fields in the original definition
(Figure 5-21).
Figure 5-21 Structure of individual event payload
This web service URL can then be started by an application or custom rules project to send
the event. This section describes how to create an event that can be raised by an external
application or decision using web services. It is also possible to raise an event using JMS
messages. In this case, the event must be created in the form that the event run time
understands and then published to a JMS topic. Event designer provides generated
resources that define both schema definitions and sample XML files for the message sent to
the JMS topic (Figure 5-22).
Figure 5-22 Runtime representation of Event Message provided in Event Designer

Use this representation of the event in 5.7, “Raising events from within rules” on page 77 to
show how to publish an event as part of a rules-based decision.
5.7 Raising events from within rules
The usage of decision management products such as WebSphere ODM means that decision
making gets concentrated around reusable decision services. Although there might be
different client applications invoking these decision points, the role of the decision in the
business is consistent. The nature of decision services is that they provide a request -
response pattern to their client (Figure 5-23).
Figure 5-23 Raising events from within decision services
When a client application makes a call to a decision service, it needs to contain all the
information needed for the decision, but probably does not contain any other state, including
the context in which the decision was made. In the WODM Insurance scenario, an Eligibility
decision can be made without knowing if the customer came in on the website or the
call center.
The rules can also be used to detect situations that the client application cannot handle. In
this scenario, the manual approval cannot be handled by the website or call center.
The solution is for the Decision Service to send an event to the run time, passing in enough
context for the event processing to acquire additional information and perform the action (in
this case, starting a new Underwriting Approval Process).
The essential information in this case is the driver name, the VIN, and the quote ID generated
by the Eligibility decision. As the Decision Warehouse stores all the input and output
parameters, this quote ID is sufficient to retrieve any other information needed. The driver
name and VIN are needed to allow the event processing to correlate with other events for the
same user or vehicle and thus associate the Eligibility decision with the broader
correlation context.
Event
Rules
Context
ID
Response
Request
Decision
Service
Input
Output
Client
Application
BOM
Target
Application
Data
Store
Other
Context
State

The use of web services to raise an event is described in 5.6, “Raising events using web
services” on page 73. In this section, you generate a JMS message and send it directly to
the event run time. In this scenario, we describe the generation of the "ManualApproval" event
from the eligibility rules. This scenario assumes that the structure of the "ManualApproval"
event is declared in the schema being used in the Business Object model available to the
Eligibility rules.
5.7.1 Creating a JMS event publishing client
The first step is to create a JMSEventClient that can be started from within the rule
vocabulary. This action takes the form of a Java project that must be built as a JAR file and
deployed into the Rule execution server class path together with any other JAR files that the
project depends on. This client code consists of a single class with three methods
(Figure 5-24).
Figure 5-24 JMS Event Client Java Project
The connect() method first establishes a connection to the JNDI context that can resolve the
Decision server JMS resources needed to make a connection. The values shown in
Example 5-2 assumes deployment on a local WebSphere Application Server using default
ports. When connecting to a remote server with security enabled, the environment properties
also need to include an administrator user name and credentials. When run from within
Decision Server (in deployed rules), the default initial context should be sufficient, and the
environment properties should not be needed.
Example 5-2 Establishing a connection to a JNDI context
Hashtable<String, String> env = new Hashtable<String,String>();
env.put(Context.INITIAL_CONTEXT_FACTORY,
"com.ibm.websphere.naming.WsnInitialContextFactory");
env.put(Context.PROVIDER_URL,
"iiop://localhost:2809/");
Context jndiContext = new InitialContext(env);
The two resources that need to be resolved are the Connection Factory and the Topic to
which the event must be published. These resources can be resolved using JNDI
(Example 5-3). The values shown are the ones used in a default installation of the event run
time.
Example 5-3 Default resource values
String DEFAULTCONNECTIONFACTORY = "jms/WbeTopicConnectionFactory";
String DEFAULTPUBLISHTOPIC = "jms/eventDestination";

TopicConnectionFactory topicConnectionFactory =
(TopicConnectionFactory)
jndiContext.lookup(DEFAULTCONNECTIONFACTORY);
Topic topic = (Topic) jndiContext.lookup(DEFAULTPUBLISHTOPIC);
After references to these resources are obtained, a connection and session can be
established and a publisher is obtained that can send the event messages to the Decision
server event run time (Example 5-4).
Example 5-4 Establishing a connection and session
topicConnection =
topicConnectionFactory.createTopicConnection();
topicSession =
topicConnection.createTopicSession(false,
Session.AUTO_ACKNOWLEDGE);
topicPublisher =
topicSession.createPublisher(topic);
This code then establishes a connection to the event run time. When designing the client, it is
worth considering the lifetime of the connection. If the client or publisher might be used
several times during the processing of a decision, then the connection and session should be
established at the beginning of the decision rule flow and closed at the end when all events
are sent. To close the session, use the close() method using the code similar to the code
shown in Example 5-5.
Example 5-5 Closing the session using the close() method
public void close() {
try {
topicSession.close();
topicConnection.close();
} catch (JMSException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
While the session is open, the client can be used to send event messages to the Decision
Server event run time. This action can be exposed as a method on the client (Example 5-6).
Example 5-6 Sending event messages
public void publishEvent(String eventMessage) {
try {
TextMessage message = topicSession.createTextMessage();
message.setText(eventMessage);
topicPublisher.publish(message);
} catch (JMSException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
This Java project has dependencies on the JNDI and JMS libraries that must be included in
the class path for testing and debugging in an Eclipse environment. The server hosting the
event run time also needs to be running on the host and port configured in the
JNDI connection.

5.7.2 Exposing the JMS client in the rules business object model
This JMSEventClient can then be used to create a Java XOM in the Business object model
and expose the methods to the decision making (Figure 5-25).
Figure 5-25 JMS Event Client exposed within the decision Business Object Model
This task can be accomplished by specifying the JMSEventClient project as a Java XOM and
then creating a BOM from that XOM. This action automatically (as of WebSphere ODM V7.5)
includes the compiled Java code in JMSEventClient when a Rule App archive is produced
from the ruleset. The referenced libraries for JNDI and JMS should already be on the server
class path if they are running in WebSphere, so they do not need to be included.
5.7.3 Verbalizing the means to publish an event
The JMSEventClient operations are not verbalized or exposed to the business user, as they
must be used carefully to ensure that the structure of the event messages corresponds to the
structure required by the event run time. The simplest way of accomplishing this task is to
define a class in the business object model that represents each event message that is
required (Figure 5-26).
Figure 5-26 Manual approval event representation and publish verbalization

There are a number of approaches that could be used to verbalize the scheduling of an
event. In this case, a static method (publishEvent) is provided on the ManualEvent class that
takes as an argument the objects needed to provide the information contained in the event.
The information is the summary information defined in a quote (QuoteEvent class). Using this
representation allows rules to be inserted into the rule flow that define the information needed
and schedule an event using a natural expression (Figure 5-27).
Figure 5-27 Scheduling an event from within rules using the event verbalization
When this rule fires, the ManualApproval.publishEvent() method is invoked, which then uses
the IRL rule language to define the event message in the form needed by the event run time
and to send the event to the JMSEventClient. This mapping is undertaken by the Rule
developers using rule studio and defined in the BomToXom mapping window for this method
(Figure 5-28).
Figure 5-28 IRL definition of publishEvent() method
The BOM to XOM Mapping window contains Java expressions (IRL) to define the event
message. The objective is to set up a message that is in the form needed by the event run
time. The first part of this message defines the Manual Approval event in the form available
from the Event designer. The namespace and connector bundle name both use the event
name to define them (Example 5-7).
Example 5-7 Defining the event message
String message = "<?xml version="1.1" encoding="UTF-8"?>" + 'n';
message += "<connector name="WBE" version="6.2" " +
" xmlns="http://wbe.ibm.com/6.2/Event/ManualApproval">"+ 'n';
message += "<connector-bundle name="ManualApproval" type="Event">"+ 'n';

After the Event is defined, the event objects (in this case, a QuoteEvent) are defined
(Example 5-8).
Example 5-8 Defining the event objects
message += "<QuoteEvent>" + 'n';
message += "<Event type="String">" + quote.Event + "</Event>" + 'n';
message += "<FullName type="String">" + quote.FullName +
"</FullName>" + 'n';
message += "<VIN type="String">" + quote.VIN + "</VIN>" + 'n';
message += "<QuoteID type="String">" + quote.QuoteID + "</QuoteID>" + 'n';
message += "<Message type="String">" + quote.Message + "</Message>" + 'n';
message += "<Price type="Real">" + quote.Price + "</Price>" + 'n';
message += "</QuoteEvent>" + 'n';
Each field in the event needs to have a type attribute that corresponds to the representation
of the field in the event run time. By using this approach, the mapping can select the fields
required for each event object from the rule variables passed into the method.
After the event objects are mapped, the event message must be completed by completing the
connector bundle and connector fields (Example 5-9).
Example 5-9 Completing the event message
message += "</connector-bundle>" + 'n';
message += "<system>Decision Server</system>" + 'n';
DateFormat dfm = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd'T'HH:mm:ss.SSS'Z'");
IlrDateTime ts = new IlrDateTime(System.currentTimeMillis());
Date a = ts.toDate() ;
message += "<timestamp>" + dfm.format(a) + "</timestamp>" + 'n';
message += "<loginfo>This is an event from Decision Server</loginfo>";
message += "</connector>";

This example also shows some of the mapping techniques available to convert from the rules
representation of dates and times into a form compatible with the event run time. Usage of
these Java classes requires the usage of import statements for the ManualApproval class
(Figure 5-29).
Figure 5-29 ManualApproval BOM to XOM mapping imports
These imports include JMSEventClient, which then allows the method to be completed by
connecting to the run time and sending the event (Example 5-10).
Example 5-10 Sending the event
JMSEventClient client = new JMSEventClient();
client.connect();
client.publishEvent(message);
client.close();
This final bit of the method BtoX code creates a JMSEventClient, connects to the event run
time and establishes a session, sends the event message that has been constructed, and
then closes the connection. Although this solution is not the most elegant one, it shows the
essential steps needed to schedule an event from within a decision.

Chapter 6. Business process design with
rules and events
This chapter describes how to use rules-based decision making and event processing within
business processes.
Chapter 2, “Development process overview” on page 9 provides an overview of the key tasks
needed when designing a process. This chapter provides practical illustrations of how the
WODM Insurance scenario processes are integrated with the Decisions and Situations
described in earlier chapters.
6

6.1 Overview
This chapter uses an extension of the scenario described in previous chapters based around
the underwriting approval solution shown in Figure 6-1.
Figure 6-1 WODM Insurance underwriting approval solution
The rules in the Eligibility decision indicate if the quote request is eligible, ineligible, or
requires manual approval. If manual approval is required, an event is generated indicating the
quote request to be approved.
This Eligibility decision can be stored in the decision warehouse (or other database) so that
the details of the decision response do not need to be contained within the event, which
requires more bandwidth and memory in the event processing.
The Event rules first raise alerts to inform the customer that a manual approval is required
and refer them to come back to the call center later.
An event is then sent to the Underwriting Approval Process to initiate a new approval. On
completion of the approval (or rejection), an event is then sent back to the Event rules,
including the new quote identity and status. The call center is then alerted to follow up with
the customer to close the approved quote or to explain the rejection.
The Underwriting approval process is then followed, as described in 6.2, “Identifying the
underwriting approval process activities” on page 87.
The remaining sections in this chapter describe how each step of this solution can be
implemented.
Web Site Logic Flow
WebSphere Decision
Server
WebSphere Decision
Center
FollowUp
ReplyRequest
Refer to
Call Center
Request
Approval
Notify
Approval
Decision Center Console
Decision Center
Repository
Deploy
Call
Center
Get driver
information
Get vehicle
information
Select
coverage
options
Display
pricing
Accept or
decline
quote
Manual
Approval
Pricing
Rules
Underwriting
Approval
Process
Event Rules
Eligibility Rules

Chapter 6. Business process design with rules and events 87
6.2 Identifying the underwriting approval process activities
The underwriting approval process is based on supporting the original WODM Insurance
application process where applications were received by post, keyed into the system, and
then taken through the Eligibility decision and approvals before pricing the quote and notifying
the applicant. The introduction of the website and call center automated most quote capture
and eligibility assessment, but there are still situations when the approval process must be
applied to the quote applications received from these channels.
This process and its activities can be captured in Process Designer (Figure 6-2).
Figure 6-2 Underwriting approval process BPMN diagram
The process is triggered from an Approve Quote Event, which provides a key to the driver,
vehicle, and coverage request details. The Retrieve Quote Information service retrieves the
information needed from the database or decision warehouse to allow the review to occur.
This process is described in more detail in 6.6, “Providing the information for the manual
review” on page 101.
The Manual Application Review activity routes the quote application and eligibility rationale to
an underwriter who either approves the application or rejects it, providing a reason for
the rejection.
If the assigned Underwriter fails to respond to the task within two days, an escalation is raised
to send the application to the Manager Application Review activity, allowing the manager to
make the decision instead.
The “Approved ?” gateway determines which path should be taken through the
following process:
An “Approved” response routes the quote application to the Calculate Pricing activity.
A “Rejected” response routes the quote application directly to the Notify Applicant Service
together with the reason provided by the Underwriter.

The Pricing Decision service is the same one you used for the website and Call Center. After
the price is calculated, a new quote is generated and details are stored in the quote database
or decision warehouse. The means of invoking the decision service are described in 6.5,
“Triggering a BPM process from a WebSphere ODM action” on page 95.
Finally, the Notify Applicant service schedules an event to the Event Runtime to allow the
decision and price notification to be routed to the applicant by the most appropriate channel.
6.3 Defining decision services in a BPM process
This section describes the general approach to using decision points within a process.
The simplest approach to invoking decisions from BPM is by using Hosted Transparent
Decision Service (HTDS). Process Designer supports decision discovery and import together
with the mapping from process variables to the information used to make the decision.
The first step is to define a decision in the Process App. In this case, it is the Pricing Decision
that is invoked after the quote is approved. You insert a JRules Decision service into this
decision. This action allows the HTDS decisions that are deployed on a WebSphere ODM
Decision Server to be discovered and imported (Figure 6-3).
Figure 6-3 Process Designer Decision showing the rule discovery capabilities
To use the decision discovery capabilities, you need to register the server hosting the HTDS
decision (RES in this case) and then click Connect. This action displays a drop-down menu
in the Rule window that allows you to select the Rule App and Ruleset that is required
together with the version.
Clicking Generate Types imports the information model needed to make that decision into
the Process designer Process App.

Select the decision operation required, and the wizard generates all the types required based
on the schema provided in the decision service WSDL (Figure 6-4). This wizard now reflects
the BOM classes used in the decision.
Figure 6-4 Process Designer decision service import wizard type generation

When you click Data  Business Objects, you see that the important classes are imported
into the Process App. The AutoQuoteRequest Business Object shown in Figure 6-5 identifies
the information that needs to be sent to the Pricing Decision.
Figure 6-5 Process Designer Business Objects created from the decision import

The next step is to define the signature to the decision and map it to the HTDS decision
service. In the Pricing decision, we map the Decision service signature into an identical
decision signature within BPM (Figure 6-6).
Figure 6-6 Process Designer Decision signature definition and mapping to WebSphere ODM decision service
The pricingRequest parameter is typed as an autoQuoteReq element, which contains the
main AutoQuoteRequest business object. This extra layer of wrapping can be removed using
a combination of the data mapping capabilities and pre- and post-scripts. It might be
desirable to provide a specific signature for the Process Designer decision that better reflects
the shared interface exposed to the rest of the process.
The decision is now available to use within the process and can be tested locally by inserting
values into the pricingRequest input parameter and clicking the Debug or Run icons.

6.4 Initiating a BPM process from an event
The first part of initiating the process is to provide a means to initiate a process from an
Internal BPM event. After this action is possible, you create the BPM event from
WebSphere ODM.
The first step is to define the context information available in the event. This information is
passed to the process when it is initiated. Using a Business Object is the best way to define
this structure (Figure 6-7).
Figure 6-7 Defining a Business Object to represent the event payload

The main event handler in BPM is an Undercover Agent (UCA). The structure of the events it
handles needs to be defined by a service signature in a General System Service (Figure 6-8).
Figure 6-8 Defining a General System Service to process the event payload
The next item to create is the Undercover Agent referencing the QuoteApprovalGSS
(Figure 6-9).
Figure 6-9 Defining an Undercover Agent to initiate a BPM process
The UCA can now schedule an event that you use to start the Underwriting
Approval Process.

In the Underwriting Approval Process, create a local variable called quoteEvent to accept the
event when it arrives. Select the Start Message event that initiates the process and attach the
UCA that was created. Map the UCA event to the local process event (Figure 6-10).
Figure 6-10 Configuring the process to respond to the UCAage - defining a Start Message
When the UCA is triggered, the process should start.

6.5 Triggering a BPM process from a WebSphere ODM action
The Undercover Agent needs to be triggered from outside the BPM process as a result of an
action from the WebSphere ODM event processing. Working backwards from the UCA, the
steps needed to provide this integration are shown in this section.
The UCA needs to be included in an integration service (Figure 6-11).
Figure 6-11 Defining an integration service to trigger the UCA
There is an input parameter to this service containing the event fields to be placed in the UCA
event. This service is then added as an operation to a web service that can be exposed
outside of Process Server (Figure 6-12).
Figure 6-12 Exposing the UCA trigger through a web service

The WSDL URI indicates where the WSDL describing that service can be obtained from. You
need the URI to import the WSDL into Event Designer to establish a connection to
Process Server.
From the Event Designer project where you are defining the event processing, you can import
this web service and create an action connector by using the Import WSDL wizard
(Figure 6-13). This action is the same way we connected from events to the decision service
in Chapter 5, “Detect-Decide-Respond pattern design” on page 59.
Figure 6-13 Use the Event Designer WSDL Import wizard to create an action from the BPM web
service
When the wizard completes, an action and return event are created in the Event project
(Figure 6-14).
Figure 6-14 Action and return event created by and imported into the BPM web service

The action verbalization can be modified so that it is easy for business users to recognize it
when writing the event rules (Figure 6-15). This verbalization also shows the action object
that contains the event payload.
Figure 6-15 Action verbalization and event payload

The Connector tab shows the details of the target web service that is invoked by the action.
This invocation includes the BPM web service endpoint, which might need to be changed for
particular deployments. Security settings can also be configured here (Figure 6-16).
Figure 6-16 Action connector configuration

The wizard also defines the action object that represents the event payload that is sent to
trigger the BPM process. The fields in this object need to be populated from Business Objects
in the situation context from which the action is invoked. This action allows the fields to be
completed by any incoming event that causes the action to be invoked. This mapping is
shown in Figure 6-17.
Figure 6-17 Action payload field mapping

When the action is configured in this way, event rules can now be easily written by business
users that start the Underwriting Approval Process in response to an event. In the WODM
Insurance Underwriting Approval scenario, this response comes from the Manual Approval
event raised as part of the event processing. This response is shown in Figure 6-18.
Figure 6-18 WebSphere ODM ManualApproval event verbalization
The event rule that business users need to write to start an underwriting approval process in
response to a situation then becomes simple (Figure 6-19).
Figure 6-19 Event rule to start the approval process

6.6 Providing the information for the manual review
The next step is to use the QuoteEvent fields to retrieve the full Quote Request details from
the Decision Warehouse. This retrieval depends on the implementation of the database
implementation and must be designed to suit the solution.
A DecisionWarehouseAccess service is defined to provide this capability and it is configured
as shown in Figure 6-20.
Figure 6-20 Invoking a service to retrieve the quote request details from the Decision Warehouse

After the full Quote Request is retrieved from the decision warehouse and mapped into
process variables, the Coach for the Manual Application Review can be invoked by passing in
the quote Event variable with the status and messages. You also pass in the request details
(Figure 6-21).
Figure 6-21 Invoking a coach to allow the underwriter to approve the quote
The coach then displays the information to the underwriter, allowing the underwriter to
approve or reject the quote (Figure 6-22).
Figure 6-22 Possible underwriter approval window provided by the coach

Although this window shows only simple information currently, the decision warehouse also
has access to the rules that fired, so other metrics associated with why the quote was
selected for manual review could also be displayed.
The response from the review is stored in the quote event process variable and can then be
used in the Approved ? gateway shown in Figure 6-23.
Figure 6-23 Reacting to a decision or approval using a gateway

Now that the Quote Request is approved, the Pricing decision service can be invoked from
the process using the BPM decision developed earlier. Because we already retrieved the
Quote Request, there is no need to retrieve it again, and the process variable set up earlier is
simply mapped to the input parameter (Figure 6-24).
Figure 6-24 Invoking a decision from a process
The request is passed to the decision and the pricing rules are applied. The Pricing decision
can be stored in the decision warehouse and is passed back to the process, allowing it to be
stored elsewhere for future reference or displayed in a coach (Figure 6-25).
Figure 6-25 Using coaches to display the results of a decision in a process

The final stage of the process is to send an event to notify the applicant. Section 6.7, “Raising
an event from within a BPM process” on page 105 describes this process.
6.7 Raising an event from within a BPM process
Process Designer provides many integration features that allow a process to invoke an
external application, but using web services is one of the quickest and easiest to implement
this process. To send an event to WebSphere ODM, you must provide the WebSphere ODM
web service that you must call.
In Event Designer, you created a QuoteApproved event that uses the same event structure
and objects as existing events. This event is exposed as a web service using the SOAP
event connector.
If this WSDL is downloaded and viewed in a WSDL editor, the structure of the service is a
one-way call containing the event payload (Figure 6-26).
Figure 6-26 Web service signature provided by exposing events using a SOAP connector
The payload and structure of the events are shown in the inline schema provided in the
WSDL (Figure 6-27).
Figure 6-27 Web service signature showing repeated event payload

The detailed fields now match those fields in the original definition (Figure 6-28).
Figure 6-28 Structure of individual event payload
This web service URL can then be used in Process Designer to create a web service call that
invokes the event run time (Figure 6-29).
Figure 6-29 Creating the service to invoke the WebSphere ODM event web service

Create the Process Designer decision signature and map the fields to the web service call (in
Figure 6-30). In this case, the status provided by the underwriter is applied to the event field,
allowing the event process to determine whether the quote was approved or rejected.
Figure 6-30 Mapping the service signature fields to the event web service

The service is complete and can be integrated into the process in the Notify Applicant activity,
and the eventData process variable can be used to provide the information needed to send
the data (Figure 6-31).
Figure 6-31 Integrating NofifyQuoteApproval into the process
The updated QuoteID contained within the event data is used by other systems to retrieve the
actual pricing breakdown and continue the rest of the solution processing. The Underwriting
Approval Process is now complete and terminates.

Chapter 7. Managing decision changes
across rules, events, and
processes
This chapter describes the key governance scenario for changing and deploying new rules for
both events and rules. The default lifecycle is used and the necessary simulations and
governance checkpoints are summarized, together with how the tools support consistency of
the changed rules when deployed.
7

7.1 Support for managing and governing change in WebSphere
ODM
The WebSphere ODM platform provides a set of mechanisms and tools to allow change and
support the enforcement of governance at the level of the individual decision artifacts and at
the overall decision level itself. The following sections present these concepts, features, and
tools.
7.1.1 Access control and permission mechanisms
The ownership of rule and event projects is often distributed among different groups,
potentially belonging to different lines of business in the enterprise. The business people
responsible for determining the eligibility of a quote, involving state regulatory considerations,
are most likely not the actuaries of the company who determine the pricing policies. Also,
being assets that implement critical company business policy and strategies, rules and
events are often subject to confidentiality considerations. Therefore, access to artifacts from a
project should be clearly established and tightly controlled by the platform. Similarly, access
to operations available to a user group should be controlled (in this case, groups reflect the
concept of role on the platform).
By partitioning the users of Decision Center into different user groups and associating
permissions and enforcing access control through those groups in Decision Center, we
guarantee that only the designated groups are authorized to access certain artifacts and
perform certain operations:
Establishing branch security: Security for rules and event projects can be specified at the
project branch level by listing the user groups that are allowed to access the
project branch.
Establishing artifacts permissions: After branch security is established, access permission
can be defined at the artifact level, and you can specify view, create, update and
delete permissions.
7.1.2 Rule and event status
A lifecycle is associated with rules and events in Decision Center to separate the
responsibilities for the different activities that must be performed on an artifact. In particular, it
allows enforcing constraints such as:
The person who validates an artifact is not the same person who initially authored or
updated it.
The person who moves an artifact to a deployable state has the authority to make
that decision.
When an artifact is in the deployable state, its definition and other characteristics should
not be modified by anyone.
The lifecycle definition and enforcement applies similarly to rule and event project artifacts. It
is defined using the set of values associated with the Status property of the artifacts (the
default set is new, defined, validated, rejected, and deployable) and properties associated to
the user groups. Using the information that a user belongs to a certain group, and that an
artifact has a status value, we can decide:
Which transitions of status this user is authorized to perform.
Which fine-grained action can be applied to the artifact and its properties.

Chapter 7. Managing decision changes across rules, events, and processes 111
The status of the artifacts used in the rule lifecycle is also used in conjunction with the
extraction step of decision deployment to support the filtering of the artifacts from the
repository that should be deployed to the runtime engine. The extraction process in Decision
Center is associated with a query that decides which artifact should be deployed.
This process allows filtering out artifacts that are not completed by their authors and have a
status of new, and therefore are not considered for extraction. For deployment outside of the
development environment (for example, QA or Production), only the artifacts with a status of
deployable are included for deployment.
7.1.3 Decision test suites
Part of governing the change in decisions is performing functional testing of the decision to
ensure that it conforms to the intended business policy change requirement and performing
regression testing to ensure that the existing rules are still valid.
These tests are performed before the updated decision is deployed outside of the
development environment. The test suites defined using the Decision Validation Service
(DVS) allow this type of activity to be performed by a business person using spreadsheets to
define the test scenarios.
7.1.4 Decision simulations
Simulations allow running a set of test scenarios for a decision and providing aggregated
views of the decision response’s characteristics, for example, the percentage of eligible
versus ineligible quotes (Figure 7-1).
Figure 7-1 Outcome from simulation execution

Simulations are a valuable tool in the change process. They help assess the impact of rule
changes to the decision and help you decide whether the effected changes meet the
requirement results. Although test suites assess the correctness of the decision, simulations
are design to assess the quality of the decision. They are run on a large number sample of
scenarios, using sources from a production environment, instead of in a spreadsheet.
The results of simulations can be compared side by side, thus providing a
champion-challenger view of the decision.
7.1.5 Event testing and simulation
Testing and simulating event processing can be performed using a number of Business
Space widgets.
A tester widget allows events to be injected into the selected event run time. The effect of
those events and the ones received from event connectors can be viewed in the Context Data
tab of the tester widget (Figure 7-2).
Figure 7-2 Tester widget Context Data tab

Other tabs show information about filter conditions and the status of rules that are not
evaluated yet. Information about the actions, together with the action data objects sent, is
available in the Actions tab (Figure 7-3).
Figure 7-3 Tester widget Actions tab
These testing facilities provide step by step debugging of the event rules, allowing the
Situation Detection and Respond characteristics to be fully understood.
It is also possible to record sequences of incoming events and then play these events back
through the event run time. This feature provides a facility similar to the rules-based
simulation, allowing the effect of changing the rules to be observed in the tester widget. This
Event Capture and Replay widget is shown in Figure 7-4.
Figure 7-4 Event Capture and Replay Widget

The event processing capabilities of WebSphere ODM also support event charts, which
provide many different means of illustrating the KPIs and characteristics of events and
actions. An example that shows the proportion of incoming events for the previous scenario is
shown in Figure 7-5.
Figure 7-5 Event chart and KPI dashboard widget window
These widgets mean that there are mechanisms available to the Line of Business User to test
and validate their event rules. Although these facilities are not as mature as the simulation
and testing facilities for business rules, the same activities can be undertaken, and the
decision lifecycle and governance steps can be considered identical.
7.1.6 Deployment baselines
Deployment baselines are created when a RuleApp is deployed to a rule execution server or
an event project is deployed to an event runtime server (Figure 7-6 and Figure 7-7).
Figure 7-6 Creating a deployment baseline for a RuleApp
Figure 7-7 Creating a deployment baseline for an event project

For a RuleApp, one deployment baseline is created for each project that is associated with
the rule sets that participate with the RuleApp, and for the projects that they reference. The
deployment baseline provides a snapshot of the content of the project at the time the
RuleApp or the event project is deployed.
Creating a deployment baseline is an essential step in a decision change management
lifecycle, as it that allows capturing a state of the repository that can be reused through the
successive redeployment of the decision through different environments. Creating a
deployment baseline on the first deployment and then using the Redeploy command on the
previously created baseline guarantees that the exact same RuleApp or event project content
is deployed from one environment to the next.
7.1.7 Branch management
Project branches provide an easy way to manage the concurrent development of updates to
a decision project. When the development of multiple sets of changes overlaps, but their
planned deployment dates are different, one branch can be created for each change set and
the changes can be developed and tested concurrently until they are ready to be deployed.
Then the final changes can be merged with the main branch (trunk) and deployed from there.
Project branches are also used in conjunction with deployment baselines to manage bug
fixes. The baseline is the reference point from which to create a bug fix branch in case the
newly deployed decision is kicked back from future environments, such as QA.
When this situation is the case, the rule authors can request the creation of a project branch
from the deployment baseline. This branch allows them to bring the needed changes to fix the
defects and perform patch deployments from this branch (Figure 7-8).
Figure 7-8 Cloning a deployment baseline to a branch for a bug fix

7.2 Rule lifecycle and governance
Rule lifecycle and governance is implemented through status management, access control,
and permissions, as described in 7.1.1, “Access control and permission mechanisms” on
page 110 and 7.1.2, “Rule and event status” on page 110. The WODM Insurance application
defines, for example, a group for Regional Managers of the Pricing decision for New York
state. Ryan is a member of this group.
1. When Ryan logs on to Decision Server, he sees only the projects to which his group has
access because of the security defined on all the projects (Figure 7-9).
Figure 7-9 Project access control
2. Going further, within the Pricing rule project, Ryan can see all the common pricing rules,
but only the state-specific rules for the state he manages because of the defined
permissions on the rule artifacts (Figure 7-10).
Figure 7-10 Rule artifact access control
3. Ryan can create a rule in the Pricing project and move the status of the rule from New to
Defined when he finishes authoring it. To modify an existing deployed rule, Ryan must
have the rule status moved from Deployable to New by the Administrator because of the
customized rule lifecycle (Figure 7-11).
Figure 7-11 Rule Artifact Status
4. After Ryan moves a rule to the Defined status, it is validated by the Pricing Policy
Manager, who assigns a status of either Validated or Rejected to the rule.
5. After the rule is approved by the Policy Manager, the Administrator can then move the rule
to the Deployable, so that it is included in the rule set that is extracted for integration test
and production.

The governance enforced by setting up access control, permission, and status management
at the fine-grain level of the rules and events should be defined carefully so that it does not
become a hindrance to the change process.
Although establishing rule and event governance allows you to enforce the segregation of
responsibilities for the artifact’s authoring task, it does not provide a vision of what should
happen at the decision level to manage change.
7.3 Decision lifecycle and governance
In addition to artifact-level governance, a solution involving decision management should
define the change lifecycle and governance at the level of the decision itself. The goal is to
define who is responsible for what task at which moment in time and in which environment to
carry out a business policy update, from its initial request by the Policy Manager to its
deployment in the production environment, to the evaluation of the newly deployed business
decision implementations. Decision change thus follows a Define, Deploy, Measure, and
Update cycle.
7.3.1 Define phase
The requirements for the change in the decision come from the need to improve a KPI of the
decision or to adapt it to a changed business context. An analysis activity determines the
extent of the change needed to support the business policy update; the outcome should tell if
the update involves:
A change to the rules alone, an activity which can be performed from the Decision Center
by the Rule Authors. This activity is the most common change activity that is applied to a
rule or an event project. It is applied to adapt the decision to either changing regulations
coming from inside the enterprise or by outside regulatory body (such as a government
agency), or to a change in business conditions.
A change to a technical artifact of the rule project (for example, change to the rule flow, or
more frequently, a change to the BOM),
A change outside of the rule project (for example, in the XOM) to accommodate, for
example, additional information needed by the new rules. This change can also be a
consequence of a change needed by the decision service, which may include a change of
the service signature and implementation.
Depending on the outcome of the analysis, the set of roles and activities involved in the
implementing the change are different and involve different tools and features from the
WebSphere ODM platform.

Figure 7-12 shows the workflow for this Define phase for case 1 and 2.
Figure 7-12 Example workflow for the Define phase
During this Define phase, correct rule change implementation is controlled using the
permission, access control, and rule status management techniques described in 7.1.1,
“Access control and permission mechanisms” on page 110 and 7.1.2, “Rule and event status”
on page 110.
Validation of a set of rule changes is performed using the Decision Validation Services, which
runs a set of positive and negative test scenarios that should be elaborated specifically for the
rule change. In addition to this specific set, a set of existing DVS scenarios should be run as a
regression test suite, to ensure that the newly updated rules did not introduce a defect in the
existing ones.
If the change was driven by the required improvement of some KPIs, simulations are run with
DVS to validate that the wanted improvement is reached.
After validation is completed, a sign-off on the decision changes should be obtained from the
Policy Manager. Additionally, a development baseline can be created to record the state of
the project at the end of the change implementation.
If multiple changes to the decision are implemented concurrently, they should be taking place
on different project branches, as described in 7.1.7, “Branch management” on page 115.
Branches allow concurrent development and testing of the rules, along with a deployment
schedule that fits the agenda of the business.
"Define" Phase
IT DeveloperRule AuthorPolicy Manager
NO
YESModel Change
Required?
Define Decision
Change Request
Author Rule Changes
in Decision Center
Implement Rule Project
Changes in Rule Designer
Perform Decision Validation/
Simulation using DVS
Analyze Change Request
Get Decision
Changes Signoff

7.3.2 Deploy phase
After the rule authoring teams complete rule authoring and validation of the different rule
projects referenced by a RuleApp, the new RuleApp can be packaged and promoted to the
next execution environment.
This next environment can be, for example, a QA or staging environment where integration
tests are performed, or perhaps the production environment, if the rule change is considered
innocuous or routine. Part of the governance process design work is to establish and
differentiate which type of rule changes goes through an extensive promotion path through
different environments and which ones can take a shortcut to the production environment.
However, before the RuleApp can be packaged and deployed, the Rule Authors performs a
set of activities to make sure that the deployable artifacts are consistent and complete. These
activities include the following ones:
Use the rule analysis features of Decision Center (Check Project Consistency and Check
Project Completeness on the Analyze tab) to ensure that the new rules do not introduce
any semantic contradictions, gaps, or redundancy in the rules logic.
Verify that all the rules in the projects have the correct status. The rule set extractors that
are used to create a rule set deployed outside of the development environment usually
collect all the rules that have a Deployable status. You must ensure that there are no rules
remaining in the project that still have a status different from Deployable, or if there are,
there should be a valid reason for it. In particular, rules with a Validated status usually are
used during the functional testing of the rule set in the development environment, and not
deploying these rules might change the behavior of the rule set.
The initial promotion of the updated decision is accompanied by the creation of a deployment
baseline that allows redeployment of the same runtime artifact through all the successive
execution environments, up to production.
The Define and Deploy phases can be supported by a tracking system that allows both the
business and the IT stakeholders to follow the change request from its inception to
its deployment.
7.3.3 Monitor and Measure phases
After the decision is deployed to the production environment, the impact of the change on the
business needs to be measured through the decision’s KPIs to weight its actual
effectiveness. Although simulations are performed during the Define phase of the change, an
actual measurement comes from monitoring the events from the production environment. If
parts of the decision are derived from an analytics model, monitoring the decision result
allows you to validate the model.
Some decisions, such as validation, are not associated with qualitative KPIs; the outcome of
the decision is either correct or not. An example is when all invalid cases are properly
recognized and associated with the correct justifications. In this case, the Measure phase
does not yield any specific activity.
Also, in the context of a complex business process involving a series of decisions, the
measure of improvement from the updated decision should be evaluated from the point of
view of the overall business process. Look at the business process KPIs, which provide an
aggregated view of the individual decisions KPIs.

7.3.4 Update phase
Based on the measurements from the previous phase, a new set of KPI goals or analytic
models can be prepared for the next version of the decision. If the decision is not driven by a
qualitative KPI, the update might be driven by changing regulatory constraints or the need to
expand the footprint of the decision to new business areas.

Related publications
The publications listed in this section are considered particularly suitable for a more detailed
discussion of the topics covered in this paper.
Other publications
This publication is relevant as a further information source:
Boyer, et al., Agile Business Rule Development: Process, Architecture, and JRules
Examples, Springer-Verlag New York, LLC, 2011, ISBN 3642190405
Online resources
This website is also relevant as a further information source:
Technology connectors
http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/dmanager/v7r5/topic/com.ibm.wbe.appdev
.doc/doc/whataretechnologyconnectors.html
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IBM Support and downloads
ibm.com/support
IBM Global Services
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Redpaper™
Making Better Decisions Using
IBM WebSphere Operational
Decision Management
Business rules and
events in solution
applications and
processes
Decision management
lifecycle and
governance guidelines
Best practices for
automating decisions
Decision management is emerging as an important capability for
delivering agile business solutions. Decision management is not
a solution in its own right, but must be integrated into the
solutions or business processes that it supports.
In this IBM Redpapers publication, we describe the
recommended best practices and integration concepts that use
the business events, business rules, and other capabilities of IBM
WebSphere Operational Decision Management V7.5 (WebSphere
ODM) to provide better decision making in those solutions and
business processes.
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Making Better Decisions Using IBM WebSphere Operational Decision Management

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