IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Mass transport at internal interfaces of inorganic materials
- Ionic conduction is sensitive to interface structure, with interfaces enhancing ionic conduction due to high defect concentrations, strain-enhanced diffusion, and interface-modified structure (1-2 sentences)
- Point defects at semicoherent metal interfaces like Cu-Nb delocalize across the interface and migrate between misfit dislocation arrays, with the lowest barrier for vacancy migration between 0.06-0.12 eV (1 sentence)
- Understanding defect behavior at metal interfaces provides insights into modifying ion transport at ceramic interfaces like grain boundaries in materials like MgO (1 sentence)
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Electrical bistabilities behaviour of all solution-processed non-volatile mem...Journal Papers
This document describes an all-solution-processed non-volatile memory device based on graphene quantum dots (GQDs) embedded in graphene oxide layers. The memory device was fabricated on a flexible PET substrate using spin-coating and spray-coating deposition of the layers. Electrical characterization showed bistable switching behavior with an ON/OFF current ratio of 105. Various conduction mechanisms were proposed to describe the charge trapping and transport processes in the GQD-based memory, including Schottky emission, Poole-Frenkel emission, and trapped charge limited current conduction. The GQDs provided nanoscale charge trapping sites to enable multilevel switching and non-volatility in the graphene oxide-based resistive memory structure
Electrical transportation mechanisms of molybdenum disulfide flakes graphene ...Journal Papers
The document summarizes research on a tristable non-volatile memory device with a simple three-layer stacking structure consisting of a molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) flakes-graphene quantum dots (GQDs) heterostructure charge trapping layer embedded in polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) polymer. Transmission electron microscopy showed the MoS2-GQD heterostructure had misaligned orientations. Electrical measurements found the device exhibited tristable switching behavior with a high ON/OFF current ratio of 107, attributed to the high charge storage capability of the MoS2-GQD heterostructure. This demonstrated the potential for high density data storage using a single charge trapping layer.
Water-splitting photoelectrodes consisting of heterojunctions of carbon nitri...Pawan Kumar
Quinary and senary non-stoichiometric double perovskites such as Ba2Ca0.66Nb1.34−xFexO6−δ (BCNF) have been utilized for gas sensing, solid oxide fuel cells and thermochemical CO2 reduction. Herein, we examined their potential as narrow bandgap semiconductors for use in solar energy harvesting. A cobalt co-doped BCNF, Ba2Ca0.66Nb0.68Fe0.33Co0.33O6−δ (BCNFCo), exhibited an optical absorption edge at ∼800 nm, p-type conduction and a distinct photoresponse up to 640 nm while demonstrating high thermochemical stability. A nanocomposite of BCNFCo and g-C3N4 (CN) was prepared via a facile solvent-assisted exfoliation/blending approach using dichlorobenzene and glycerol at a moderate temperature. The exfoliation of g-C3N4 followed by wrapping on perovskite established an effective heterojunction between the materials for charge separation. The conjugated 2D sheets of CN enabled better charge migration resulting in increased photoelectrochemical performance. A blend composed of 40 wt% perovskites and CN performed optimally, whilst achieving a photocurrent density as high as 1.5 mA cm−2 for sunlight-driven water-splitting with a Faradaic efficiency as high as ∼88%.
This document describes research on fabricating a novel graphene electrode embedded with zirconium dioxide nanoparticles for electrochemical capacitors. The electrode showed a maximum specific capacitance of 11.84 F g−1. SEM images showed ions redepositing as agglomerates on the electrode surface after one charge/discharge cycle, accompanied by a decrease in surface area. Electrochemical tests confirmed pseudocapacitive behavior and low resistance. The research aims to investigate how electrolyte ion and active material redeposition affects the electrode's charge distribution ability.
Energy level tuning of cd se colloidal quantum dots in ternary 0d 2d-2d cdse ...Journal Papers
This document summarizes the energy level tuning of CdSe colloidal quantum dots (QDs) in a ternary 0D-2D-2D CdSe QD/B-rGO/O-gC3N4 photocatalyst system for enhanced hydrogen generation. Specifically, it discusses how the use of different thiol capping ligands on CdSe QDs results in shifts in the QD energy levels and band gaps. These ligand-specific CdSe QDs then exhibit trends in photocatalytic performance consistent with their respective measured energy and gap levels. Furthermore, it describes how an optimized CdSe QD is incorporated into a ternary composite with B-rGO and O-g
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes a study investigating the effects of morphology and pore size distribution on the physicochemical properties of graphite nanosheets/nanoporous carbon black/cerium oxide nanoparticle electrodes for electrochemical capacitors. Electrodes with different compositions of these materials were fabricated and their surfaces and pores were characterized using SEM. Electrochemical testing showed that electrodes with a mixture of materials exhibited the highest capacitance due to having macro, micro, and nano pores that increased the accessible surface area. Introducing cerium oxide nanoparticles created micro pores, while carbon black particles created macro pores and rearranged the graphite nanosheets. This nanoporous structure resulted in an electrode with the highest capacitance of 16.2 F/
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The preparation of thin zinc air battery. The cell, 1 cm2 area x ca. 460 μm thick, possesses limiting current of 27 mA, maximum power output of 31 mW, and vlumetric energy
density of 924 Wh l-1, rated at 20 mA. A bipolar design
markedly improves the cell performance. The cell, 1 cm2
area x ca. 920 μm thick, possesses limiting current
of 95 mA, maximum power output of 107 mW, and
volumetric energy density of 1189 Wh l-1.
Remarkable self-organization and unusual conductivity behavior in cellulose n...Pawan Kumar
Aqueous suspensions of cellulose nanocrystals were blended with Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) [PEDOT:PSS], and cast into thin films. The morphology, structure and electrical properties of the resulting nanocomposite thin films were thoroughly characterized. We found that the CNC–PEDOT:PSS blends self-organize into a layered vertical stack with a pitch of 100–200 nm while retaining a continuous percolation network for PEDOT. Atomic force microscopy, dynamic light scattering and multi-angle light scattering measurements confirmed the wrapping of polymer chains around the rod-like CNCs. The blended films exhibited improved molecular ordering of the PEDOT chains with concomitant improvement in the carrier mobility. The remarkable self-organization and enhanced structural order enabled the CNC–PEDOT:PSS blends to exhibit a high conductivity typical of PEDOT:PSS even when the content of the insulating CNCs in the nanocomposite was as high as 50 wt%.
This document summarizes research on cadmium sulfide (CdS) thin films doped with cobalt (Co) prepared using the spray pyrolysis technique. Key findings include:
1. Cd1-xCoxS thin films were deposited on glass substrates at 523K for x=0.00, 0.10, 0.20, and 0.40 compositions.
2. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis confirmed the presence of Cd, S, and Co in the appropriate stoichiometric ratios.
3. X-ray diffraction showed all films were amorphous in nature as deposited.
4. The optical band gap decreased from 2.54 eV to 2.40 eV
Boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) are structurally similar to carbon nanotubes but are electrically insulating. When added to polymer matrices as nanocomposites, BNNTs can improve the mechanical, thermal, and dielectric properties of polymers. BNNTs enhance stiffness, thermal conductivity, and breakdown voltage while maintaining the electrical insulation of polymers. They disperse well due to strong interfacial interactions and do not negatively impact polymer properties. BNNTs show promise as nanofillers for high performance polymer composites.
1) The study investigated the effect of adding zirconium oxide nanoparticles to carbon black electrode materials on surface morphology and electrochemical performance.
2) Scanning electron microscopy showed that adding nanoparticles partially filled gaps between carbon black particles, increasing the specific surface area available for charge storage.
3) Electrochemical analysis found that increasing nanoparticle content initially increased total charge storage due to higher surface area and pseudocapacitive charge storage, but further increases reduced performance due to higher electrode resistance.
This thesis examines the characterization of an aluminum-doped zinc oxide thin film for use in solar cells. The document provides background on renewable energy and solar cells. It then discusses zinc oxide thin films and their advantages over crystalline solar cells. The methodology section outlines the sol-gel process used to prepare the aluminum-doped zinc oxide films on glass substrates. Various experiments are described to characterize the film thickness, surface morphology, and electrical properties. The results and discussions section analyzes the measurement findings. In conclusion, the film properties are optimized by changing processing parameters.
1. Porous hollow SnO2 nanofibers were fabricated by annealing electrospun polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)/Sn precursor composite nanofibers.
2. The formation mechanism involves a core-shell structure forming during electrospinning due to solvent evaporation. PVP then decomposes during annealing, acting as a sacrificial template to maintain the fibrous structure.
3. A Kirkendall effect and concentration gradient lead to hollow fiber formation as Sn precursor diffuses outward and SnO2 forms on the surface via surface diffusion, leaving a hollow core.
10.1016-j.mssp.2015.01.037-Electrochemical investigation of graphene_nanoporo...Mahdi Robat Sarpoushi
This study investigated the effect of mixing graphene nanosheets and nanoporous carbon black on the surface morphology and electrochemical performance of electrodes prepared for supercapacitors. Electrodes containing 80% nanoporous carbon black, 10% graphene nanosheets, and 10% PTFE binder showed the highest specific capacitance of 10.22 F/g. The addition of nanoporous carbon black increased the proportion of outer charge stored on the electrode relative to the total charge stored, indicating higher current response and voltage reversal at the end potentials. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that adding nanoporous carbon black particles arranged the graphene nanosheets in different directions, increasing the specific surface area and changing diffusion characteristics to improve capacitance and reversibility
This study evaluated the influence of cavity configuration factor (C-Factor) and light activation technique on the polymerization contraction forces of a resin composite. Resin composite was placed in molds with different C-Factors and polymerized using either a continuous light pulse or pulse delay technique. Lower contraction forces were found with lower C-Factors and when using pulse delay technique, which allows for stress relief as the resin flows during polymerization. Higher C-Factors resulted in higher contraction forces regardless of light technique, as there was insufficient free space for stress relief. The combination of low C-Factor and pulse delay technique produced the lowest contraction forces.
This document proposes a new two-level frequency hopping code division multiple access (FH-CDMA) scheme for wireless communication systems. The scheme partitions modulation codes and frequency hopping (FH) patterns, providing more flexibility than previous schemes. It divides the available bandwidth into multiple frequency bands. Data is encoded into symbols using modulation codes, then each symbol is represented by a unique FH pattern to determine the carrier frequency across bands over time. This two-level encoding allows supporting more users without increasing the number of FH patterns. Performance and spectral efficiency of the new scheme are analyzed and shown to achieve higher data rates and better efficiency than previous schemes under some conditions.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes combining a unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) with a photovoltaic (PV) array. The UPQC uses series and shunt inverters connected back-to-back to compensate for both voltage and current-related power quality issues in both grid-connected and islanding modes. By connecting the PV array to the UPQC's DC link, the system can inject active power from the PV to the grid during voltage interruptions or islanding events. Control strategies are described for operating the shunt and series inverters to compensate for harmonics, reactive power, and voltage disturbances while also injecting PV power as needed. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the
This document describes the development of an experimental setup for an improved hydraulic bamboo processing machine. The machine aims to perform two operations (splitting and slicing) in a single unit, reducing the number of required machines. It discusses the traditional bamboo processing method, literature review on existing machines, and the concept and construction of the improved machine. Experiments were conducted to determine the splitting force required for different bamboo diameters and optimize processing parameters. The machine is designed to first split bamboo into pieces using a splitter die with multiple knives, then slice the split pieces using a slicing die with parallel cutting tools.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a fragile watermarking technique for image authentication using a hierarchical mechanism. The technique embeds watermark data at both the pixel and block levels of an image. At the receiver end, tampered blocks can first be identified using block-level watermarks. Then pixel-level watermarks in untampered blocks are used to precisely locate any tampered pixels. The technique aims to accurately locate tampered regions even if a large area is modified, and also allows perfect restoration of the original watermarked image.
This document presents a theorem concerning fixed points in Hilbert spaces. It extends an existing theorem by introducing additional terms to the contraction mapping inequality. The extended theorem is proved by showing that the mapping T has a unique fixed point u in the closed subset C of the Hilbert space. A sequence is constructed that converges to u, proving it is the unique fixed point of T. This provides a common fixed point theorem for mappings satisfying the generalized inequality.
This document discusses techniques for generating academic timetables and student schedules using data mining. It reviews existing approaches such as graph coloring, constraint programming, integer programming, and clustering. The authors propose using FP-tree clustering on student course registrations to initially group students, then applying a color mapping algorithm to further optimize clusters and generate timetables and schedules that satisfy hard constraints and consider soft constraints. They test their approach on real data from the University of Bahrain.
This document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanorods doped with copper (Cu) for application in photonic devices. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the as-prepared CdS:Cu nanorods were a mixture of hexagonal and cubic phases, with preferential growth of the (100) plane. Transmission electron microscopy images revealed garland-like nanorod structures consisting of cubic and hexagonal particles, with hexagonal particles confirming the hexagonal phase of CdS. The CdS:Cu nanorods exhibited a red shift in absorption compared to undoped CdS, indicating quantum confinement effects due to Cu doping.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The document describes using particle swarm optimization (PSO) to control an interline power flow controller (IPFC) installed on a power transmission system. An IPFC uses voltage source converters to inject active and reactive power into transmission lines, allowing control of power flows. The document presents a MATLAB/Simulink model of an IPFC on a 4-bus system. Optimal parameters for the IPFC (magnitude and angle of injected voltages) are determined using PSO to minimize transmission line losses. Simulations apply this method to the IEEE 30-bus test system. PSO helps find optimal IPFC settings to efficiently control power flows in the multi-line transmission system.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes a study on the formation and microanalysis of struvite urinary calculi (kidney stones). The researchers grew struvite crystals using a single diffusion gel growth technique. They studied the effect of various herbal drugs commonly used to treat diabetes on the crystallization of struvite. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and thermal analysis were used to analyze the elemental composition, microstructure, and properties of the grown crystals. The addition of certain herbal drugs was found to significantly change the formation of struvite crystals.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes fire protection measures for sugarcane bagasse storage at a sugar plant in India. It describes three bagasse fire incidents at different sugar plants that resulted in significant losses. It then discusses necessary precautions for bagasse storage, including installing a fire hydrant system. The document focuses on the fire protection system implemented by Renuka Sugars, which includes two firewater pumps (one electric, one diesel), 45 hydrants, and a communication system to quickly respond to fires. The system cost Rs. 90 lakh but prevents much greater losses compared to plants without adequate protection.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes a survey on using cross-layer design frameworks in multihop wireless networks. The authors propose applying a utility maximization approach to formulate network resource allocation as an optimization problem involving variables from different layers. They decompose the problem vertically using duality theory into subproblems for congestion control, routing, and scheduling that interact through congestion prices. This allows them to design a distributed algorithm for joint congestion control, routing, and scheduling. The algorithm is proved to approach the optimal solution. The authors also discuss applying this approach to specific network scenarios.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Este documento discute a importância da capacidade do professor em estabelecer limites e disciplina na sala de aula. Ele sugere várias estratégias para melhorar isso, incluindo reforçar os acertos dos alunos, usar bom humor, se aproximar dos alunos individualmente e estabelecer limites de comportamento claros. O processo envolve mudanças de metodologia quando necessário e manter a firmeza nas regras, com o professor sendo o agente principal de mudança.
Amorphous-nano-crystalline silicon composite thin films (a-nc-Si:H) samples were synthesized by
Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition technique. The measurement of DC conductivities was
accomplished using Dielectric spectroscopy (Impedance Spectroscopy) in wide frequency and temperature range.
In analysis of impedance data, two approaches were tested: the Debye type equivalent circuit with two parallel R
and CPEs (constant phase elements) and modified one, with tree parallel R and CPEs including crystal grain
boundary effects. It was found that the later better fits to experimental results properly describes crystal grains
dielectric effect and hydrogen concentration indicating presence of strain. The amorphous matrix showed larger
resistance and lower capacity than nano-crystal phase. Also it was found that composite silicon thin film cannot
be properly described by equivalent circuit only with resistors and constant phase elements in serial relation
TRIBOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS,ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES Arjun K Gopi
This document discusses tribological and electrical properties and provides summaries of several documents on related topics. It begins by defining tribological properties like wear resistance and coefficient of friction and electrical properties like dielectric strength. It then summarizes a document about polycarbazole nanocomposites with metal oxides for transparent electrode applications, describing their preparation, transparent and conductive properties. Following this, it summarizes documents about nanocomposites containing inorganic nanoparticles and conducting polymers and their various synthesis techniques and applications. It also briefly summarizes documents about carbon nanotube composites and their electrical properties and enhanced thermoelectric performance of single-walled carbon nanotube and polyaniline hybrid nanocomposites.
Ultra-optical characterization of thin film solar cells materials using core...IJECEIAES
This paper investigates on new design of heterojunction quantum dot (HJQD) photovoltaics solar cells CdS/PbS that is based on quantum dot metallics PbS core/shell absorber layer and quantum dot window layer. It has been enhanced the performance of traditional HJQD thin film solar cells model based on quantum dot absorber layer and bulk window layer. The new design has been used sub-micro absorber layer thickness to achieve high efficiency with material reduction, low cost, and time. Metallicssemiconductor core/shell absorber layer has been succeeded for improving the optical characteristics such energy band gap and the absorption of absorber layer materials, also enhancing the performance of HJQD ITO/CdS/QDPbS/Au, sub micro thin film solar cells. Finally, it has been formulating the quantum dot (QD) metallic cores concentration effect on the absorption, energy band gap and electron-hole generation rate in absorber layers, external quantum efficiency, energy conversion efficiency, fill factor of the innovative design of HJQD cells.
Development of a Hybrid CVD / SOD Integration Sequence for Reliable, High Per...Russell Stevens
This document discusses the development of a hybrid integration scheme combining porous SiLK and SiOC films for reliable, high-performance interconnect systems. A finite element analysis was used to determine that combining materials with different coefficients of thermal expansion, like using a SiOC film for vias and porous SiLK for trenches, can reduce thermal stress. The document describes the integration process sequence and modules used, including coat/cure of the porous SiLK film, lithographic patterning of vias and trenches, dielectric etching, post-etch cleaning, and metallization. Key results showed the hybrid approach achieved low interline leakage currents, indicating no damage to films from the etch and clean processes.
Fabrication and studying the dielectric properties of (polystyrene-copper oxi...journalBEEI
This document summarizes a study that fabricated (polystyrene-copper oxide) nanocomposites for potential piezoelectric applications. Copper oxide nanoparticles were added to polystyrene at concentrations of 0, 4, 8 and 12 wt.%. The dielectric constant, dielectric loss, and AC electrical conductivity increased with higher copper oxide concentrations and increased frequency. The electrical resistance of the nanocomposites decreased with increasing pressure, showing piezoelectric behavior. The nanocomposites showed potential for use in piezoelectric sensors due to their sensitivity to pressure changes.
Electrochemical Supercapacitive Performance of Sprayed Co3O4 ElectrodesIJERA Editor
Nanocrystalline cobalt oxide (Co3O4) thin film electrodes were fabricated by spray pyrolysis method on conducting fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates using ammonia complexed with cobalt chloride (CoCl2. 6H2O) solution. The structural and morphological properties of Co3O4electrodes were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).The surface morphology study showed the film formation of porous surface with clusters. The electrochemical supercapacitive properties ofCo3O4 electrodes were evaluated using cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge-discharge method. The Co3O4electrodes showed maximum specific capacitance of 168 F/g in 1 M aqueous KOH electrolyte at the scan rate of 20 mV/s. The maximum specific energy and specific power of the cell are 2.2Wh/kg and 0.23 kW/kg, respectively.
Influence of Manganese doping on Structural, optical and ethanol sensing of S...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the influence of manganese doping on the structural, optical, and ethanol sensing properties of copper oxide thin films synthesized using successive ion layer adsorption and reaction technique. Key findings include:
- X-ray diffraction analysis showed manganese doping reduced grain size up to 5% doping due to increased microstrain, beyond which grain size increased.
- Optical studies found the band gap increased with doping up to 5% due to the Burstein-Moss effect, then decreased with further doping likely due to excess manganese in interstitial sites.
- The 5% doped film exhibited the highest sensitivity of 87% for detecting 1500 ppm ethanol at
This document summarizes research on using supramolecular engineering to design formamidinium-based layered two-dimensional perovskite solar cells. A (adamantan-1-yl)methanammonium spacer was incorporated to provide structural stability through van der Waals interactions. Characterization using solid-state NMR spectroscopy revealed the atomic-level interactions between the spacer and inorganic layers. Devices based on the A2FA2Pb3I10 composition achieved a power conversion efficiency of 7.8% with long-term stability, representing a promising approach for improving perovskite solar cell performance and stability.
Enhancing Electrochemical Performance of V2O5 Thin Film by using Ultrasonic W...iosrjce
Ultrasonic weltering was used to enhance the electrochemical performance of V2O5 thin films deposited on stainless steel substrates for use as electrodes in supercapacitors. Structural, morphological, physical and electrochemical characterization showed that ultrasonic weltering resulted in more crystalline and porous films with increased specific surface area. This led to improved ion transport and a 19% increase in specific capacitance from 333 F/g to 397 F/g. Energy density also increased from 2.44 Wh/kg to 2.97 Wh/kg, while power density rose from 3.11 kW/kg to 3.52 kW/kg. Therefore, ultrasonic weltering produced structural and morphological changes that enhanced the supercapacitive properties
Studies on in-Doped Zno Transparent Conducting thin FilmsIJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In this manuscript we have investigated the influences of indium dopants on zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films regarding physico-chemical properties for application in modern conducting devices. As a starting material, Indium (III) chloride, and Zn(CH3COO)2⋅2H2O were used. The complex TSDC spectrum was obtained by submitting the sample to a constant electrical field Ep = 10M V/m during 2 min at a varing polarization temperature of Tmax = 1500C. A minimal sheet resistance with electrical resistivity as low in the range of 10-3 Ω·cm was found for this thin film.
This document summarizes a lecture on thin film deposition techniques given by Dr. Toru Hara. It begins with definitions of thin films and their applications in electronic devices, optical coatings, optoelectronic devices, and quantum devices. It then provides brief introductions to specific applications like transistors, oxygen sensors, and LEDs. The main deposition techniques are also summarized, including chemical methods like plating, CSD, CVD, and ALD, as well as physical methods like thermal evaporation, sputtering, PLD, and MBE. Examples of equipment schematics are provided for many of the techniques.
The document provides an overview of a lecture on thin film deposition techniques given by Dr. Toru Hara. It discusses four main applications of thin films: 1) electronic semiconductor devices using band engineering, 2) optical coatings using refractive index engineering, 3) optoelectronic devices using both band and refractive index engineering, and 4) quantum devices using quantum dynamics design. It also describes common thin film deposition methods including chemical solution deposition, chemical vapor deposition, plating, and physical vapor deposition techniques and gives examples of their use in applications such as transistors, optical coatings, LEDs, and superlattices.
A Front Surface Optimization Study for Photovoltaic ApplicationTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document summarizes a study on optimizing the front surface of silicon solar cells to reduce reflectance through antireflection coatings and surface texturing. Silicon nitride films were deposited using plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition and hot-wire chemical vapor deposition on silicon substrates, and showed weighted average reflectances of 1.5% and 1.8% respectively. Random pyramid surface textures were formed on silicon using potassium hydroxide etching for 30 minutes, achieving low reflectance. Combining the optimized silicon nitride coatings with the textured surfaces further reduced weighted average reflectances to 1.5% for PECVD and 1.8% for HWCVD coatings.
This document summarizes a study on the photoelectrochemical properties of nanocrystalline indium selenide (In2Se3) thin films deposited via a chemical bath deposition method. The In2Se3 films exhibited n-type conductivity based on photoelectrochemical characterization including I-V and C-V measurements in dark conditions. These measurements were used to determine properties like the ideality factor, flat band potential, and barrier height. Under illumination, the In2Se3 films showed a maximum power output of 3.1 μW/cm2 with an open circuit voltage of 153 mV and short circuit current of 20 μA.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Indium Doped Zinc Oxide Thin Films: Effect on Structural, Optical and Electri...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on indium-doped zinc oxide thin films deposited using spray pyrolysis. Key findings include:
1) XRD analysis showed the films were polycrystalline and doping led to a decrease in average grain size and a reorientation of crystal planes.
2) Optical band gap increased from 3.06 eV to 3.6 eV with doping due to the Burstein-Moss effect. Transmittance remained above 80% in the visible region.
3) Electrical resistivity decreased from 45.07 Ω-cm in undoped films to a minimum of 0.1 Ω-cm with doping, increasing conductivity. The highest figure of merit
Characterization Studies of CdS Nanocrystalline Film Deposited on Teflon Subs...IJLT EMAS
In this article, different substrates for deposition of
CdS material have been discussed. Till date glass, mica, quartz,
ceramic, etc. are commonly employed substrates in thin film
growth. In the present work, CdS is deposited on Teflon
substrate by chemical bath deposition (CBD) method. Also the
films were deposited on different substrates like glass, copper
and zinc and compared with those prepared on Teflon substrate.
The films prepared on Teflon substrate were uniform, stable and
also showed good radiating property. These films were further
characterized by UV-VIS absorption spectral studies, SEM and
EDS studies.
Sputtering of Ga-doped ZnO nanocoatings on silicon for piezoelectric transducersMariya Aleksandrova
This talk was delivered on the 8TH INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE “TechSys 2019” – ENGINEERING, TECHNOLOGIES AND SYSTEMS, Technical University of Sofia, Plovdiv Branch, 16-18 May 2019. The research is funded by BNSF’s grant KП06-Н27/1.
Sputtering of Ga-doped ZnO nanocoatings on silicon for piezoelectric transducers
Mh2420342042
1. VV. Jagannadham, C. Anandan, RG. Divya Rao, KS. Rajam, Gargi Raina / International
Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622
www.ijera.com Vol. 2, Issue 4, July-August 2012, pp.2034-2042
Effect Of Bipolar Pulsed Voltage On Properties Of DLC Films
Deposited By Inductively Coupled PECVD
VV. Jagannadham*, C. Anandan**, RG. Divya Rao***, KS. Rajam***,
Gargi Raina****
* (Flosolver unit, National Aerospace Laboratories, Bangalore, India
** (Surface Engineering Division, National Aerospace Laboratories, Bangalore, India
***Surface Engineering Division, National Aerospace Laboratories, Bangalore, India
**** (Nanoelectronics Division, SENSE, VIT University, Vellore, T.N. India)
Abstract
Diamond-like carbon (DLC) is a and the bio-compatibility of DLC is regarded as a
metastable form of amorphous carbon having boon in the bio-medical field. These properties of
large sp3 bonding. DLC films have unique DLC depend mainly on its structure resulting from
properties such as high hardness, low-friction, the combination of sp3 bonding as found in diamond
good transparency in IR region, chemical and sp2 bonding as found in graphite. The structure or
inertness and biocompatibility. To have better the sp3 to sp2 ratio is tailored by the various
performance of the coating one should have deposition methods available [4].
proper selection of different parameters for
deposition. In the present study, DLC films were Different methods have been devised for deposition
deposited on p-type silicon (100) substrates using of DLC, both in physical vapor deposition (PVD) as
methane (CH4) and hydrogen (H2) as source gases well as in chemical vapor deposition (CVD). PVD
in an inductively coupled RF plasma CVD system. techniques include sputtering, both magnetron and
Bipolar pulsed bias voltage source at 10 KHz ion beam sputtering, ion beam assisted deposition
frequency used for substrate shows proper DLC (IBAD), pulsed laser deposition (PLD) to name a
film. The DLC films were characterized for few. Similarly CVD techniques consist of plasma
surface morphology & roughness, hardness & enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) and
Young’s modulus, IR absorption and micro- electron-cyclotron resonance CVD (ECR-CVD) [5].
Raman spectroscopy. Deposited DLC film images Of these, PECVD seems to be the ideal choices for
show that the roughness decreases, hardness & DLC deposition since CVD techniques give a better
Young’s modulus increases and the Id/Ig ratio control, reproducibility, and importantly
decreases with the increase of pulse bipolar bias independence in the choice of substrates wherein
voltage. Raman result shows that disorder substrates with complex geometry can also be coated.
decreases. The correlation plotted between Id/Ig, In PECVD it has been shown that film composition is
hardness and roughness. determined mainly by parameters such as gas
composition, pressure and plasma parameters. The
Key words: Bias, Bombardment, Diamond-like ion flux and energy of ions from the plasma that
carbon, Microstructure, Nanohardness, bombard the growth surface during film growth has
Nanoindentation, PECVD. been shown to be important process parameters that
determine the film composition and properties.
1. Introduction
In case of capacitive coupled PECVD the
Diamond-like carbon (DLC) is a form of
self bias generated by the asymmetric geometry
amorphous carbon, which is metastable containing a
provides the ion energy. Inductive Coupling leads to
greater fraction of sp3 bonds [1]. DLC is gaining an
high density plasma and enhancement in the quality
increasing demand because of its vast area of
of deposited film because of a higher degree of
applications, as protective coatings in magnetic
ionization of the atoms in gaseous phase. This gives a
storage disks, optical windows, micro-
maximum control over the deposited films by
electromechanical devices (MEMs) and automobile
lowering the process temperature and also
industry. Its unique combination of properties, such
maintaining the deposition rate same. [6] However,
as chemical inertness, high electrical resistivity and
an independent control of ion energy, separate from
mechanical hardness, low friction coefficient, high
the plasma generation source, will give a better
optical transparency and wear resistance, determine
control over the ion bombardment and hence on the
its wide applicability in a variety of fields ranging
composition and properties of film. A separate
from optics to tribology, from electronics to
biasing can be used to provide additional energy by
biomedical as stated before. [1, 2, 3] Highly corrosive
way of RF or DC bias. [6, 7] The energy supplied by
environments exploit the chemical inertness of DLC
the additional ion bombardment provides
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rearrangement of adsorbing species to change the kept constant at 30V while the negative voltage was
films composition and morphology. DLC has also varied.
been deposited using plasma based ion implantation
with bipolar pulses with an idea to enhance the The IR absorbance of the DLC coatings
adhesion of the deposited film by giving a graded were measured in the near infrared (IR) range of
carbon interface. [8] In the present study the role of 4000 cm-1 to 400 cm-1 using VECTOR 22 FTIR
bias voltage on the properties of DLC films deposited Spectrometer (Bruker Make) and the Raman spectra
in inductively coupled plasma CVD (ICP-CVD) is by Labram 010 model micro Raman Spectrometer
presented. (DILOR-JOBIN-SPEX make) with laser of 632nm
wavelength and 3mW power. The nanohardness
2. Experimental procedure measurements and AFM imaging were performed
The DLC films were deposited in an with an instrument consisting of a nanohardness
inductively coupled plasma system [9] Silicon, p type Tester (CSEM Instruments) and an integrated optical
(100), was used as the substrates for the DLC (Nikon)/Atomic Force Microscope (Surface Imaging)
coating. Before deposition the substrates were Systems. Indentation profiles were recorded with a
cleaned ultrasonically in acetone, dried and loaded in maximum load of 5mN and AFM images were
to the vacuum chamber. The vacuum chamber was obtained on 5µmx5µm area.
pumped to a base pressure of 2x10-6 mbar by
diffusion pump and purged with methane and 3. Results and Discussion
hydrogen. The samples were cleaned in hydrogen Experiments were carried out with different
plasma for 15minutes at 50W RF power. After the bias voltages and gas compositions of CH4 and H2,
cleaning process, methane and hydrogen in the for 30 minutes and the same are tabulated in the
desired ratios were introduced and the pressure was TABLE 1. The samples were systematically studied
maintained at 1.4x10-4 mbar. The flow rate was by Raman spectroscopy, AFM, NHT, and FTIR
maintained by MKS make mass flow controllers. spectroscopy for different properties. In this table
Experiments were carried out at 90:10, 80:20 and roughness, hardness, Young‟s modulus and Id/Ig ratio
75:25 of methane to hydrogen ratio. The RF of the DLC films are listed. The results for films
(13.56MHz) power was kept constant at 50W. The deposited with 75:25 gas compositions at a bias
substrates were kept on an insulated electrode and frequency of 10 KHz and 50 W RF power are
biased by a separate bias power supply and the bias presented here to emphasize the effect of different
voltage was varied from 60V to 150V in the pulsed bias voltage.
as well as continuous DC mode. In the case of
pulsing, both bipolar and unipolar pulses were
employed. For bipolar pulsing, the frequency was
kept constant at 10 KHz and the positive voltage was
Table 1 Experimental Details of DLC films deposited at 50W RF power and 10 KHz bias frequency.
Run No. Gas Bias Voltage (V) Roughn Young‟s Hardness Id/Ig
composition +ve -ve pulsing ess Modulus (GPa)
(%) (nm) (GPa)
CH4:H2
C20 75:25 30 60 Y 2.62 191.65 15.59 0.724
C30 75:25 30 80 Y 2.22 196.85 17.54 --
C23 75:25 30 100 Y 2.10 204.10 19.6 0.695
C21 75:25 30 120 Y 1.94 198.90 25.34 0.634
C22 75:25 60 130 Y 2.02 196.28 16.52 --
C25 90:10 60 150 Y -- 187.01 23.45 --
C31 90:10 60 100 Y 2.71 177.22 15.64 --
C33 90:10 -- 100 N 1.91 158.99 13.52 0.811
C36 90:10 -- -80 N -- -- -- --
C38 90:10 50 -- N 2.39 189.13 15.27 --
C39 90:10 60 120 Y -- -- -- --
C40 90:10 60 100 Y -- -- -- --
The properties of DLC films are strongly of great relevance to achieve a good control of
connected to their hydrogen concentration, which optical, electric, mechanical and surface properties
plays an important role in the microstructure of of DLC. IR transmittance spectra of DLCfilms
film matrix. Thus, the study of hydrogen content is grown at 10 KHz pulse frequency and at -150, 130,
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-100 V, +50 V and +100 V bias are shown in associated with the major presence of hydrogen
Fig.1 in the wavelength range of 2800 cm-1 to 3100 bonds in the form of sp3-CH3 and sp3-CH2 groups.
cm-1. Three peaks are present in Fig.1; they are TABLE 2 shows that the intensity of peak centered
centered at 2962 cm-1, 2854 cm-1, and 2925 cm-1 at 2924 cm-1 with applied bias voltage increases. IR
wave numbers. These three peaks are due to the absorbance of DLC films were estimated by
stretching of C-H bond. [10, 11, 12] The resulting measuring the intensity of the peak (2924 cm -1) of
peaks of absorption spectra appear centered each samples with the base line correction as a first
approximately at 2920 cm-1, wave number that is approximation.
Table 2 Intensity dependence (2924 cm-1 peak) of DLC films on the bias voltage.
Sample Bias Voltage (V) Bias condition Absorbance
C22 100 Bi polar Pulsed 0.330
C31 60 Bi polar Pulsed 0.400
C38 +50 Simple bias 0.390
C36 -80 Simple bias 0.345
C39 120 Bi polar pulsed 0.465
C40 100 Bi polar pulsed 0.471
Silicon substrate No --- 0.165
The decrease of the absorption (Fig.1) from 0.8 to lowering of hydrogen content in DLC samples,
0.2 as the bias voltage increases from -100 to -150 since the integrated absorption in the C-H
V and for +50 and +100 indicates a reduction in stretching band is correlated with the hydrogen
hydrogen bonding. This result is interpreted as a density in DLC.
Figure 1 FTIR spectra of DLC coatings
Data for C39 and C40 is for films deposited for Fig.2 (a) to (d) show the Raman spectra of the DLC
4hrs and shows that the absorbance of the samples coatings deposited with different bias voltages on
decreases with the increase of the negative bias silicon substrate. These spectra were fitted with
keeping other parameters, such as gas composition Gaussian peaks after subtracting a linear
90:10, RF Power 50W, frequency for the bias background. The spectra have two peaks at
pulsing 10 KHz, constant. This shows that the approximately 1340cm-1 (D-band) and 1560cm-1
hydrogen concentration decreases with the increase (G-band). TABLE 1 lists the Id, Ig and the ratio Id/Ig
of the bias voltage. of DLC films deposited with 75:25 gas ratio, 50 W
RF power and at different bipolar pulse bias
voltage with constant pulse frequency of 10 KHz.
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Raman Intensity vs Wavenumber Raman Intesity vs Wavenumber
7000 32000
Raman Intensity (a.u.)
6800 30000
Raman Intensity (a.u.)
6600 28000
6400 26000
6200 24000
6000 22000
5800 20000
5600 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
1200 1350 1500 1650 1800 -1
-1 Raman shift (cm )
Raman shift (cm )
(a) (b)
Raman Intensity vs Wavenumber
3400 Raman Intesity vs Wavenumber
3300
Raman Intensity (a.u.)
400
Raman Intensity (a.u.)
3200
3100 300
3000
2900 200
2800 100
2700
2600 0
2500
1050 1200 1350 1500 1650 1800 1950 1050 1200 1350 1500 1650 1800
-1 -1
Raman shift (cm ) Raman shift (cm )
(c) (d)
3 2
Figure 2: Raman spectra fitted with Gaussian curves to determine sp and sp ratio. DLC films deposited with a
gas composition of CH4:H2 in 75:25 ratio at 50W RF power.
The variation of Id/Ig ratio with substrate bias Id/Ig ratio has been identified with decrease of
voltage is shown in the Fig.3. The ratio decreases disorder in the film. [12, 13, 14].
with bias, especially at higher bias. Decrease of
Id/Ig Vs Bias Voltage (V)
0.74
0.72
0.70
Id/Ig
0.68
0.66
0.64
0.62
60 70 80 90 100 110 120
Bias Voltage (V)
Figure 3 Id/Ig vs. Negative pulsed Bias Voltage (V) plotted using the Gaussian curve fitting data.
Fig.4 show the AFM images for the substrate and Fig.5 and in the TABLE 1 as well. Roughness
DLC films coated on silicon samples. From the varies from 2.6nm at -60V bias to 1.9nm at -120V.
images and the roughness values, the films appear The roughness could be seen decreasing with
smoother than the silicon substrate which has an increasing applied bias voltage. Higher bias shows
RMS roughness of 8.54nm. The dependence of the smoother surface as a consequence of bombarding
roughness on pulse bipolar bias voltage is shown in effect of the incoming ions [15, 16, 17].
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(a) (b)
(c) (d)
5.00 x 5.00[um]
Z =10 nm/div.
Figure 4 Surface morphology of DLC films deposited with a gas composition of CH4:H2 in 75:25 ratio at 50W
RF power with (a) -60V, (b) -80V, (c) -100V and (d) -120V
Roughness vs Bias Voltage
2.7
2.6
2.5
Roughness (nm)
2.4
2.3
2.2
2.1
2.0
1.9
60 70 80 90 100 110 120
Bias Voltage (V)
Figure 5 Dependence of Ra on negative pulsed bias voltage at a gas composition CH4:H2 in 75:25 ratio and 50W
RF power
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The nanohardness (H) and Young‟s modulus (E) of at different parameters are shown in Fig.6.
the coatings deposited on silicon substrate were Indentation profiles show smoother loading and
measured by nanoindentation. The nanohardness unloading behavior. The repeatability of hardness
was measured at different points on the coating measurements and uniformity of the film‟s
with 5mN load. Nanohardness and Young‟s hardness at different places are highlighted by the
modulus was estimated from the indentation profiles measured at different places on the sample
profiles following Oliver-Pharr method. [18] as shown in the graphs below.
Indentation profiles for the DLC coating deposited
5 5
4 4
Load (mN)
Load (mN)
3 3
2 2
1 1
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Indentation Depth (nm) Indentation Depth (nm)
(a) (b)
Figure 6: Indentation profiles at 5 mN load for DLC coatings on Silicon Sample deposited with a gas
composition of CH4:H2 in 75:25 ratio at 50W RF power and 10 KHz bias frequency with different negative bias
(a) -100V (b) -130V
Fig.7 shows the dependence of hardness (H) on the 50W RF power with a bias frequency of 10KHz.
applied bias. It is observed from the graph that Hardness is found to increase from 16GPa at -60V
hardness depends on the applied bias. [19] The to 25GPa at -120V bias voltage. [19] Fig.8 depicts
hardness seems to be marginally affected by the dependence of the Young‟s modulus (E) on
voltage up to 80V and then increases with applied bias voltage. Graph shows increase of E from 191
bias. In TABLE 1 hardness and Young‟s Modulus GPa for a bias of -60V to 204.1 GPa for a bias of -
values are listed against applied pulse bipolar bias 100V and then it decreases to 198.9GPa at a bias of
for DLC coatings deposited with 75:25 gas ratio, -120V.
Hardness Vs Bias Voltage (V)
26
24
Hardness
22
20
18
16
14
60 70 80 90 100 110 120
Bias Voltage (V)
Figure 7: Dependence of hardness on the applied negative bias voltage. (Gas composition CH4:H2 in 75:25
ratios, 50 W RF power and 10 KHz bias frequency)
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Young's Modulus (GPa) Vs Bias Voltage (V)
206
Young's Modulus (GPa) 204
202
200
198
196
194
192
190
60 70 80 90 100 110 120
Bias Voltage (V)
Figure 8: Dependence of Young‟s modulus on the applied negative bias voltage. (Gas composition CH4:H2 in
75:25 ratio, 50 W RF power and 10 KHz bias frequency)
In TABLE 1, the nanohardness, Young‟s modulus, 10KHz. Fig.9 shows the dependence of the
roughness, the sp3 / sp2 ratio are listed against hardness and roughness on Id/Ig ratio and Fig.10
applied bias for DLC films deposited with 75:25 shows the dependence of Young‟s modulus and
gas ratio, 50W RF power with a bias frequency of absorbance on Id/Ig ratio. [13, 20]
Id/Ig vs Hardness and Roughness
30 3.0
25 2.5
Roughness (nm)
Hardness (GPa)
20 2.0
15 1.5
10 1.0
5 0.5
0 0.0
0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.70 0.72 0.74
Id/Ig
Figure 9: The Id/Ig ratio of sp3 and sp2 shows the dependence with the hardness and roughness.
Id/Ig vs Young's Modulus and Absorbance
250 0.472
Young's Modulus (GPa)
200 0.470
Absorbance
150 0.468
100 0.466
50 0.464
0 0.462
0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.70 0.72 0.74
Id/Ig
Figure 10: The Id/Ig ratio of sp3 and sp2 shows the dependence with the Young‟s modulus and absorbance.
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In the present study the bipolar pulsed bias 5. Acknowledgements
source used for substrate and inductively coupled The authors would like to thank Director,
plasma source for generating the plasma. By NAL for permission to publish the work. The
controlling the bias voltage (+ve bias fixed at 30V authors would like to thank Mr. Manikandanath
and –ve bias varied from 60 to 120V at 10 KHz and Mr. Praveen for providing the Raman and
frequency) applied to the substrate without altering AFM results of the DLC film for the
the plasma power or electrode geometry, DLC characterization.
films deposited under different ion fluxes and ion
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