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MAJOR BIO-FUEL CROPS AND THEIR USES

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IT HELPS TO KNOW ABOUT DIFFERENT TYPES OF BIO-FUEL PLANTS ARE USED IN SOUTH INDIA , AND THEIR BENEFITS

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MAJOR BIO-FUEL CROPS AND THEIR USES
MAJOR BIO-FUEL CROPS AND THEIR USES
Dr. UMASHANKAR .N , ASSOCIATE PROFFESOR MOLECULAR BIOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY, AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE HASSAN.
Energy crops •Plant species that are efficient users of solar energy for converting CO2 into biomass, which can be used as a source of energy are called energy crops.
High yield of oil %. Least risk of failure. Least cultivation inputs. High acceptability of farmers. Suitability of oil for diesel.  Wide adaptability to stress. Fast growing &Short rotation. Availability of seed materials. Least disease occurrence. Jatropha curcas
Different generations of biofuels 1. • First generation Biofuels. 2. • Second generation biofuels. 3. • Third generation biofuels. 4. • Fourth generation biofuels.
•First generation biofuels •Biofuels obtained from such crops that accumulate sugar, starch or oil and are also used as human food or animal feed are called first generation biofuels.
First generation biofuel 1. BIOETHANAL From • Sugarcane • Sugar beet • Maize • Wheat 2. BIODIESEL From • Palm oil • Vegetable oil • Rape seed oil • Sunflower oil 3. BIOGAS From Energy crop • Maize • Sugar beet 2. BIOMASS TO LIQUID From • Wood
The Biofuels are produced from lignocelluloses biomass that is not edible and oil produced from non food plants like jatropha are called Second generation Biofuels. •second generation biofuels
SECOND generation biofuel 1.NON FOOD FEEDSTOCKS Residues from already existing biomass stocks E.g. • Food waste • Farm slurry • Chicken litter • Waste wood 2.IMPROVED CONVERSION TECHNOLOGY • More complete conversion of cellulosic plant fraction. • Grow on marginal land 3.IMPROVEDGHG PERFORMANCE Compared to 1st generation
Non edible oil tree species • Neem (Azadirachta indica), • Karanj (Pongamia pinnata ), • Meswak (Salvadora species ), • Mahua (Madhuca indica ), • Rubber ( Hevea species ), • Castor (Ricinus communis ), • Palm oil / Rice bran oil , • Jatropha (Jatropha curcas ).
They are derived from microalgae, which give high biomass yield and do not compete with agricultural production system. •Third generation biofuels
MAJOR BIO-FUEL CROPS AND THEIR USES
•The fourth generation biofuels are likely to involve harvesting of solar energy to produce hydrogen or electricity by making an ingenious use of the photosynthetic apparatus. •Fourth generation biofuels
MAJOR BIO-FUEL CROPS AND THEIR USES
wood sugar and starch crops hydrocarbon producing crops
WOOD  It is obtained from fast growing trees like Butea, Casurina, Leucaena, Eucalyptus, etc.  The predominant mode of utilization of wood as an energy source is in the form of firewood, which is rather in efficient. Eucalyptus Casurina
SUGAR AND STARCH CROPS •These crops are generally efficient converters of solar energy and produce either fermentable sugars, (e.g. sugarcane sugar beet ) or starch (e.g. cereals, millets, roots and tuber crops etc. ) which can be converted into fermentable sugars. •These crops are used to produce bioethanol but they also have uses as food, feed, etc., which may often compete with biofuel production.
MAJOR BIO-FUEL CROPS AND THEIR USES
Hydrocarbon producing crops • some plants like Euphorbia lathyris, milk weed and tree legume produce hydrocarbons which can be converted into and used as diesel, called biodiesel. Tree legume Common milk weed
•In addition, some freshwater and marine algae are also known to accumulate hydrocarbons. •Some algae like Chlamydomonas and anaerobic bacteria like Clastridium produce hydrogen gas, which can be used as a pollution free fuel. if algae are used to produce hydrogen from sunlight, they could be regarded as energy crops as well. Clastridium
Biofuel plants
Species % of Oil • Pongamia pinnata 35-40 • Jatropha curcas 35-40 • Madhuca indica 25-30 • Azadirachta indica 30-35 • Simarouba glauca 60-65 • Calophyllum inophyllum 55-65 • Mesua ferrea 55-65 • Aphanamixis polystachya 40-45 Important species
Uses : •Biofuel •Cake as manure •Green manure •Soap preparation •Leather industry •Medicine •Lighting lamps •pesticides Pongamia pinnata (Honge)
• The Pongamia cake has multiple uses , it can be used as a quality fertilizer, if it available in large quantity . • Pongamia can grow any where – Road side , Borders of cropland, School compound surroundings etc. • Pongamia oil is a deep yellow , or reddish brown oil extracted from the seeds of east Indian tree Pongamia. • The various physical properties of Pongamia oil have been determined experimentally and are compared with those of Diesel. • Most of the properties except its viscosity are nearer to diesel properties which makes it so suitable for diesel.
MAJOR BIO-FUEL CROPS AND THEIR USES
COMPARITION PROPERTIES PONGAMIA DIESEL DENSITY (Kg/m ) 925 850 VISCOSITY (C S ) 2.0 to 6 1.2 to 2 NET CALORIFICVALUE (KJ/Kg ) 37000 42000 GROSS CALORIFICVALUE (KJ/Kg ) 40000 44000 MOISTURE ANDVOLATILE MATTER 0.1 % 25 % ACIDVALUE 2 0.06 IODINE VALUE 105 38.3 3
Jatropha curcas • Family : Euphorbiaceae • Flowering: May-August • Harvesting: August-October • Yield : 3yr onwards Seed yield / tree • 3 yr. : 150-300kg • Oil percentage : 20-25%(seed), 40-45%(kernel) Uses: •Biofuel •Cake as manure •Medicine •Insecticide •Live fence
• jatropha curcas - Jatropha is a genus of about 175 plants . It is a small shrub native of Central America and a member of the Euphorbia family • It is a hardy, drought and pest-resistant plant. • It produces seeds containing up to 35 to 40% oil., it living up to 50 years and growing on marginal soils. • Oil: Not Edible.  Grows almost anywhere including wastelands, gravelly, sandy, and saline soils.  Complete germination is achieved within 9 day.  Survives and thrives on a mere 250 mm (10 inches) of rain a year.
Botanical features: • Large green to pale-green leaves • Flowering plant • Fruits are produced in winter or throughout the year depending on temperature and soil moisture. • Seeds become mature when the capsules change from green to yellow.
The Production Process
Azadirachta indica  Family : meliaceae  Flowering: March-May  Harvesting: June-August  Yielding : 5 yr. onwards Average seed yield ? tree  After 10yrs : 5-10kg  After 20yrs : 25-30kg  Oil %age : 15-20%(seed) 25-35%(kernel) Uses: Biofuel Medicine Cake Green manure Insecticide Timber furniture
MAJOR BIO-FUEL CROPS AND THEIR USES
MAJOR BIO-FUEL CROPS AND THEIR USES
Madhuca indica  Family : sapotaceae  Flowering: March-April  Harvesting: July-August  Yielding : 10yr onwards  Average see yield/tree  After 10 yrs. : 5-10kg  20yr onwards : 50-60kg  Oil %age : 20-25%(seed) 30-40%(kernel) Uses: Biofuel Medicine Cake Agricultural implements Soap making Timber Ethanol production
MAJOR BIO-FUEL CROPS AND THEIR USES
Simarouba glauca  Family : simaroubaceae  Flowering: Dec. - Feb.  Harvesting: March-April  Yielding : 4 yr. onwards Average seed yield/tree  After 6yrs : 5-10kg  10 yrs. onwards : 15-25kg  Oil percentage : 18-20%(seed) 50-60%(kernel) Uses: Biofuel Edible oil Medicine Cake as manure Insecticide Timber
MAJOR BIO-FUEL CROPS AND THEIR USES
 Flowering : March-July  Harvesting : Dec. - Jan.  Gestation period: 8th yrsUses : Biofuel Medicine Cake Soap making Timber Mesua ferrea
 Family : meliaceae  Flowering : June-Aug.  Harvesting: Dec. - Jan.  Yielding: 7-8yr onwards Average seed yield?tree • After 10yrs : 8-10kg • After 20yrs : 20-25kg • Oil % : 40-45% Aphanamixis polystachya Uses : Biofuel Medicine Cake Soap making Timber
MAJOR BIO-FUEL CROPS AND THEIR USES
 Family : clusiaceae  Flowering: March-April  Harvesting: Feb. - March  Yielding: 4yr onwards Average seed yield ? tree • After 10yrs : 10-15kg • After 20yrs : 40-50kg • Oil %age : 25-35%(seed) 40-50%(kernel) Caolophyllum inophyllum (Surahonne) Uses : • Biofuel • Medicine • Cake • Painting • Ornamental • soap making
Castor bean • Drought-resistant, annual plant of tropical origin with immense spread-out. The plant can grow between 2 to 5 m. • Oil: soluble in alcohol (no heat) – fit for biodiesel • Oil content: ~55% • Oil: Not Edible (high level of Ricin oleic Acid – 85%).
Canola/Rapeseed • Rapeseed is a member of the mustard family. • Canola is a variety of rapeseed bred to have low levels of erucic acid and glucosinolates (both of which are undesirable for human consumption) • Both spring and winter varieties grow • Good oil yield • Premium cold flow properties • 70% of feedstock for EU biodiesel production
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MAJOR BIO-FUEL CROPS AND THEIR USES

  • 3. Dr. UMASHANKAR .N , ASSOCIATE PROFFESOR MOLECULAR BIOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY, AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE HASSAN.
  • 4. Energy crops •Plant species that are efficient users of solar energy for converting CO2 into biomass, which can be used as a source of energy are called energy crops.
  • 5. High yield of oil %. Least risk of failure. Least cultivation inputs. High acceptability of farmers. Suitability of oil for diesel.  Wide adaptability to stress. Fast growing &Short rotation. Availability of seed materials. Least disease occurrence. Jatropha curcas
  • 6. Different generations of biofuels 1. • First generation Biofuels. 2. • Second generation biofuels. 3. • Third generation biofuels. 4. • Fourth generation biofuels.
  • 7. •First generation biofuels •Biofuels obtained from such crops that accumulate sugar, starch or oil and are also used as human food or animal feed are called first generation biofuels.
  • 8. First generation biofuel 1. BIOETHANAL From • Sugarcane • Sugar beet • Maize • Wheat 2. BIODIESEL From • Palm oil • Vegetable oil • Rape seed oil • Sunflower oil 3. BIOGAS From Energy crop • Maize • Sugar beet 2. BIOMASS TO LIQUID From • Wood
  • 9. The Biofuels are produced from lignocelluloses biomass that is not edible and oil produced from non food plants like jatropha are called Second generation Biofuels. •second generation biofuels
  • 10. SECOND generation biofuel 1.NON FOOD FEEDSTOCKS Residues from already existing biomass stocks E.g. • Food waste • Farm slurry • Chicken litter • Waste wood 2.IMPROVED CONVERSION TECHNOLOGY • More complete conversion of cellulosic plant fraction. • Grow on marginal land 3.IMPROVEDGHG PERFORMANCE Compared to 1st generation
  • 11. Non edible oil tree species • Neem (Azadirachta indica), • Karanj (Pongamia pinnata ), • Meswak (Salvadora species ), • Mahua (Madhuca indica ), • Rubber ( Hevea species ), • Castor (Ricinus communis ), • Palm oil / Rice bran oil , • Jatropha (Jatropha curcas ).
  • 12. They are derived from microalgae, which give high biomass yield and do not compete with agricultural production system. •Third generation biofuels
  • 14. •The fourth generation biofuels are likely to involve harvesting of solar energy to produce hydrogen or electricity by making an ingenious use of the photosynthetic apparatus. •Fourth generation biofuels
  • 16. wood sugar and starch crops hydrocarbon producing crops
  • 17. WOOD  It is obtained from fast growing trees like Butea, Casurina, Leucaena, Eucalyptus, etc.  The predominant mode of utilization of wood as an energy source is in the form of firewood, which is rather in efficient. Eucalyptus Casurina
  • 18. SUGAR AND STARCH CROPS •These crops are generally efficient converters of solar energy and produce either fermentable sugars, (e.g. sugarcane sugar beet ) or starch (e.g. cereals, millets, roots and tuber crops etc. ) which can be converted into fermentable sugars. •These crops are used to produce bioethanol but they also have uses as food, feed, etc., which may often compete with biofuel production.
  • 20. Hydrocarbon producing crops • some plants like Euphorbia lathyris, milk weed and tree legume produce hydrocarbons which can be converted into and used as diesel, called biodiesel. Tree legume Common milk weed
  • 21. •In addition, some freshwater and marine algae are also known to accumulate hydrocarbons. •Some algae like Chlamydomonas and anaerobic bacteria like Clastridium produce hydrogen gas, which can be used as a pollution free fuel. if algae are used to produce hydrogen from sunlight, they could be regarded as energy crops as well. Clastridium
  • 23. Species % of Oil • Pongamia pinnata 35-40 • Jatropha curcas 35-40 • Madhuca indica 25-30 • Azadirachta indica 30-35 • Simarouba glauca 60-65 • Calophyllum inophyllum 55-65 • Mesua ferrea 55-65 • Aphanamixis polystachya 40-45 Important species
  • 24. Uses : •Biofuel •Cake as manure •Green manure •Soap preparation •Leather industry •Medicine •Lighting lamps •pesticides Pongamia pinnata (Honge)
  • 25. • The Pongamia cake has multiple uses , it can be used as a quality fertilizer, if it available in large quantity . • Pongamia can grow any where – Road side , Borders of cropland, School compound surroundings etc. • Pongamia oil is a deep yellow , or reddish brown oil extracted from the seeds of east Indian tree Pongamia. • The various physical properties of Pongamia oil have been determined experimentally and are compared with those of Diesel. • Most of the properties except its viscosity are nearer to diesel properties which makes it so suitable for diesel.
  • 27. COMPARITION PROPERTIES PONGAMIA DIESEL DENSITY (Kg/m ) 925 850 VISCOSITY (C S ) 2.0 to 6 1.2 to 2 NET CALORIFICVALUE (KJ/Kg ) 37000 42000 GROSS CALORIFICVALUE (KJ/Kg ) 40000 44000 MOISTURE ANDVOLATILE MATTER 0.1 % 25 % ACIDVALUE 2 0.06 IODINE VALUE 105 38.3 3
  • 28. Jatropha curcas • Family : Euphorbiaceae • Flowering: May-August • Harvesting: August-October • Yield : 3yr onwards Seed yield / tree • 3 yr. : 150-300kg • Oil percentage : 20-25%(seed), 40-45%(kernel) Uses: •Biofuel •Cake as manure •Medicine •Insecticide •Live fence
  • 29. • jatropha curcas - Jatropha is a genus of about 175 plants . It is a small shrub native of Central America and a member of the Euphorbia family • It is a hardy, drought and pest-resistant plant. • It produces seeds containing up to 35 to 40% oil., it living up to 50 years and growing on marginal soils. • Oil: Not Edible.  Grows almost anywhere including wastelands, gravelly, sandy, and saline soils.  Complete germination is achieved within 9 day.  Survives and thrives on a mere 250 mm (10 inches) of rain a year.
  • 30. Botanical features: • Large green to pale-green leaves • Flowering plant • Fruits are produced in winter or throughout the year depending on temperature and soil moisture. • Seeds become mature when the capsules change from green to yellow.
  • 32. Azadirachta indica  Family : meliaceae  Flowering: March-May  Harvesting: June-August  Yielding : 5 yr. onwards Average seed yield ? tree  After 10yrs : 5-10kg  After 20yrs : 25-30kg  Oil %age : 15-20%(seed) 25-35%(kernel) Uses: Biofuel Medicine Cake Green manure Insecticide Timber furniture
  • 35. Madhuca indica  Family : sapotaceae  Flowering: March-April  Harvesting: July-August  Yielding : 10yr onwards  Average see yield/tree  After 10 yrs. : 5-10kg  20yr onwards : 50-60kg  Oil %age : 20-25%(seed) 30-40%(kernel) Uses: Biofuel Medicine Cake Agricultural implements Soap making Timber Ethanol production
  • 37. Simarouba glauca  Family : simaroubaceae  Flowering: Dec. - Feb.  Harvesting: March-April  Yielding : 4 yr. onwards Average seed yield/tree  After 6yrs : 5-10kg  10 yrs. onwards : 15-25kg  Oil percentage : 18-20%(seed) 50-60%(kernel) Uses: Biofuel Edible oil Medicine Cake as manure Insecticide Timber
  • 39.  Flowering : March-July  Harvesting : Dec. - Jan.  Gestation period: 8th yrsUses : Biofuel Medicine Cake Soap making Timber Mesua ferrea
  • 40.  Family : meliaceae  Flowering : June-Aug.  Harvesting: Dec. - Jan.  Yielding: 7-8yr onwards Average seed yield?tree • After 10yrs : 8-10kg • After 20yrs : 20-25kg • Oil % : 40-45% Aphanamixis polystachya Uses : Biofuel Medicine Cake Soap making Timber
  • 42.  Family : clusiaceae  Flowering: March-April  Harvesting: Feb. - March  Yielding: 4yr onwards Average seed yield ? tree • After 10yrs : 10-15kg • After 20yrs : 40-50kg • Oil %age : 25-35%(seed) 40-50%(kernel) Caolophyllum inophyllum (Surahonne) Uses : • Biofuel • Medicine • Cake • Painting • Ornamental • soap making
  • 43. Castor bean • Drought-resistant, annual plant of tropical origin with immense spread-out. The plant can grow between 2 to 5 m. • Oil: soluble in alcohol (no heat) – fit for biodiesel • Oil content: ~55% • Oil: Not Edible (high level of Ricin oleic Acid – 85%).
  • 44. Canola/Rapeseed • Rapeseed is a member of the mustard family. • Canola is a variety of rapeseed bred to have low levels of erucic acid and glucosinolates (both of which are undesirable for human consumption) • Both spring and winter varieties grow • Good oil yield • Premium cold flow properties • 70% of feedstock for EU biodiesel production