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Marine pharmacognosy

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Sujata Koundal

1. Marine pharmacognosy studies naturally occurring substances from marine sources that have medicinal value. Some established marine medicinal products include alginic acid from seaweeds and cod liver oil. 2. Many marine organisms have been found to produce biologically active compounds with potential uses such as antimicrobial, antiviral, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory applications. These compounds often have complicated structures that would be difficult and expensive to synthesize chemically. 3. Specific examples of promising marine-derived compounds discussed are the antiviral agents Ara-A and Avarol from marine sponges, the antimicrobial agents Cephalosporin C and Istamycin from fungi and bacteria, and the antic

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MARINE PHARMACOGNOSY INTRODUCTION: - Marine pharmacognosy is a sub-branch of pharmacognosy, which is mainly concerned with the naturally occurring substances of medicinal value from marine source. - In the western medicine agar, alginic acid, carrageenan, protamine sulphate, spermaceti and cod and halibut liver oils are the established marine medicinal products. Marine products are of two types: Contemporary products Classical products 1. Macroalgae or seaweeds: 1. Antibacterial agents: Eg: Cephalosporin and Istamycin 2.Anticoagulants: treatment of iodine deficiency states such as goiter Eg: Carragenan, Fucoidin 2. Some sea weed utilized as Vitamins 3. Anti-cancer agents: treatment of anaemia during Eg: Bryostatins and Dolastatins
pregnancy. 4. Anti-viral agents: 3. Vermifuges,hypochloesterolaemic and hypoglycemic agent. Eg: Ara A and C, Avarol and e.g. Cystoseria barbata, Avarone Sargassum confusam 5. Anthelmintic agents: And Jania rubens Eg: Kainic acid and Domoic acid MARINE ORGANISMS AS POTENTIAL SOURCE OF DRUGS - The information is used in exploring new sources of economic materials, precursors for the synthesis of complex chemical substances and compounds of novel chemical structure,. - The extracts from marine organisms had been evaluated for various biological activities. This has led to the isolation of substances possessing antimicrobial, antibiotic, antiviral, anticancer, cardioactive, antiinflammatory, anthelmintic, anticoagulant neurophysiological and insecticidal activities. - Many of the marine compounds have shown promising biological properties but have complicated chemical structures, the synthesis of which would be hard and expensive. These organisms are valuable as source of new biologically active chemical structures,
1. ANTIVIRAL AGENTS a) Ara-A: It is a semisynthetic antiviral agent based on the arabinosyl nucleoside isolated from the marine sponge Tethya crypta. The compound shows a prominent therapeutic activity. b) Avarol and Avarones: These two sesquiterpene benzenoids are derived from the sponge Disidea avara. It has exhibited strong anti-HIV activity against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It shows the greater promises in the treatment of AIDS.
2. ANTI-MICROBIAL COMPOUNDS: A) Cepahlosporins: The compound Cephalosporin C is isolated from fungus Cephalosporium acremonium. Uses It is used as an antibiotic drug against microbes 2) Istamycin: These are the fermentation products of marine organisms, Streptomyces lenjimariensis. Uses: They have activity against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria
3. ANTICANCER AGENTS 1. Bryostatin: Isolated from Bugula neritina a bryozoal marine organism showed highly potent antineoplastic activity in an extremely low dose level. Bryostatins triggers activation and differentiation of periphereal blood cells from lymphocytic leukemia patients. 2. Dolastatins: It is isolated from the sea hare i.e Dolabella auricularia. The highly cytotoxic compounds are Dolastatin -10 and Dolastatin-H. 3.Ara-C: It is the synthetic anticancer agents also called cytosine arabinoside, It originates from the natural marine substance spongothymidine isolated from Caribbean sponge Cryptotethya crypta) 4. CARDIOVASCULAR AGENTS: 1. Eledoisin Eledoisin, a peptide compound has been isolated from posterior salivary glands of Cephalopod Eledone moschata Uses: It has shown potent hypotensive and vasodilatory activity. 2. Octopamine: Octopamine a simple phenolic derivative isolated from salivary glands of Octopus vulgaris, Octopus. macropus and Eledone moschata
Uses: Cardiotonic activity. 5. ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENTS: 1. Marine bi-indole derivatives: Isolated from marine Cyanobacterium Rivularia firma. Uses: anti-inflammatory activity in the models of carrageenan-induced rat paw odema and kaolin induced rat paw oedema. 2. Pseudopterosins: These are group of diterpene glycosides isolated from Caribbean octocorals. Examples : Pseudopterosins-I and Seco-pseudopterosins-3 Uses: Strong anti-inflammatory activity. 6. ANTICOAGULANTS: 1. Carrageenans: Isolated from Condrus crispus and have shown anticoagulant effect through inactivation of thrombin. 2. Fucoidin : Isolated from the brown algae Fucus vesiculosus has shown a very good anticoagulant activity 7. ANTHELMINTIC : 1. Kainic acid: It is obtained from red algae Digenea simplex. Uses: Used against parasitic round worm and tape worm. 2. Domoic acid: It is obtained from red algae Chondria armata. Uses: Used in treatment of ascariasis and is effective against in expelling another parasitic pin worms.
8. MARINE TOXINS: Many marine organisms produce potentially toxic compounds which may work for their safety and protect them from predators. These toxins may pose potential hazards to human health. Many of these toxins had also shown remarkable biological activities in comparatively lower doses. Some of these marine toxins are discussed below: 1. Tetrodotoxin: It is a potent neurotoxin produced by the pufferfish of family Tetraodontidae. Uses: cardiovascular and neurophysiological activity in experimental animals 2. Saxitoxin: It is a purine skeleton containing toxic compound produced by the Saxidomus giganteus Uses: produces a marked hypotensive effect 3. Ciguatoxin: it is a poisonous compound found in the dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus. Uses: cardiovascular and neurophysiological properties. 4. Lophotoxin: It is a diterpene lactone
present in the gorgonian corals of the genus Lophogorgia. Uses: It produces an irreversible postsynaptic blockage at neuromuscular junction

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Marine pharmacognosy

  • 1. MARINE PHARMACOGNOSY INTRODUCTION: - Marine pharmacognosy is a sub-branch of pharmacognosy, which is mainly concerned with the naturally occurring substances of medicinal value from marine source. - In the western medicine agar, alginic acid, carrageenan, protamine sulphate, spermaceti and cod and halibut liver oils are the established marine medicinal products. Marine products are of two types: Contemporary products Classical products 1. Macroalgae or seaweeds: 1. Antibacterial agents: Eg: Cephalosporin and Istamycin 2.Anticoagulants: treatment of iodine deficiency states such as goiter Eg: Carragenan, Fucoidin 2. Some sea weed utilized as Vitamins 3. Anti-cancer agents: treatment of anaemia during Eg: Bryostatins and Dolastatins
  • 2. pregnancy. 4. Anti-viral agents: 3. Vermifuges,hypochloesterolaemic and hypoglycemic agent. Eg: Ara A and C, Avarol and e.g. Cystoseria barbata, Avarone Sargassum confusam 5. Anthelmintic agents: And Jania rubens Eg: Kainic acid and Domoic acid MARINE ORGANISMS AS POTENTIAL SOURCE OF DRUGS - The information is used in exploring new sources of economic materials, precursors for the synthesis of complex chemical substances and compounds of novel chemical structure,. - The extracts from marine organisms had been evaluated for various biological activities. This has led to the isolation of substances possessing antimicrobial, antibiotic, antiviral, anticancer, cardioactive, antiinflammatory, anthelmintic, anticoagulant neurophysiological and insecticidal activities. - Many of the marine compounds have shown promising biological properties but have complicated chemical structures, the synthesis of which would be hard and expensive. These organisms are valuable as source of new biologically active chemical structures,
  • 3. 1. ANTIVIRAL AGENTS a) Ara-A: It is a semisynthetic antiviral agent based on the arabinosyl nucleoside isolated from the marine sponge Tethya crypta. The compound shows a prominent therapeutic activity. b) Avarol and Avarones: These two sesquiterpene benzenoids are derived from the sponge Disidea avara. It has exhibited strong anti-HIV activity against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It shows the greater promises in the treatment of AIDS.
  • 4. 2. ANTI-MICROBIAL COMPOUNDS: A) Cepahlosporins: The compound Cephalosporin C is isolated from fungus Cephalosporium acremonium. Uses It is used as an antibiotic drug against microbes 2) Istamycin: These are the fermentation products of marine organisms, Streptomyces lenjimariensis. Uses: They have activity against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria
  • 5. 3. ANTICANCER AGENTS 1. Bryostatin: Isolated from Bugula neritina a bryozoal marine organism showed highly potent antineoplastic activity in an extremely low dose level. Bryostatins triggers activation and differentiation of periphereal blood cells from lymphocytic leukemia patients. 2. Dolastatins: It is isolated from the sea hare i.e Dolabella auricularia. The highly cytotoxic compounds are Dolastatin -10 and Dolastatin-H. 3.Ara-C: It is the synthetic anticancer agents also called cytosine arabinoside, It originates from the natural marine substance spongothymidine isolated from Caribbean sponge Cryptotethya crypta) 4. CARDIOVASCULAR AGENTS: 1. Eledoisin Eledoisin, a peptide compound has been isolated from posterior salivary glands of Cephalopod Eledone moschata Uses: It has shown potent hypotensive and vasodilatory activity. 2. Octopamine: Octopamine a simple phenolic derivative isolated from salivary glands of Octopus vulgaris, Octopus. macropus and Eledone moschata
  • 6. Uses: Cardiotonic activity. 5. ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENTS: 1. Marine bi-indole derivatives: Isolated from marine Cyanobacterium Rivularia firma. Uses: anti-inflammatory activity in the models of carrageenan-induced rat paw odema and kaolin induced rat paw oedema. 2. Pseudopterosins: These are group of diterpene glycosides isolated from Caribbean octocorals. Examples : Pseudopterosins-I and Seco-pseudopterosins-3 Uses: Strong anti-inflammatory activity. 6. ANTICOAGULANTS: 1. Carrageenans: Isolated from Condrus crispus and have shown anticoagulant effect through inactivation of thrombin. 2. Fucoidin : Isolated from the brown algae Fucus vesiculosus has shown a very good anticoagulant activity 7. ANTHELMINTIC : 1. Kainic acid: It is obtained from red algae Digenea simplex. Uses: Used against parasitic round worm and tape worm. 2. Domoic acid: It is obtained from red algae Chondria armata. Uses: Used in treatment of ascariasis and is effective against in expelling another parasitic pin worms.
  • 7. 8. MARINE TOXINS: Many marine organisms produce potentially toxic compounds which may work for their safety and protect them from predators. These toxins may pose potential hazards to human health. Many of these toxins had also shown remarkable biological activities in comparatively lower doses. Some of these marine toxins are discussed below: 1. Tetrodotoxin: It is a potent neurotoxin produced by the pufferfish of family Tetraodontidae. Uses: cardiovascular and neurophysiological activity in experimental animals 2. Saxitoxin: It is a purine skeleton containing toxic compound produced by the Saxidomus giganteus Uses: produces a marked hypotensive effect 3. Ciguatoxin: it is a poisonous compound found in the dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus. Uses: cardiovascular and neurophysiological properties. 4. Lophotoxin: It is a diterpene lactone
  • 8. present in the gorgonian corals of the genus Lophogorgia. Uses: It produces an irreversible postsynaptic blockage at neuromuscular junction