Maths glossary

Glossary of mathematical terms for 5th/6th class in primary and Junior Cycle
Bridging Materials for Mathematics
The following is a glossary of mathematical terms. The glossary is designed to inform
students/parents/teachers of the vocabulary and meaning of terms in mathematics that students
may have encountered in primary school and will encounter when they transfer to post-primary
education. Many of these terms are used throughout the strands in junior cycle, but it is not a
comprehensive list for Junior Cert. The definitions and examples here are specifically chosen for
use in 5th and 6th classes in primary and junior cycle mathematics in post-primary schools in
Ireland.
Term Diagram, Definition, explanation and example
A abacus Helps to perform calculations by sliding beads along rods.
acute An angle that is greater than 0° but less than 90°.
algorithm A step by step procedure that gives the solution of a particular problem.
Multiplication and division in numbers are examples of how we use algorithms to
find answers in an efficient way.
analogue clock A clock on which hours, minutes and sometimes seconds are indicated by hands on
a dial.

angle
This is made when two line segments meet at a point (vertex), or when two lines
intersect. It is be measured in degrees and can be acute, right, obtuse or reflex.
are A unit of area equal to 100 square metres.
area The amount of a plane enclosed by a 2D shape measured in square units.
array This is an arrangement of objects (usually numbers) in rows and columns.

1 2 3 4 5
2 4 6 8 10
3 6 9 12 15
associativity This is a property of number operations. The order in which we do operations is
important. Multiplication is associative: (12 x 3 ) x 6 = 12 x ( 3 x 6 )
Division is not associative (12 ÷ 3) ÷ 6 ≠ 12 ÷ (3 ÷ 6).
axial symmetry This is reflection of a plane figure in a line to form an image in a different place.
axis of
symmetry
This is a line drawn through a plane figure, so that one half of the shape can be
folded over along the line to fit exactly onto the other. A shape can have more than
one axis of symmetry.
B bar chart A diagram used to display data in rectangular bars. It is used to summarise and
display information in a diagram.

bar-line graph
A way to show and compare data by using horizontal or vertical lines. The bars in a bar chart are simply replaced by straight lines.
base ten materials
Used for teaching place value and volume. There are ten small cubes in one long, ten longs in one flat, and ten flats in one block.
bisector
A line that divides an angle or line into two equal parts.

block graph An introductory way of representing discrete data, in which each member of the
population is represented by an individual square.
C cardinal
number
This is the number of elements in a set. The symbol for it is #.
Example: W = { 3, 45, 17, bear, z} # W= 5
capacity Only containers have capacity. Capacity is the internal volume of a container or
simply the amount that a container can hold.
Example: The capacity of the bucket is twenty litres so it takes a volume of twenty
litres of water to fill it.
central
symmetry
This is reflection in a point.
Example: Triangle W (A’B’C’) is the image of triangle M (ABC) by central symmetry
in the point D.

circumference This is the length of the perimeter of a circle.
clustering
strategy
Estimation that is best suited to groups of numbers that ‘cluster’ around a common
value.
Example: Numbers of people who came to our concert
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday
425 506 498 468 600
The average attendance was about 500 per night.
500 x 5 nights = 2,500
commutative This is a property of the number operations addition and multiplication.
In addition 1 + 2 = 2 + 1, i.e. it works both ways, it is commutative.
In subtraction or division it does not work both ways, e.g. 6–7 ≠ 7–6.
common factor A number that divides evenly into more than one other number.
Examples: 16 has factors 1,2,4,8,16
20 has factors 1,2,4,5,10,20,

36 has factors 1,2,3,4,6,9,12, 18,36
1, 2 and 4 are the common factors and 4 is the highest common factor.
complementing As with subtraction.
Example: There are 10 stickers in a set. I have 4. How many more do I need to
make a full set?
complement of
a set
Elements not in a set.
Example: The set P =[ 1,2,3 ] the complement P’ = [4,5 ]
components of
number
The number 4 can be made up of 1 + 1 + 1 + 1, 2 + 2, 3 + 1, 1 + 3 etc.
composite
number
A number with more than two factors.
Example: 6,12, 51, 65
congruent 2D shapes that have identical properties and are exactly the same size, shape and
measure of angle.
conjecture An unproven statement which appears correct and has not been proven to be true or
false.
Example: There is no biggest prime number.
conservation of
number
Numbers can be counted in any order. The set does not need to exhibit uniformity.
co-ordinates These are the numbered pairs used to locate points on the plane. The plane is a flat

surface, often referred to as the Cartesian plane.
There are some points shown in the four quadrants of the Cartesian plane.
cylinder A three-dimensional shape consisting of two identical circular ends joined by one
continuous curved surface.
D data There are different types of data. (Categorical, numerical, ordinal, discrete and
continuous).
Categorical Numerical Ordinal
Discrete Continuous
deducting As with subtraction.
Example: I had 10 sweets, I ate 3. How many have I left?
denominator Number below the line in a fraction.

diameter A chord through the centre of a circle. It is twice the radius in length.
difference Means subtraction.
Example: The difference between two numbers such as 22 and 17 is 22–17 = 5.
5 is the difference.
digit The individual symbols used to build up numerals in a numeration system.
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9.
direct
proportion
When two sets are connected by a constant multiplier.
A= {12, 24, 36} B= {3, 6, 9). Set A is in direct proportion to set B and the constant
multiplier is 4.
discount A reduction (usually a percentage). This is associated with money.
distributive This is a property of number operations.
It describes how two operators can be used together when linked in a certain way. It
does not always work.
5(4+3) = 5(7) = 35 and this equals 5(4) + 5(3) = 20+15 = 35, i.e. multiplication is
distributive over addition.
5(20 ÷ 5) = 5(4) = 20 ≠ 5(20) ÷ 5(5) = 100÷25 = 4, so multiplication is not

distributive over division.
dividend A number or quantity to be divided by another number or quantity.
Example: 24 ÷ 6 = 4, 24 is the dividend.
divisor Is the number that does the dividing.
36 ÷ 9 = 4, the number 9 is the divisor.
E edge The intersection of two surfaces; in particular, the straight line where two faces of a
polyhedron meet.
element An element is a member of a set.
Example: A = {dog, fridge, 17, Liverpool}. There are four elements in the set A; dog
is one of the elements.
empty number
line
A number line without a scale, used to support mental and informal additions and
subtraction.
equation A maths statement in symbols that includes an equals sign (equality).
Example: 2b + 4c = 34
equivalent Has the same value as.
Example: ½, 0.5, and 50% are equivalent.
estimate An approximation to an answer.
expanded form When the value of each digit in a numeral is written in its entirety.
Example: 246 = 2 hundreds + 4 tens + 6 units or 200 + 40 + 6
experiment This is an activity which allows information/data to be collected and recorded (often
called the results of the experiment).
Example: rolling a pair of dice and recording the total.

exponential
This is an expression in which a number is raised to some power. The power is the exponent. (see power)
62, 83, 129
F
face
One of the plane surfaces of a polyhedron.
A cube has six faces.
factor
A whole number or expression that divides evenly into another number.
Example: 24 has eight factors including itself and one;1,2,3,4,6,8,12,24
Prime numbers such as 7, 11, and 23 have exactly two factors.
foreign
exchange rate
Is the value one currency has in relation to another.
Example: Foreign exchange rate. €1.00 = $ 1.39 thus €100 = $ 139.
$ 2085 = 2085 ÷ 1.39 = € 1500
formula
Is an easy way of expressing information using symbols.
Example: Area of a triangle (½ x base x height) = ½bh
frequency
Is the number of times an event occurs in an experiment. Frequencies are often summarised in a table or a histogram.
Example: in nine soccer matches played on a school pitch during a tournament the number of goals scored was recorded as 0, 1, 1, 0, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0. This information could be summarised in a frequency table:
Number of goals
0
1
2
Frequency
4
2
3
friendly numbers
Two numbers that are related to each other in a way that makes a calculation particularly easy.
Example:457 - 257
front-end strategy
Estimation that has its strongest application in addition. The left-most digits (front- end) are the most significant in forming an initial estimate and can be used on their own in the earlier stages to establish a rough estimate.
Example :€1.54 + €6.35 + €0.99 + €2.51 =
€1 + €6 + €2 = €9
54c + 35c makes €1 approx, 99c is nearly €1 and 51c is nearly 50c

Overall estimate is €11.50 (€9 + cent estimate of €2.50)
G
geoboard
Used for learning about co-ordinates as well as making 2D shapes using elastic bands.
geostrips
Used to construct 2D shapes.
H
highest common factor (hcf)
The highest common factor is the largest whole number than divides into two or more whole numbers (see common factor).
Example: hcf of 16, 28 and 36 = 4
histogram
This is a diagram which represents data in rectangles. They have bases of the same width and data is represented by the area of the rectangle.
hectare
A unit of area equal to 100 ares.
hexagon
A six-sided polygon.
I
improper
A fraction in which the number above the line (numerator) is larger than the number

fraction below (denominator).
Example:
3
5
index Often referred to as the power. It is the number of times the number is multiplied by
itself. The plural of index is indices.
Examples: 23, 48, 173, 202
integers Are whole numbers, plus and minus, including zero. The set of integers is
represented by the letter Z.
Examples: -12, -6, 8, 0, 257, - 4398 are integers.
interest rate Percentage of total earned on an investment or paid on a loan.
Example: €100 invested in a bank for 1 year at an interest rate of 10% will
accumulate to €110.
intersection Is the overlap of sets, where we see the elements that are common in two or more
sets. The symbol used is  .
Example: A B
1 3 7
2 4 8
A  B = { 3, 4}
inverse In many cases it means ‘the opposite’.
The inverse of addition is subtraction. The additive inverse of a number is the
number you add to it to give zero. The additive inverse of -8 is 8. The multiplicative
inverse is the number you multiply by to give 1. The multiplicative inverse of 7 is
7
1
.
inverse
proportion
When two numbers or sets of numbers are related and an increase in one
corresponds to a decrease in the other. The product of the two numbers remains
constant.
Example: A = {40, 24, 15} B= {3, 5, 8} as 40x3=120, 24x5=120 and 15x8=120.
J
K kilogram Unit of mass (1000 grams)

1 kg = 1000 g
L line Is short for straight line. It is a subset of the points on the plane. It goes on forever in
both directions.
line plot Is a graph where the data is plotted in lines.
Example: The results of 26 students who completed a test are shown in the line
plot.
line segment A part of a line.
It has endpoints, by which it is identified or named. The line segment [AB] is
illustrated.

line symmetry A shape has line symmetry if one half of the shape can be folded exactly onto the
other half.
litre Unit of capacity for measuring liquids.
1 litre =1000ml
lowest
common
This is the smallest number that given denominators will divide into evenly.
It can be found by listing the multiples of these denominators in increasing order,

multiple
(lcm)
until a common number is reached.
Example :To find what the lcm of 8, 9, and 12 is we could list their multiples:
8,16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 72, 80, 88, …
12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, …
9,18, 24, 36, 45, 54, 63, 72, 81, 90, …
M
magnitude
Of anything is the measure of its size.
Example: The magnitude of an earthquake is measured on the Richter scale from 0 to 10.
mean
This is the simple average of a given set of data.
The mean of 8,7,12,0, 3 = 8 +7 +12 +0 +3 = 30 ÷5 = 6
median
This is the middle value (or two values) of a set of data arranged in order.
Example: 18, 3, 7, 8, 16, 2, 3 becomes 2, 3, 3, 7, 8, 16, 18 and 7 is the median.
-16, 2, -7, 2, 23, -9, 100, 0 becomes -16, -9, -7, 0, 2, 2, 23, 100. (0+2) ÷2= 1
millilitre
One thousandth of a litre, written as 1 ml.
millimetre
One thousandth of a metre, written 1 mm.
minus
This can be an operation or a property.
Example: 12- 8 = 4 is the operation of minus. -39 is described as negative thirty nine or minus thirty nine and this is a property.
mixed numbers
Written as a whole number part and a fraction part.
Example:
mode
This is the most commonly occurring value in a set of data.

Example:12, 34 , 25,17, 34, 56,12, 67, 43, 68, 93, 34, 33, 21, 25 the mode is 34
multiple
Of a number is made by multiplying it by another number.
Example: The multiples of 7 are 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42………………….
N
natural numbers
The set of counting numbers starting at 1. They are represented by the letter N.
Example: N= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10………….}
notation board
Used for learning about place value.
negative
This is a property of a number often referred to as the sign of it. A negative number is less than zero (see minus).
Example: - 20
net
This is the plan of a 3D object.
Example: A cube with the net beside it.
null set
This is a set that contains no elements.
Example: T = {The number of Irish people 5 m tall}. T = { }
The symbols used to show the null set are shown below.
number line
A straight line, on which points are used to represent numbers, emphasising particularly the order of numbers and their position in relation to each other.
number sentence
An equation or statement of inequality.
Examples: 4 - x = 11, 4 x 2 < 12 or 2 + 5 = 7
numerator
Number above the line in a fraction.

O obtuse An angle that is greater than 90° but less than 180°.
oblique lines Lines that are neither parallel nor perpendicular. They would form either an acute or
obtuse angle if they intersected.
octahedron A 3D shape with eight faces.
ordinal number A number denoting relative position in a sequence.
Example: first, second, third…………..
outcome This is the result of an experiment.
Example: Roll a die as an experiment and the outcome is a number between 1 and
6.

P
parallel
A line is parallel to another line if they are an equal distance apart and they never meet.
perimeter
The sum of the length of the sides of a figure or shape.
perpendicular
Two lines are perpendicular if they meet at right angles (90°).
perpendicular bisector
A line that divides another line into two equal parts and is at 90° to it.
pictogram
A way of representing discrete data, in which each member of the population is represented by an individual picture or icon arranged in rows or columns.

pie chart
A diagram in the shape of a circle or disc that is used to represent data.
The 360° of the disc is divided in ratio into pieces of the pie.
place holder
The role of zero in the place-value system of numeration.
Example: In the numeral 507 the 0 holds the tens place to indicate that there are no tens here.
place value
The position of a digit in a numeral determines its value.
For example, ‘6’ can represent six, sixty, six hundred, six tenths, and so on, depending on where it is written in the numeral.
6 60 600 0.6
plane figure
This is a 2D shape.
Examples:
plus
This is the operation of addition or a property of a number.
Examples: Addition 4 + 15 = 19
or
the number plus six +6, which can be written as 6
polygon
A two-dimensional (2D) closed shape made up entirely of straight edges. It does not have to be regular.
Examples:
polyhedron
A three-dimensional (3D) shape made up entirely of flat surfaces. It does not have to be regular
Examples:

prime factor A factor that is a prime number. There are different methods used to find prime
factors.
Example:
prime number A number with exactly two factors, itself and 1.
Examples: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, …………………….
prism A shape made up of two identical polygons at opposite ends, joined up by parallel
lines.
.
probability This is the study of chance; its value varies between 0 and 1.
Example: The probability of a fair coin landing on heads = 0.5
product The result when you multiply two numbers.
Example: 21 x 8 = 168
profit This is the measure of gain in a financial transaction.
protractor A geometric instrument for measuring angles.
positive A positive number is one which is greater than zero.
Example: 2 , 5½, 7.09, 16

power This is how often a number is multiplied by itself. It is also known as the index.
Example: 34 = 3 x 3 x 3 x 3 = 81
Q quadrilateral A shape with four sides.
Example: A rhombus is a four-sided shape with
all of its sides equal in length.
quotient Is the result of a division.
Example:
8
24
= 3
R radius A line joining the centre of a circle to the edge of the circle. It is half the diameter in
length.
range This is the difference between the smallest and the largest piece of data in a set.
Example: The range of four people with heights of 160 cm, 155 cm, 180 cm, 178 cm
is 180 -155 = 25 cm
ratio Is a comparison of two or more quantities.
Example: When making concrete you mix 9 parts of gravel with 2 parts cement.
The ratio of gravel to cement is 9:2
rational
numbers
This is a set of numbers which includes whole numbers, minus numbers, zero,
fractions and decimals. They are represented by the letter Q.
Examples: -97, 128, 0,
7
3
, -
19
12
, 0.529, -17.64
ray Is a line that is finite in one direction but infinite in the other.

rectangular
number
There can be found by using the unit dots to make triangles or the product of
consecutive natural numbers.
reflex angle An angle that is greater than 180° but less than 360° (see angle)
regrouping/
renaming
This is when a numeral is reconfigured into its equivalent but different form.
Example: 372 can be regrouped/renamed as 36 tens and 12 units.
1 m 11 cm = 1 11/100 m = 1.11 m
Note: We use addition with regrouping/renaming when the sum of the numbers
along the same column is greater than 9.
Regrouping/renaming takes place in subtraction if any of the digits in the larger
number is smaller than any of the digits involved in the smaller number.
relative
frequency
The number of times an event happens divided by the total number of experiments.
How often the number 5 occurs when rolling a biased die twenty times.

right angle
An angle of 90°.
rounding
The process of approximating an answer to an appropriate degree of accuracy; this can be done by rounding up or rounding down.
Example: €25.37 rounded up to the nearest ten cent is €25.40
€24.14 rounded down to the nearest ten cent is €24.10;
S
sample space
Is the list of all possible outcomes of an experiment.
Example: When tossing two coins the sample space is given in the diagram
scalene triangle
A triangle with three sides of different length and, therefore, three different-sized angles.
sequence
A set of numbers written in order according to a rule.
Examples: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 62……………..
1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21…………..
set
A well defined collection of objects.
Example: S = { dog, cat, elephant, giraffe}
set diagram
The simplest picture of a population sorted into subsets; each subset is represented by an enclosed region (such as a circle) with the names of the items of individuals rather than just one.
side
The straight edges of a closed two-dimensional shape.

Sieve of Eratosthenes
A way to identify and record prime numbers. Using a 100 square, Eratosthenes's sieve drains out composite numbers and leaves prime numbers behind.
similar
2D shapes that are identical in every way except for size.
Example: similar triangles
simple random sample
When data is collected from an experiment without bias.
spreadsheet
A computer application that shows worksheets in columns and rows.

square number In order to square a number, multiply it by itself.
square root Of a number, when multiplied by itself will give the first number.
16 = 4, 4x4 = 16; 11 = 11 x 11
statistics The study of information which is collected as data.
stem and leaf
plot
This is a diagram used to represent data.
subitise Tell at a glance, without counting, the number of items in a set.

subset
A subset is set which contains some or all elements of another set. The null set is a subset of every set.
Example: Set A= {Kerry, Tyrone, Dublin, Galway}, K is a subset of A and could be K= {Kerry, Tyrone, Galway}.
subtraction
An operation in maths when the difference of two numbers is found (see difference).
Example: 21 – 13 = 8; -12 - 4 = -16; 63 – (-12) = 63 + 12 = 75.
subtrahend
The number to be subtracted from another number.
Example: 10 – 4 (4 is a subtrahend)
substitute
To replace a variable with a number in order to calculate the value of an expression or to allow further algebraic manipulation.
Example: x2 + 3x + 4, substitute x= 5, x2 + 3x + 4 = 52 + 3(5) + 4 = 25 +15 + 4 = 44
survey
A method of collecting data often by asking questions of a population or a sample of a population.
T
tally
A tally is made by recording a series of single strokes. Usually every fifth stroke is a bar to the other four for easy counting.
tangram
A Chinese puzzle made up of seven simple geometric shapes, 2 large triangles, 1 medium triangle, 2 small triangles, 1 square and 1 parallelogram which are capable of being recombined in many different figures.

tessellation
Shapes tessellate if they fit together exactly, form a repeating pattern, and make an angle of 360 at the points of contact.
Examples:
theorem
This is a statement in geometry that can be proved using previously accepted theorems or axioms.
Example: The theorem of Pythagoras
transition board
A simple device to aid children’s conceptual understanding of addition and subtraction.
triangle
A three-sided shape.
Example: An equilateral triangle had 3 sides of equal length, an isosceles triangle has 2 equal sides and a scalene triangle has no sides of equal length.

triangular numbers
These are numbers that can be drawn as equilateral triangles.
Example: The first of these numbers are 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21……..
trapezium
This is a four-sided figure with one set of parallel sides.
trend graph
Represents the general movement in the course of time of a statistically detectable change.

trundle wheel An instrument for measuring distance by counting the number of clicks as the wheel
revolves. The circumference of the wheel is one metre.
U union This is an operation that joins together the elements of two or more sets. The
symbol used is  .
universal set The universal set contains all elements of all sets under discussion. The symbol for
universal set is U.
V variable A symbol that represents a value in an algebraic expression.
Example: y + 7 = 12.
Y = 5
Value Added
Tax (VAT)
A government tax added to most goods or services. It is usually charged as a
percentage of the net cost.
venn diagram A Venn diagram is a picture of a number of sets together.
vertex Is a point or corner on a 3D shape or where two shapes meet.

volume
The amount of space taken up by a 3D object.
W
weight
The gravitational pull exerted on an object.
whole numbers
These can sometimes mean the Natural numbers (N) but are better described as the integers (Z).
-5, -3, 0, 17, 213, 488
X
x-axis
In a graph this is the horizontal axis.
Drawn on the Cartesian plane it is infinitely long in both directions.
Y
y-axis
In a graph this is the vertical axis.
Drawn on the Cartesian plane it is infinitely long in both directions.
Z

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